cibse tm40 health and wellbeing in building services · 2018 sdg uk progress report: there are an...
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CIBSE TM40
Health and Wellbeing in Building Services
Webinar21st November 2019
Julie Godefroy
CIBSE Technical Manager & TM40 Lead Author
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Outline of this presentation
Overview
Why ? : Effects of environments on health, comfort and cognitive performance
What: defining performance criteria
Humidity
Air quality
Thermal conditions
Light
Acoustics
Electro-magnetic fields
Water quality
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Overview
Who was involved ? Steering group
+ Long list of contributors and reviewers
Marcella Ucci,
UCL
Alan Fogarty,
Cundall
Sani Dimitroulopoulou,
Public Health England
Keith Miller,
GIA
Steering Group:
Health & Safety
Hazards
Security
Beauty
Happiness
Belonging
...
Supportive Environment
Health, Comfort,
Cognitive performance
Scope
Update from 2006 TM40 Health in Building Services
Overview
Environmental parameters
Thermal conditions
Humidity
Air quality
Light
Water
Electrical & electromagnetic fields
Acoustics
New & existing buildings + space in between
Contents
How to Use the Guide
Spheres of influence
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Why
2018 SDG UK progress report:
There are an estimated 40,000 premature deaths attributable to outdoor air pollution each year
Life expectancy gains at birth are slowing in the UK
In England, there is a widening gap in life expectancy at birth between the most and least deprived
« Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages »
Broken down into thirteen targets,
from healthcare services to prevention through public health campaigns and
sanitation
UN Sustainable Development Goals
UK Health
Physical activity
54% adults in past 4 weeks
49% of 5-10 year old children usually walk to
school
Overweight or obese population on the rise
2/3 of adults
1/3 of 11-15 year olds
1/4 of 2-10 year olds
➢ Pressure on NHS
➢ Move to prevention & planningRef: ONS Measuring National Well-being - What we do, 2012; DfT Cycling and Walking Investment Strategy, 2017; Public Health England
Health Inequalities
& Link to Built Environment
Difference between least and most deprived neighbourhoods:
9 years life expectancy
18 years “healthy life”
Ref: Marmot report, 2013
Environment and health impacts are strongly linked
Ref: Marmot, 2010
Cognitive Performance
Review of links between environmental conditions and cognitive performance
e.g. productivity in offices, but also other areas such as learning in schools
IEQ
“PERFORMANCE”
Individual or Organisation performance e.g. HR stats,
bespoke output ?
Measured (tasks, bespoke tests) or self-reported ?
Control group?
Sustained or short-term?
Large and representative?
Known IEQ factor, proxy, or indicator?
Clearly defined and measured, or broad e.g.
”daylight” , “views out” ?
Range within guidelines or beyond?
Cognitive Performance
Ref: Oseland and Burton, 2012
“30% improvement” “1.1%-3.5% improvement”
Individuals at a task Productivity of an organisation
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What: Defining Performance Criteria
Thermal comfort: PMV/PPD, adaptive comfort etc
Light: visual effects ok, non-visual much debated ….
Air quality: Very often, reliance on proxys:
• User perception e.g. “stuffy”
• Human outcomes e.g. “productive”
• Design measures e.g. ventilation rates
• Indicators e.g. TVOC, CO2
➢ Unreliable e.g. carbon monoxide
➢ How to assess ?
➢ IAQ outcome ? e.g. outdoor pollution
➢ OK only to an extent & if known pollutants
What is ”Good IEQ”?
Metrics & Language
IEQ Metrics
Perceptions & satisfaction
Design measures
Indicators (e.g. TVOCs)
Health-based metrics
Desired IEQ outcomes
Pollutants (e.g. formaldehyde)
?
What is ”Good”?
Outcome vs Design Measure
Caution – Important limits
to current knowledge and guidelines
A * B
xyzA + B
???
Health of vulnerable populations; comfort of groups historically less studied
Pregnant women; infants and children; the elderly; people with medical conditions …
Effect of combined or cumulative environmental factors
e.g. combined effect of heat and noise; cocktails of air pollutants
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Humidity
Humidity
Mould and allergens e.g. House Dust Mites
Higher T & RH
➢ Summer discomfort
➢ Risk of death at extremes, mostly in Asia; climate
change!!
Unintended consequence of high ventilation rates: dry
air, winter discomfort e.g. offices
No WHO criterion: ventilation, surface T
➢ 40-60% RH in dwellings and air-conditioned
buildings, 40-70% elsewhere
➢ Good construction & operation
© Urbed / RIBA, 2017© ZCH, 2016
Residential retrofit
Airtightness and ventilation; interstitial condensation; cold bridges …
>> Need for holistic approach
>> PAS 2030 & 2035
>> Need for joint monitoring of energy, costs, health, comfort, building fabric
Ref.: Sheffield University / Oldham Council
Warm Homes Oldham Example of joint health & housing initiative
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Air Quality
Air quality
Guidance is needed because :
1) Outdoor pollution
2 ) Indoor pollution
3 ) Lack of comprehensive regulatory framework for indoor air quality
Design measures (ventilation) vs Desired outcome (air quality)
Building Regulations: “There shall be adequate ventilation”
Approved Document F (2013):
“ It is assumed that the outside air is of reasonable quality.
This AD does not address contamination from outdoor sources. “
IAQ Criteria – Examples
Annual average
Short-term average
PM10mg/m3 4
0
50
(24hr, max 35 times per year)(24hr)
(2hr)
20
(annual)
(annual)(24hr, max 35 times per year)
(annual
)
outdoor
indoor
(24hr)
F
WHO guideline
WHO recommends
further progressive
improvements
EU ambient air
objectiveUK ambient air
objective
HSE occupational limit
(2018)
Building Regulations
Approved Document F
performance criterion
BREEAM 2018 credit
WELL v1 credit
ODA 1 ODA 3ODA
2
(annual
)
30
Limits of Outdoor Air
(ODA) classes in BS
EN 16798-3:2017TVOC
mg/m3, 8hrs
300
500
F
Formaldehydemg/m3, 30min
30 100 2500
outdoor
indoor
outdoor
indoor
(occupied)
(pre-occupancy)
(pre-occupancy)
>> IAQ regulations and industry standards are often inconsistent or not comprehensive
>> However, many increasingly refer to WHO guidelines
>> CIBSE refer to WHO and Public Health England, as well as regulations
>> Guidance on pollutants most like to occur and to be under influence of building professionals
BS EN 16798-3 ODA 1: ambient air meets WHO guideline
value
BS EN 16798-3 ODA 3: ambient air exceeds WHO guideline
value by more than 1.5
BS EN 16798-3 ODA 2: ambient air exceeds WHO guideline
value by a factor of up to 1.5
• What to prioritise ?
• Context: site assessment; building uses; rules of thumb e.g. street pattern, inlet locations
Outdoor Air
Hierarchy - Source control
Internal & external, to indoor & outdoor
Environmental synergies
Early decisions incl. building layout
Ventilation: ventilate for people, not the space
Strategy
Rates – as per min Guide A minimum rates,
but no guarantee of air quality on their own,
and preferably with demand control
Filtration & purification – last stepPM filters: new ISO 16890 ; data for SAP !
NOx filters: few but growing ; ISO 10121-2:2013
Construction e.g. segregated cutting areas; protecting materials
e.g. ductwork cleaning BS EN 15780: 2011
Operation & Maintenance
© ZCH, 2016
Hierarchical Approach
© Craig Booth, Ductwork Cleaning
• What data, to what purpose, for whom• Accuracy, contractual obligation: equipment calibrated by accredited lab e.g. UKAS 17025 • Liability and consumer awareness • CIBSE Air Quality working group
IAQ Monitoring
IAQ R&D
Monitoring
NOx and other gas filters, beyond
special applications
Impacts of plants
“Purifying”, “absorbing” products
>> By-products?
>> Scale?
>> Timescale?
CO2: indicator or pollutant?
CO2 only harmful at high levels
• WHO : n/a
• COSHH: 5,000ppm - 8hrs
15,000ppm - 15min
➢ Normally seen as indicator of ventilation
effectiveness against indoor (human) pollutants
➢ Energy efficiency e.g. CO2 controlled ventilation
➢ CO2 seems to have effect on its own at lower
levels than usually assumed
➢ Maybe some performance gains in the margin,
BUT ...
➢ Commissioning, O&M and monitoring !
800ppm WELL
750 – 900ppm 15251:2007
“high/medium” quality
950-1200ppm 16798-1:2019
“high/medium” quality
(At 400ppm outdoors)
Allen and al, 2016
24 participants, 6 days, office lab
CO2 varied independently from fresh air rates
“Decision making” cognitive tests
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Thermal Conditions
Winter deaths (incl. flu) and health inequalities >> Retrofit >> Air quality and humidity
Overheating risk and awareness rising; public health campaigns help
Health-based criteria? >> Limits of comfort, CIBSE TM59 & TM52
Adaptive and PMV/PPD approaches, operative temperature
Choice
24,000
England & Wales
incl. flu
2,000
England
2003, 2006
900
England
2018
Impacts & Criteria
Passive solutions first: energy / carbon, resilience, comfort
Links to AQ e.g. Chilled ceilings >> Mixing
Controls linked to air T: disconnect user – designer / FM >> R&D opportunity!
Overheating in residences >> Noise
Guidance
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Light
Figure 9.31 Examples of spectrum distribution from daylight and different types of light sources (this is
illustrative only, as spectrum distribution will vary between products of the same light source)
(picture from The Tap Blog http://tapnewswire.com/2016/10/to-protect-your-health-and-vision-stick-to-
incandescent-lights/ or from https://endmyopia.org/how-fluorescent-lights-kills-your-vision/ … need to find
similar images from another source)
Light as radiation
Visual aspects – lux, rendering, views etc
Non-visual effects: ipRGCs receptors, 2002
“Circadian”, “human-centric” lighting = ??
✓ Importance of spectrum
? Metric: WELL “melanopic lux” is one of many
? Level
! Time dependent
Rapid and wide adoption of LED
➢ Daylight and views out
? Metric for glare from natural light
Impacts and Criteria
Guidance
Daylight
Glare control
Location and amount of glazing
Coordination: finishes, furniture layout,
position of light sensors ….
Good quality fittings and controls – e.g. LED
drivers: beware flicker
User control, task lighting
Hon Office Lighting
© Hoare Lea Lighting
© Dirk Linder
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Acoustics
Acoustics
Overheating in residences
Smarter open-plan office
layouts for different needs
Ventilation design, installation &
maintenance >> air quality
R&D
Acoustic criteria for sleep
Balancing heat and noise >>
Collaboration with ANC and
IOA
Acoustically attenuated openings
Soundscapes
Virtual reality
CASE STUDY 2 – ST. JOHN’S HILL, CLAPHAM
Mind: Beauty + Design
© Max Fordham
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Electro-Magnetic Fields
Electro-Magnetic Fields
« Electromagnetic fields of all frequencies represent one of the most common and fastest growing
environmental influences, about which anxiety and speculation are spreading.
All populations are now exposed to varying degrees of EMF, and the levels will continue to increase
as technology advances « WHO, 2017
➢ Summary of state of knowledge on effects and exposure levels
➢ “Hyper-sensitivity”: no evidence of link to EMF exposure, but anxiety and symptoms can be very
real
➢ Equip TM40 readers with key points of communication
Electro-Magnetic Fields
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Water
Pollution, flooding, climate change
UK standards ≤ WHO
Public supplies: 99.96% tested compliance (+ incidents)
Beware on-site filters and purification that are not WRAS-approved
Public water supplies, DWI report, 2017
Water
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Wrapping-Up
➢ Source Control
➢ Precautionary Principle
➢ Simple and resilient design, good O&M, monitoring performance
➢ Evolving Knowledge & Regulations
Key Takeaways - Principles
CITIES AND EXTERNAL
SPACESBUILDINGS
ENVIRONMENTAL OUTCOMES
HEALTH AND WELLBEING OUTCOMES
• Mix of use
• Ease of access to fresh
and healthy foods
• Site location
• Ease of public transport,
walking and cycling
• Incorporation of trees and
green spaces
• Improved air quality through vegetation and
through reduced polluting emissions from
transport and buildings
• Reduced run-off
• Reduced heat island effect
• Improved biodiversity
• Reduced carbon emissions from transport
and buildings
• Reduced noise
• Better thermal comfort (outdoors and indoors)
• Better fitness and physical and mental health
through improved air quality, increased physical
activity and connections with nature
• Better sleep and less disturbance from noise
• Better social cohesion and mental health through
improved neighbourhoods
• Better nutrition
• Better learning outcomes, performance and
productivity
• Passive design and
energy efficiency
measures to reduce
energy consumption,
peak demand, plant
provision and reliance
on refrigerants
Less reliance on active systems
through improved outdoor
environment
Less impact on outdoor
environment through
reduced use of active
systems
Facilitating and encouraging
active and healthy lifestyles and
behaviours, through pleasant
and convenient environments
Less impact on outdoor
environment by design and
through related changes to
lifestyles and behaviour
Environments which are more
resilient, support comfort and
health, and facilitate and
encourage active and healthy
lifestyles and behaviours
Key Takeaways – Synergies with
Environmental Agenda
What next?
Air quality group, started 2019
e.g. recent guidance on VOCs
BSERT Special Issue on Health & Wellbeing: March 2020
Activity across CIBSE Special Interest Groups
e.g. ventilation roundtable, 2019
Working with policy and research bodies
e.g. Public Health England & NICE: indoor air quality guidelines
e.g. Building Regulations: overheating, Approved Document F
e.g. RCP & RCPCH report on air quality and children’s health
Liaising with BSI & CEN on standards e.g. BS EN 16798-1:2019: briefing; revision
….
Where do YOU think think new guidance or research are needed ?
