Research into Development: CIAT and CRS’s special relationship

www.ciat.cgiar.orgSince 1967 / Science to cultivate change

Andy Jarvis and Andre Zandstra9th April 2013

The greatest food security challenge ever in human history:

How to feed a growing population with scarce land and water, a fast-changing climate, and

inadequate investment in agricultural research!

CIAT: A partner in global research for a food secure future

• One of the 4 Centers that started the CGIAR, (founded in 1967) and currently operates from Kenya, Vietnam, and Colombia (HQ)

• Our mission is to reduce hunger and poverty, and improve human health in the tropics through research aimed at increasing the eco-efficiency of agriculture

• 400 professional staff, 200 scientists working across Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Annual budget close to $100USM

CIAT is aligned with the CGIAR research portfolio

• CIAT is Lead Center of CCAFS and contributes to 11 other CGIAR Research Programs, including Genebanks

• About 90% of CIAT’s research agenda is fully integrated into the CGIAR Research Portfolio

• CIAT contributes to all four System Level Outcomes

• The focused diversity of CIAT’s research agenda enables the Center to position itself strongly within the CGIAR research portfolio

Improving agriculture and changing lives across the tropics

Since the 1980s, with activities now in China,

Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand

Since the 1980s, with activities now in 11

African countries

Since the 1960s, with a current focus on Central America, Colombia, and

the Amazon

Cali,

Focus of CIAT’s research for development

Productivity

Bean

Tropical Forages

Cassava

Rice

Genetic Resources

Natural Resources

Soil Health & Productivity

Restoring Degraded Landscapes

Carbon Sequestration

Policy

Climate Change

Gender

Linking Farmers to Markets

Impact Assessment

• Over 5.3 million rural households in sub-Saharan Africa have adopted modern bean varieties over the last 17 years, generating benefits worth nearly US$200 million

• Adoption of improved cassava varieties in Thailand and Vietnam has nearly reached 90%, creating benefits worth almost $12 billion over the last 20 years

• Improved forages now cover an area estimated at 25.4 million hectares in tropical America, generating huge benefits through improved livestock production – estimated at $1 billion in Colombia, for example

• Nearly 60% of Latin America’s rice area is planted to improved rice, with benefits valued at $860 million from 1967 to 1995 alone

Examples of Impacts

• Staff rotation : CIAT -> CRS!• Joint projects:

• Tortillas on the Roaster• Learning Alliances• Borderlands• Green Water Initiative 2• Coffee Under Pressure• Carbon insetting• Seed systems, soils etc.

• Mutual leveraging of expertise, partners and approaches

CIAT and CRS: A Special Relationship

Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS)

1 January 2013

CGIAR Research Program

Leb by

1 January 2013

Leb by

15 CG centers and ~70 regional offices

Global alliance

Lead center - CIAT

1 January 2013

Liderado por

Identify and develop pro-poor adaptation and mitigation practices, technologies and policies for agriculture and food systems.

Support the inclusion of agricultural issues in climate change policies, and of climate issues in agricultural policies, at all levels.

Commit to data availability, cross-centercooperation, and making an impact on both the global and regional level.

Objectives

1 January 2013

CCAFS Framework

Adapting Agriculture to

Climate Variability and Change

Technologies, practices, partnerships and

policies for:

1. Adaptation to Progressive Climate

Change

2. Adaptation through Managing

Climate Risk

3. Pro-poor Climate Change Mitigation

Improved

Environmental

HealthImproved

Rural

Livelihoods

Improved

Food

Security

Enhanced adaptive capacity

in agricultural, natural

resource management, and

food systems

4. Integration for Decision Making

• Linking Knowledge with Action

• Assembling Data and Tools for Analysis

and Planning

• Refining Frameworks for Policy Analysis

1 January 2013

Africa del Este

Lider Regional

James Kinyangi

Sur de Asia:

Lider Regional

Pramod Aggarwal

Africa del Oeste

Lider Regional

Robert Zougmoré

Latinoamerica:

Lider Regional

Ana Maria Loboguerrero

Place-based field work

ProgressiveAdaptation

THE VISION

To adapt farming systems, we need to:

• Close the production gap by effectively using current technologies, practices and policies

• Increase the bar: develop new ways to increase food production potential

• Enable policies and institutions,from the farm to national level

RiskManagement

THE VISION

• Climate-related

risk impedes

development,

leading to chronic

poverty and

dependency

• Actions taken

now can reduce

vulnerability in the

short term and

enhance resilience

in the long term

•Improving current

climate risk

management will

reduce obstacles

to making future

structural

adaptations.

Pro-poor

MitigationVISION

Short-term:

Identifying

options feasible

for smallholder

mitigation and

trade-offs with

other outcomes

Long-term:

Addressing

conflict between

achieving food

security and

agricultural

mitigation

IntegrationVISION

•Provide an

analytical and

diagnostic

framework,

grounded in the

policy context

• Synthesize

lessons learned

•Effectively

engage with rural

stakeholders and

decision makers

•Communicate

likely effects of

specific policies

and interventions

•Build partners’

capacity

Agriculture and Rural Development Day: Engaging world policy leaders in the climate change dialogue

•Agriculture and Rural Development Day 2011 + 2012 brought together several hundred policy-makers, farmers, scientists and development experts from around the world

•Recommendations to the UNFCC COP-17 conference in Durban, South Africa, Rio+20 and Qatar COP-18

•Organized by CCAFS and partners

The analysis What Next for Agriculture After Durban? was co-authored by a group that includes members of the Commission on Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change. It was covered by media outlets worldwide.

Analogue Tool: Finding Tomorrow’s agriculture today

Methodology development Regional trainings

http://gismap.ciat.cgiar.org/Analogues/• 15 countries • 70 local researchers

• WP:Climate Analogues: Finding

tomorrow's agriculture today

KatmanduDakar

Nairobi

LushotoMbuziiYamba

Morogoro

Mwitikilwa

Nyombo

Njombe

Mbinga

Kinole

FOTF in Tanzania

Analogue study Tour Villages visited Starting point

Sepukila Village: -Matengo pits: Traditional soil and

water conservation technique

-Coffee nursery

-Stoves

Masasi Village:-Water source

-Fish pond

-Biogas

Mtama Village: - Bee keeping

-Market value chain social

enterprise visit

- Input supply Stockists

-Weather station visit

- Bean trial visit

- Tree nursery visit

Farms of the futureJourney to Yamba’s plausible futures

1 January 2013

Leb by

Climate smart villages: Key agricultural activities for managing risks

CCAFS sites Main crops Main livestock

(forages)

Borana(ET)Maize

(96.6%)

Beans

(86.4%)

Wheat

(33.1%)

Beef cattle

(93.2%)

Goats

(77.8%)

Nyando (KE)Maize

(99.2%)

Sorghum

(73.3%)

Beans

(34.4%)

Goats

(66.9%)

Chicken/hens

(61.2%)

Usambara (TZ)Maize

(87.1%)

Beans

(75%)

Tomatoes

(29%)

Chicken/hens

(82.1%)

Dairy cows

(56.4%)

Albertine

Rift (UG)

Cassava

(78.6%)

Beans

(68.4%)

Sweet

potatoes

(59.8%)

Chicken/hens

(82.5%)Pigs (63.1%)

Where do we work?

1 January 2013

Leb by

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Lushoto (Tanzania)

Weather reasons for adapting

a) More erratic rainfall

b) ↘ overall rainfall (88%)

c) ↗ amount of rainfall (39%)

d) more frequent droughts (71%)

e) earlier start of the rains 77%)

f) Later start of rains (65%)

Drivers

• Availability of high yielding varieties

more resistant to pest and diseases

• More profitable market prices.

• Less productive land

Lushoto (Tanzania)

Changes in land use and crop management

- introduction of new, higher yielding crop varieties of maize, beans

and tomatoes

- switching to disease resistant varieties of cassava, bananas and

maize

Gender Dimensions

• Why consider gender?

o To develop appropriate adaptation strategies for both male and female farmers (to ensure inclusion of female farmers)

• Findings (Context Specific)

o Gender division of labor

o Decision-making

o Control and Access of Resources

Gender Division of Labor

• Examples:– Spraying was reported as a men’s task, and – Weeding mainly as a women’s task

Women’s Reporting Men’s Reporting

Men

Women

Boys

Girls

Overall, men and women tend to report that they themselves do most of the tasks

Decision-Making• Across all 4 sites:

– Women report that men make most decisions– Men report more decisions are taken jointly

– Example: Nyando, Kenya

Women’s Reporting Men’s Reporting

Men

Women

Together

Playing out transformative climate smart adaptation in CCAFS benchmark sites in East Africa: When, where, how and with whom?

Persons and items distribution

Rash model (Campell, 1963): Attitude towards change = number + difficulty of change made

Determinants of the degree

of adaptation – Poisson

regression model

Variable Coefficient P-value

Lnage -0.259 0.034**

Help 0.281 0.019**

Years of schooling 0.025 0.014**

Ln total asset value 0.060 0.096*

Government influence 0.364 0.002***

Less land productivity 0.164 0.060*

Ability to hire farm labour 0.231 0.031**

Constant 2.135 0.002***

Wald chi2(20)=104.63; p=0.000

Alpha = 0.12

N=131

Dependent variable = number of adaptation strategies undertaken

Getting to grips with climate adaptation: The right choices

Evaluating varietal adaptationV

ar. C

ario

ca

Var

. Cal

ima

Var

. Jam

apa

Likely yield with different planting dates

Modelling potential losses from extreme events with different planting dates

Benefits of potential adaptation options: conservation agriculture

% y

ield

loss

% water deficit

Tortillas on the Roaster (TOR): Cambio Climáticoy sistema de producción de maíz-frijol en Centroamérica.

Financiado por: The Howard G. Buffett Foundation

Un proyecto en colaboración con:

Cuales son las zonas que necesitan alta atención?

Áreas donde los sistemas de producción de los cultivos de fríjol pueden ser adaptadosAdaptation-Spots (mas del 25% perdida de producción)

Enfocarse en la adaptación de los sistemas de producción.

Áreas donde estos cultivos de fríjol ya no son una opciónHot-Spots (mas del 50% perdida de producción)Enfocarse en la diversificación de medios de subsistencia.

Nuevas áreas donde aumenta la producción de los cultivos.Pressure-SpotsMigración de agricultura– Riesgo de deforestación!

Results: Hot-spots for beans production areas in Central America

Se dedujeron cinco estrategias de adaptación a nivel de finca!

Intensificación Sostenible: Dirigido a aumentar la productividad física, preservando los recursos naturales (tierra y agua) en sistemas productivos (Eco-eficiencia)

Diversificación: Aumentar la cantidad de fuentes de consumo y los ingresos procedentes de la agricultura.

Expansión: Expandir las dotaciones de los diferentes tipos de capitales.Incremento de ingresos no agrícolas: incrementar las fuentes de ingresos diferentes a los que están ligados a la agricultura.

Abandonar la agricultura como estrategia de vida: La familia abandona la agricultura como fuente de consumo he ingresos.

Tortillas on the Roaster (TOR): Cambio Climáticoy sistema de producción de maíz-frijol en Centroamérica.

Financiado por: The Howard G. Buffett Foundation

Un proyecto en colaboración con:

Rewarding for Ecosystem Servicesin watersheds

Different groups want different things

• Downstream

o Urban dwellers want clean, reliable water supplies o Lowland farmers want cheap, reliable irrigation water o Tourists want clean, attractive water

• Midstream

o Hydropower companies want reliable low-silt water without having to invest in large storage reservoirs

• Upstream

o Highland communities want to live better o Citizens want to preserve highland ecosystem services

Up

per b

asin(4

00

0-5

80

0

Ecosystem service provision (Water yield (mm))

1111-1507

Mid

dle b

asin(3

50

–4

00

0

51-256

Low

erb

asin

(0-3

50

)

0-50

Peruvian case study, Canete River watershed – Current situation

Up

per b

asin(4

00

0-5

80

0

River flow use (m3/s)

0 (mostly from springs)

Mid

dle b

asin(3

50

–4

00

0 250, 64

Low

erb

asin

(0-3

50

)U

pp

er b

asin(4

00

0-5

80

0

Water and land uses

Extensive degrading grazing, subsistence agriculture

Mid

dle b

asin(3

50

–4

00

0

Hydropower companyShrimp growers

Low

erb

asin

(0-3

50

)

Urban dwellersWater inefficient commercial agricultureTourists (rafting)

Desired situation

Up

per b

asin(4

00

0-5

80

0M

idd

le basin

(35

0–

40

00

Low

erb

asin

(0-3

50

)

Transfer part of their benefits

Investment in productive alternatives

Watershed’s socioeconomic asymmetries might be balanced by this benefit-sharing mechanism

Research outputs and intermediate project outcomes

• Conceptual approach: Adopted by MINAM …Is not only about paying for improving the delivery of the ESS but also aboutrewarding for ESS alreadybeing delivered (positive externalities)

Recently presented byVice-Ministry of Environment

(Nov, 2012)

Linking Farmers to Markets

Under what conditions can market linkages be an effective tool for rural poverty reduction for gender and socially differentiated actors?

Iterative process of design, testing and documentation of approaches for inclusive business models, R4D platforms and public policies in Latin America, E. Africa and S.E. Asia

Donors, business and civil society are in broad consensus on

benefits of linking smallholders to markets.

• Many islands of success but few cases of sustained, transformational

change that benefit women, minorities and the rural poor.

• The concept is clear but HOW to achieve beneficial and sustained

market access is not.

• Need to understand appropriate roles for public, private and civil society

actors

AMBITIOUS DESTINATIONS,

FEW ROADS

Supply chain policies in Colombia

Policy density (# chains) by Department

CUADRO 4 10 ORGANIZACIONES DE LAS CADENAS PRODUCTIVAS:

ANALISIS DE FOCALIZACIÓN FOCALIZACIÓN GEOGRÁFICA

Aguacate Arroz Cacao Caucho Cítricos

Y Yha NBI Y Yha NBI Y Yha NBI Y Yha NBI Y Yha NBI

% Población con NBI

% Población Rural con NBI

Índice Desarrollo Humano

Índice Gini de Tierras 2009

Índice Gini de Propietarios 2009

Núm. Intervenciones USAID (Programas MIDAS y ADAM)

Núm. Intervenciones MADR (Oportunidades Rurales y Alianzas Productivas)

FOCALIZACIÓN GEOGRÁFICA

Fique Fruticola Guayaba Mango Platano

Y Yha NBI Y Yha NBI Y Yha NBI Y Yha NBI Y Yha NBI

% Población con NBI

% Población Rural con NBI

Índice Desarrollo Humano

Índice Gini de Tierras 2009

Índice Gini de Propietarios 2009

Núm. Intervenciones USAID (Programas MIDAS y ADAM)

Núm. Intervenciones MADR (Oportunidades Rurales y Alianzas Productivas)

Social performance by supply chain

Policy performance by Department

Quantitative macro analysis(policies & development outcomes)

Qualitative meso analysis (why does the policy work /fail?)

Household level surveys(what does it mean for the poor?)

Research

Incidence

Sustainable trading relationships

Common methods

Training & testing the approach(10 pilots in 5 countries)

Build data(Common metrics, tools, data)

Engage leverage points for outcomes(BiNGOs, MNCs, Donors, etc.)

Site-Specific Agriculture (SSA)

Farmers’ production experiences

Principles of operational

research

Modern information technology

SSA

Environmental characterization of the production system

Analysis of the Observations to optimize the system

Kg/Arbol Temperatura Edad

Observations made by farmers according to their particular circumstances

www.ciat.cgiar.org Agricultura Eco-Eficiente para Reducir la Pobreza

Site-specific Agriculture Based on Farmers Experiences (SSAFE)

•More than 3000 experiments characterized

•Providing insights on How, What and Where to grow through the SSAFE Informatic platform (optimal zones /crops, management practices)

• More than 3500 farmers enrolled in the program

•By implementing where and how to grow, estimated return on research investment : US 315 million /year

• Bridging the yield gap• Optimizing the production system

Opportunities for institutionalising the special relationship

• Use of our research products– You need solutions, and we need adoption of our “solutions”– Tell us what you need to know to better direct your efforts

• Continued and enhanced collaboration on a project basis:– Research backstopping– Joint learning approaches on development impact

• Joint project development– Second round of CGIAR Research programs: big projects co-designed

CIAT/CRS, co-funded, co-implemented– 20-21 June Montpellier major CGIAR partnership meeting to co-design

US$10-20m big projects– From the CRS side?

• To start with, a joint MOU CIAT-CRS– Focal points on both sides– Monitoring of progress, annual reflection on new opportunities

CIAT: Science to Cultivate Change

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