church history from the 16 th to the 20 th centuries bi 3322 (part 2)

Church History From the 16th to the 20th Centuries

BI 3322 (Part 2)

C. Reform In Switzerland

2. Calvin and Geneva.c. Opposition and Control.Most serious test of control—Michael

Servetus, Spanish scholar, physician, scientist, radical reformer.

Servetus—On Errors of the Trinity, in which he attacked the doctrine of the Trinity as extrabiblical.

Also rejected infant baptism and was disgusted by self-serving orthodoxy and ecclesiasticism.


2. Calvin and Geneva.c. Opposition and Control.S. produced masterpiece, Restitution of

Christianity, in 1533, a refutation of C’s Institutes.

At C’s instigation, S. was arrested in France, but escaped & fled for Naples.

Stopped, however, in Geneva, where was recognized and arrested.


2. Calvin and Geneva.c. Opposition and Control.Genevan Council found him guilty of

spreading heresy and sentenced him to death by burning.

In spite of C’s pleas for a more merciful form of execution, S. was burned at stake 10/27/1553.

Most famous executed in Geneva; not the first nor last.


2. Calvin and Geneva.c. Opposition and Control.C’s opponents bitterly criticized S’s

execution.Castellio wrote Concerning Heretics, in

which he said that the burning of heretics is far removed from the spirit of Christ and that “to kill a heretics is not to defend a doctrine, but to kill a man.”


2. Calvin and Geneva.c. Opposition and Control.Other Reformers, like Melanchthon and

Bullinger and governments of Wittenberg, Basel, Bern and Zurich, defended C.

They argued that heresy threatened the Body of Christ like a rotten limb that had to be amputated.

Although a shameful blot on C’s record, it established him once and for all as the power in Geneva.


2. Calvin and Geneva.c. Opposition and Control.Till death, C. dominated Geneva—

Like a tyrant—enemies.Like an emissary from God—friends.

C. died 5/27/1564 in the arms of Theodore Beza, his biographer and successor.


3. The Spread of Calvinism.Zwingli’s reform spread no further.By 1566, Calvinism had conquered the

Zwinglian cantons and Zwinglianism virtually disappeared within Calvinism.

Calvinism spread to other countries.


3. The Spread of Calvinism.a. Huguenots in France.C. had addressed 1st ed. of Institutes to

King Francis I of France who was persecuting Protestants.

Afterward, while at war with Spain, continuing the persecutions was not to advantage nor his main interest.

Meanwhile F. preachers trained under C. and preached Huguenot (Protestant) gospel.


3. The Spread of Calvinism.a. Huguenots in France.1559—49 Huguenot congregations in F.;

synod at Paris formed national organization and adopted Calvinistic confession.

1561—2,150 congregations.Series of wars (Wars of Religions)

intermittently 1562-1594.


3. The Spread of Calvinism.a. Huguenots in France. Infamous incident (Massacre of St.

Bartholomew’s Day) August, 1572—many Huguenots killed while attending wedding of Henry of Navarre (Protestant) to Marguerite, daughter of Catherine d’Medici

Catherine, mother of 10 yr old Charles IX, was serving as regent.


3. The Spread of Calvinism.a. Huguenots in France.Catherine had ordered the massacre,

which spread the war to other parts of F.Henry of Navarre became King Henry IV of

F. in 1594, converted to Catholicism, and promised to protect the Huguenots.

Promise crystallized in form of Edict of Nantes in 1598—guaranteed freedom of public worship to Huguenots.


3. The Spread of Calvinism.a. Huguenots in France.Huguenots continued to be a disruptive

force in F. until their fortress at La Rochelle was destroyed in 1628.

Under Louis XIV persistent efforts were made to nullify the Edict of Nantes; was finally revoked 10/18/1685.

Many apostatized under persecution and hundreds of 1000s fled to Holland, Switzerland, Eng., Prussia, America.


3. The Spread of Calvinism.a. Huguenots in France.Marriages performed by Huguenot

ministers not recognized until 1787; legal standing of Huguenot Church not till 1802.

1907 National Union of Reformed (Calvinist) Churches of France; formed with non-Calvinist bodies to form the Protestant Federation of France.


3. The Spread of Calvinism.b. Insurrection in the Netherlands.N. consisted of ca. 17 Spanish provinces in

what is now Belgium and Holland.Was land of Erasmus; Lutheranism had

found an eager response; Waldenses, Brethren of Common Life, mysticism and humanism all there.

Mennonites made real inroads until 1540; many became Calvinists because C. were not pacifists.


3. The Spread of Calvinism.b. Insurrection in the Netherlands.Spain was waging war against the

Netherlands and pacifism was practical for the day.

By 1550 Calvinists began organizing chs in homes; 1571 1st national synod held and Dlutch Reformed Church (Calvinistic) was organized.


3. The Spread of Calvinism.b. Insurrection in the Netherlands.Emperor Charles V had always favored the

Netherlands, where he had been reared.But when he abdicated in 1555, his son

and successor, Philip II, subjected the Netherlands to the dreaded Spanish Inquisition.

Armed rebellion broke out; leader was William of Orange.


3. The Spread of Calvinism.b. Insurrection in the Netherlands.William of Orange (William the Silent),

once closest friend of Charles, now bitterest enemy of Philip.

W., originally a RC, but out of deep conviction joined the Reformed ch in 1573.

W. led in forming the United Provinces (the Protestant North) which eventually became the United Netherlands.


3. The Spread of Calvinism.b. Insurrection in the Netherlands.W. assassinated in 1584 (age 51) and did

not see full independence.But in 1609 hostilities stopped and the

United Netherlands won their freedom.Their independence, however, was not

recognized by Spain until 1648.


3. The Spread of Calvinism.b. Insurrection in the Netherlands.During struggle, Dutch Reformed Church

had taken shape, adopting a Presbyterian government, the Heidelberg catechism, and the Belgic Confession.

Ch. was closely tied to government, but religious tolerance was granted to others, even RCs and Anabaptists.


3. The Spread of Calvinism.b. Insurrection in the Netherlands.After political wars subsided, doctrinal

battles broke out within DRC.Theologians divided over question of

whether God absolutely decreed that certain men should be lost and others saved.

Those who rejected the absolute decree were known as the Remonstrants.


3. The Spread of Calvinism.b. Insurrection in the Netherlands.Rs led by Jacob Arminius, professor

theology at U. of Leiden.Since then, the R. position has been

known as Arminianism, which rejects unconditional election, limited atonement (that Christ died only for the elect), irresistible grace, and the perseverance of the saints.


3. The Spread of Calvinism.b. Insurrection in the Netherlands.Arminianism was condemned at a synod

held at Dort in 1618 and 1619, and the Remonstrants continued in Holland as a distinct church.


3. The Spread of Calvinism.c. Reformation in Scotland.C. eventually had its strongest expression

in Scotland, where it took the form of Presbyterianism and became the faith of the overwhelming majority and the official religion of the state.

At turn of 16th c. the Catholic C. in Scotland was in desperate need of reform and country was permeated with lawlessness.


3. The Spread of Calvinism.c. Reformation in Scotland.Was an openness that resembled a plea

for help.By 1525 Luther’s writings circulated; Eng.

Bible introduced 1527.Patrick Hamilton, once a student at

Wittenberg, began to preach Lutheranism in the streets and at U. of St. Andrews, for which he was burned at stake in 1528.


3. The Spread of Calvinism.c. Reformation in Scotland.John Knox was a student at St. Andrews at

the time, was profoundly shaken by the event, but was ordained to Catholic priesthood in 1540.

Another advocate of reform, George Wishart, was burned at the stake in 1546.

Knox had defended Wishart theologically and physically and put himself in jeopardy.


3. The Spread of Calvinism.c. Reformation in Scotland.Weeks later, Cardinal Beaton, who had

tried and condemned Wishart was assassinated by Wishart’s disciples, who then fortified themselves in Castle of St. Andrews.

Knox joined them in 1547 and became minister of the castle congregation.


3. The Spread of Calvinism.c. Reformation in Scotland.Became well known for his powerful

preaching and Scripture exposition, but was captured, imprisoned for 19 mo. and then banished to the continent, where he became thoroughly confirmed in Calvinism.

From the continent, he returned to Eng. where Reformation was in full stride under Edward VI.


3. The Spread of Calvinism.c. Reformation in Scotland.Was appointed minister at Berwick on

Scottish border, & declined bishopric of Rochester in order to return to Scotland.

Accession of Mary Tudor, however, reversed Reform movement in Eng., and Knox again became a refugee on the continent; spent 3 yrs as minister of congregation of English refugees in Geneva.


3. The Spread of Calvinism.c. Reformation in Scotland.C. was at the height of his influence and

Knox worked side by side with him.K. returned to S. in 1559 & became leaders

of the Reforming party, preaching and procuring money and troops from Eng.

Scottish Presby. & Scottish independence were in danger of being exterminated by marriage of Mary Queen of Scotts and Francis II of France.


3. The Spread of Calvinism.c. Reformation in Scotland.While Mary was in France, her mother,

Mary of Lorraine (serving as regent) forbade Reformed preaching.

Knox aroused the masses and in the civil war which erupted, French troops supported Mary and English forces (sent by Elizabeth) supported the Protestants.


3. The Spread of Calvinism.c. Reformation in Scotland.1560 regent died and French troops sailed

for home.1560 Knox established Presbyterian

system throughout the kingdom, adopted a Calvinistic confession, abolished the pope’s jurisdiction, and called the fir General Assembly.


3. The Spread of Calvinism.c. Reformation in Scotland.1561, however, Mary Queen of Scots

returned to Scotland.Charming young widow aroused

widespread popular sympathy and divided Knox’s supporters—especially among Protestant nobility.


3. The Spread of Calvinism.c. Reformation in Scotland.Mary—

Reinstituted the saying of Mass in her private chapel,

Married her cousin Darnley, a RC.And set about to wrest the English throne from

Elizabeth.Knox preached daily and forcefully against

the Mass and immorality of Mary’s court.


3. The Spread of Calvinism.c. Reformation in Scotland.K. had frequent audiences with Mary with

neither giving ground and tension rising.Mary overplayed her hand in an unwise

marriage, intrigues, murder and civil strife.She was finally driven to England in 1568

and executed in 1587 on a charge of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth.


3. The Spread of Calvinism.c. Reformation in Scotland.Her son, James VI, came to the throne

upon her abdication and became James I of England after the death of Elizabeth.

Knox had lived to see the triumph of Presbyterianism and Scottish independence,


3. The Spread of Calvinism.c. Reformation in Scotland.From Scotland, Calvinism was literally

exported around the world through the strong influence of Presbyterianism on English Puritanism, extensive migrations, and ambitious mission enterprises.

D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation

Lutheranism & Calvinism drastically opposed to, and eventually separated from, all the Rome stood for.Yet, in comparison with another militant group, they appear extremely conservative.Ls & Cs were conservative, retaining many Romans practices and creeds.


Ls rejected only those RC features they believed forbidden by scripture.Reformed Chs retained only what they believed justified by scripture.Both continued to practice infant baptism and to attempt to bring every person in the community into the church by that means.And, all believed in working through the close relationship of church and state.


Another expression, often called the left wing of Reformation, was more radical than L & C.

Were determined to exclude everything not in scripture.

Dedicated to returning to primitive Christianity.

Made up of “believers only.”


Insisted the true church as the “gathered” ch. of believers and not the whole community.

Rejected infant baptism as unscriptural and as a great deterrent in maintaining churches of the regenerate only.

They “rebaptized” those who professed adult conversion, obtaining the derogatory nickname of Anabaptist.


Aside from the mockery, they disowned the name because they did not consider infant baptism valid, and so adult baptism was the first, not a rebaptism.A. repudiated any sort of connection between church and state and upheld the doctrine of absolute liberty of conscience.Many opposed the swearing of oaths, bearing of arms and capital punishment.


Was a strong movement of chiliastic anticipation among them, believing the millennial reign of Christ was imminent.

LS a high and solemn act of worship and a high standard of morality prevailed among them.

Rapid growth, diverse backgrounds made consolidation difficult, but did meet in 1527 at Schleitheim, 1st synod.


Anabs the common enemies of Catholics and Protestants.Was feared they would displace established churches.1529 Diet of Speyer, both RCs and Ls agreed to subject them to the death penalty.Late 1520s, early 1530s 1000s killed by beheading (state), drowning (Protestants), burning (Catholics).


Popular support for persecutions gained by reminding the people that Anabaptists had been greatly responsible for the bloody peasant uprisings of 1524-25.

Fear of rebellion and anarchy a strong force behind persecution.


1. Thomas Muntzer and the Zwickau Prophets

M. sympathized with Peasant’s Revolt and taught doctrine of Inner Light, which reappeared with the Quakers.

M. did reject infant baptism, but his main concern was with political and social action, not theological issues.

Said L. not radical enough.


1. Thomas Muntzer and the Zwickau Prophets

Claiming direct instruction by HS, M. seized control of Mulhausen and set up a theocracy, outraging RCs and Ps alike by senseless destruction of church property and preaching civil turmoil.

Was executed, giving a bad name to the movement in many areas of Europe.


2. The Swiss Brethren

In Zurich, Conrad Grebel & Felix Manz attracted group known as the Swiss Brethren.

At 1st supporters of Zwingli, G & M became impatient with reform in Zurich.

Unwilling to wait for the city council (Z’s method), they undertook a thorough reform to abolish the Mass and images.



1524 came out against infant baptism, rebaptized adult believers and observed the LS with simple rites.

Grebel a humanist scholar able to debate on equal terms with Zwingli.

Was also a missionary, taking his radical ideas to other cities.



He and Manz were eventually arrested in Zurich, condemned to life imprisonment, escaped and were recaptured.

Manz executed by drowning 1/25/1527, the first Anabaptist martyr.

Grebel had died a few months earlier.



Balthasar Hubmaier also associated with the Swiss Brethren.

Former pupil of Johann Eck, a professor at Ingolstadt, preacher at Regensburg cathedral, parish priest at Waldshut.

At Waldshut contacted Swiss Reformers and openly allied himself with Zwingli in 1523.



Soon abandoned Z’s doctrines for those of the Anabaptists.

Rejected infant baptism, rebaptized converted adults, began serving the LS and instituted foot washing.

Became involved in the Peasants’ Revolt and may have been the author of the Twelve Articles.



When Waldshut was occupied by govt. troops, fled to Zurich, then to Moravia, where he worked for Anabaptist cause by writing pamphlets on theological questions.

1527 was extradited to Vienna where he was burned at the stake on March 10, 1528.


2. The Swiss BrethrenOthers in this group included Hans Denck, a humanist scholar, proficient in Greek and Hebrew, who called for an inner reformation by heeding the voice of the Spirit within, the indwelling Christ, and the Scripture.Renounced violence, worked in several cities and died of the plague in his early thirties.



Ludwig Hetzer (close friend of Denck) assisted D. in translating the prophetic books of OT into German, and led the radical movment in Augsburg.

Hetzer was executed in Constance in 1529.


3. The Hutterites in Moravia

Relentless persecution of Anabaptists in Austria caused many to seek refuge in Moravia, which had shared with Bohemia in the Hussite revolt against Rome.

Jakob Hutter, one of leading Anabaptists in Tyrol, came to Moravia and assumed a leading position there.



First associated with congregation at Austerlitz (1529); 1531 broke off with a radical group which found refuge in small settlement of Auspitz.

Here H. established the small community settlements, known as Bruderhofe, and based on the common ownership of property.



Soon there developed a series of Brethren villages in Moravia, fed by the influx of refugees.

Movement became known as “Hutterian Brethren” or Hutterites, and was characterized by pacifism and communal households, called Houses of the Brethren.


3. The Hutterites in MoraviaBecause of great reputation in agriculture and handicraft, Hs were in demand by nobility and country barons.This friendly treatment of refugee Anabaptists incited King Ferdinand I and govt. in Vienna to enforce obedience to the edicts of of the emperor, and persecution was pressed into Moravia.



Fleeing, Hutter was captured, cruelly tortured, burned at stake 2/25/1536.

His wife executed short time later.

Though not a theologian or teacher, H’s practical and social applications of Xtian principles earned him lasting place in Xtian history; story of his martyrdom became a legend among Anabaptists.


4. Melchior Hoffmann and Chiliasm

Radical Anabaptist and fanatical chiliast, H. began as Lutheran lay preacher, a leather dresser by trade.

Came in conflict with authorities in Livonia in 1523, left for Stockholm in 1526, where he became obsessed with eschatological ideas and prophesied the approaching end of the world.



In debate with Johann Bugenhagen (pastor at Wittenberg) 1529, he denied Lutheran doctrine of LS; later banished to Denmark, but went to Strassburg where he joined the Anabaptists.

Traveled extensively, attracting a large following in the Netherlands.



Believed himself to be divinely appointed to lead the faithful to Strassburg, which would become the “New Jerusalem,” when Christ returned on the Last Day in 1533.

Prophesied that all who opposed him would be destroyed.



Went confidently to Strassburg, where was arrested and kept in his dungeon prison until his death in 1543.

Remained unshaken in his eschatological beliefs, and his influence was so strong that the “Melchiorites” or “Hoffmannites” survived him as a distinct party among the Anabaptists.


5. Jan Matthys & the Munster Episode

A baker from Holland and an ardent disciple of Hoffmann.

Announced in 1533 that he was the prophet Enoch who had been promised by Hoffmann.

Assumed leadership of the fanatical party while Hoffmann in prison.


5. Jan Matthys & the Munster EpisodeM. not dismayed when H’s prophecy of end of world in 1533 was unfulfilled.Merely announced that H. had been mistaken, that Munster was to be the “New Jerusalem,” not Strassburg.Munster, in Westphalia, near Dutch border, had enrolled in Schmalkalic League (Prot.) by influence of young humanist chaplain, Bernhard Rothmann



When R. denounced infant baptism, word spread that Munster had become Anabaptist, and many followers of Hoffmann flocked there for refuge.

M., one of these immigrants, led the movement to take Munster by armed force and sought to establish a Kingdom of the Saints.


5. Jan Matthys & the Munster EpisodeConvinced that Munster would be the “New Jerusalem,” the radicals attempted to organize a Christian society, but the enterprise was aborted by the siege laid to the city by the Bishop of Munster.Aided by both Lutherans & Catholics, the bishop recaptured the city in June, 1535.



M. was killed in the battle and was succeeded by Jan Bockelson, who was captured, tortured, and killed.

Stories began to circulate about odious practices of the Anabaptists during the siege, including polygamy and ruthless suppression of opposition.



Munster episode left a dark stain on reputation of Anabaptists everywhere, leading many to believe that all A. fomented chaos in government, society, morals, and religion.


6. Mennonites and the Amish

Great majority of A. were appalled and ashamed at Munster episode.

Respected moderate, Menno Simons, was esp. outspoken in decrying that sort of fanaticism.

MS a Catholic priest whose studies of Scripture led him to break with Rome and become Protestant preacher 1530.


6. Mennonites and the AmishJoined Anabaptists in 1536 because felt L, C, Z, were wrong in continuing practice of infant baptism.Though strongly disapproved of errors of Anabaptists at Munster, he admired their courage under persecution and expected such persecution for himself.Was fulfilled, he too had to live like a fugitive and outlaw.


6. Mennonites and the AmishBut continued to extend his missionary efforts, married and had children.His missions took him throughout Germany where was harassed by Catholics and Lutherans.Eventually found refuge on a nobleman’s estate in Denmark where remained writing, teaching, organizing churches.



Became outstanding leader of Anabaptists in Netherlands and North Germany.

Menno’s views similar to Swiss Brethren including stress on believer’s baptism, responsibilities and rights of local congregations, pacifism, and rejection of Xtian participation in the magistracy.



Magistracy—he refused to allow civil authorities to belong to his church.

Approx. 500,000 Mennonites today, about ½ in US.

Common beliefs: rejection of church organization, infant baptism and real presence of Christ at LS.

Every congregation independent.


6. Mennonites and the AmishMost M. refuse military service, the taking of the oath and any public office.Latter part of 16th c., a Mennonite elder, Jakob Amman, caused a serious split in German speaking Mennonite community.A. demanded that congregations shun all nonbelievers and ostracize lapsed believers.



A. excommunicated all who disagreed with him; his followers became close-knit sect with rigid rules regarding uniformity of dress, untrimmed beards, and foot washing as an element of worship.

Became known as Amish from the name Amman.



Severe persecution drove them from the continent, and they emigrated to William Penn’s colony of Pennsylvania, where their descendants remain to this day, preserving the Anabaptist-Mennonite-Amish practices of 1700.



Radicals & Anabaptists who formed the “left wing” of the Reform. were the most hated and persecuted religious groups on the continent in 16th c.

Ironically, 20th c. Protestantism often expresses more keenly the ideas of the radical Reformers than the traditional Reformers.


6. Mennonites and the AmishWhereas L. & C. had their hands tied by political & social commitments in a state church, the radical Reformers were free to reject nonscriptural concepts and practices.They esp. insisted that the world or community cannot make Xtians, which for them undermined the whole premise of infant baptism.


6. Mennonites and the AmishThey contended for a “gathered” church in which only believers with a faith baptism could participate.This led to a strong stance for separation of church and state.Above all, the Anabaptists believed in the competency of the soul, the ability and responsibility of each individual to experience the presence and salvation of God for himself.



One can readily see how these ideas have prevailed and entrenched themselves in some of the great evangelical movements of the present day.

E. Reform In England

British Isles were experiencing similar phenomenon to continent; English Reformation, however, was decidedly English In character.

Though was influenced by issues and events on continent, the reasons for its occurrence and the directions of its course were uniquely English.


1. Preparation and CausesWere at least half dozen distinct causes which precipitated Reform and the break with Rome.1) Rising trend of nationalism, as strong in Eng. as anywhere on continent.Widespread resentment over interference from a foreign pope and sending money to papal treasury while England impoverished.


1. Preparation and Causes

During “Babylonian Captivity” Eng. parliament passed the law of Praemunire, which forbade appeals to Rome.

Henry VIII revived this old law and used it for his personal benefit.

E. Reform In England1. Preparation and Causes

2) Growing anticlericalism which Wycliffe had inspired with his translation for the common man, and his primitive concept of the priesthood of all believers.

Peasants’ Uprising in 1381 was greatly influenced by W’s insistence that unworthy clergymen should be deprived of their soft living.


2) Growing anticlericalism which

Anticlerical attitude was kept alive by the followers of Wycliffe, Lollards.

They taught that Scriptures were sole authority in religion and every man had the right to read and interpret them for himself.

Lollards became an influential cause of Eng. Ref.


2) Growing anticlericalism

They attacked clerical celibacy, transubstantiation, indulgences, and pilgrimages.

Held validity of priestly acts was determined by the priest’s moral character and that endowments, the oppe, and hierarchy were all unscriptural.


3) Abusive and excessive life style of many Eng. prelates did nothing to help.

Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, papal legate, minister of state, and archbishop of York virtually ran England from 1515 to 1529.

He held 4 bishoprics, was enormously wealthy, had over 500 in his household.


3) Excesses of clergy

Two of his residences eventually became royal palaces—Hampton Court and York Place (Whitehall).

He flagrantly favored relatives, friends and political cronies.


4) Humanistic renaissance.

Oxford and Cambridge became strongholds after Erasmus visited and taught 1510-1513.

John Colet (1467-1519) had already left his mark.

Sir Thomas More remained a faithful Catholic, but led the battle against ignorance and injustice.

E. Reform In England1. Preparation and Causes4) Humanistic renaissance.In his classic satire Utopia, he called for a religion based on the dictates of reason and the laws of nature.Humanism, while being patronized by the papacy, was making inroads against the papacy with its theme of “back to the sources,” which subtly suggested the circumventing of ecclesiastical establishment.


5) Luther’s writings poured into Eng.

Thomas Bilney, burned at stake in 1531, was 1st Eng. martyr espousing Lutheran ideas.

Hugh Latimer, a Bilney proteges, martyred under Queen Mary.

Cardinal Wolsey personally conducted 1st burning of Luther’s works.


5) Luther’s writings poured into Eng.

Though Henry VIII later broke with Rome, he denounced Luther.

His rebuttal to L. doctrines, Assertion of the Seven Sacraments, earned Henry the title “Defender of the Faith.”

E. Reform In England1. Preparation and Causes6) Personal desires and ambitions of Henry VIII became the final fuel for the kindling fire.His personal desire to divorce Catherine and marry Anne Boleyn, and his ambition to attain total supremacy, even in religious matters, made him the catallyst for one of the major splits in Christendom, bringing about the birth of the Church of England.


6) Personal desires and ambitions of Henry VIII became the final fuel for the kindling fire.

Although reform had been brewing for centuries, it was Henry’s personal obsession and obstinance that brought it to a head.

E. Reform In England2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII

Henry VII 1st in a new line of English kings, the Tudors.

H VII arranged a marriage for his 14 yr old son Arthur to 16 yr old Catherine, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain in 1501.

Arthur died less than 6 mo later; H VII gained special papal dispensation to have younger son Henry marry C.


H VIII came to throne in 1509; of 6 children born to H & C, one one survived, Mary.

H deeply concerned over not having a male heir; Eng had never been ruled by a woman except for brief period in 12th c., a fiasco.

Imagined marriage to his brother’s wife had incurred divine wrath.


Then became obsessed with beautiful Anne Boleyn, who refused to share his bed without sharing his crown.

H began long battle to dissolve marriage with C.

At 1st sought annulment; but C solemnly swore her marriage with Arthur had never been consummated; was no legal impediment to marriage with H.


Next, H pushed for papal permission for a divorce, but Pope Clement VII not in a position to grant it.

Could not anger Emperor Charles V, the nephew of Catherine.

On other hand, didn’t want to lose lucrative and powerful support of Eng., so issues dragged out more than 4 yrs.

E. Reform In England2. Supremacy Under Henry VIIIH was losing patience; Cardinal Wolsey had failed to please H in this regard and was stripped of his positions.Wolsey died in disgrace in 1530.Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, suggested H seek the opinions of theologians.H quickly acted on the suggestion, applying pressure, negotiations and intrigues.


Oxford & Cambridge decided in favor of H followed by the French universities and even Bologna in Italy.

Essentially decided H’s marriage to C contrary to divine law and never a valid marriage.

So H was free to marry without need of dispensation from Rome.


1533, H married Anne Boleyn and forced pope to name Thomas Cranmer Archbishop of Canterbury.

Infuriated with H’s highhandedness, pope threatened to excommunicate him.

H’s reaction was to get parliament to legalize the supremacy of the king.

E. Reform In England2. Supremacy Under Henry VIIIIn the Restraint of Appeals, the legal principles of the Eng Ref, parliament declared that all cases having to do with religion “shall be from henceforth heard, examined, discussed, clearly, finally, and definitively judged and determined within the king’s jurisdiction and authority, and not elsewhere…from the see of Rome, or any other foreign courts or potentates of the world.”


Next year followed the Act of Forbidding Papal Dispensations, which took from the pope all rights of nomination and dispensation and severed all payment of money to the pope.

Also in 1534, the Supremacy Act confirmed Henry as “supreme head” of the C of E.


Then the Act of Succession declared Princess Mary, daughter of Catherine, illegitimate, and named the infant daughter of Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth (born 9/7/1533) as heir to the throne.

Pope Clement reaffirmed the validity of C’s marriage to H and excommunicated the King of England.


H, therefore, set up an independent national English Church, with the king as the supreme head.

A royal proclamation erased the pope’s name from all the service books, and the breach with Rome was complete.

E. Reform In England2. Supremacy Under Henry VIIISeveral church leaders who refused to accept H’s supremacy were executed, among them John Fisher and Thomas More.H. became master of both state and church, but could not master his own personal passions.He eventually executed Anne Boleyn for alleged infidelity and not producing a male heir and married 4 more times.


Of his 6 wives, 2 were executed (Boleyn & Catherine Howard), 2 were divorced by him (Catherine & Anne of Cleves), one died in childbirth (Jane Seymour) and one managed to outlive him (Catherine Parr).


Eng Reform had not culminated in a great theological schism.H had opposed heresies of Luther.Prided himself on being “Defender of the

Faith”Breaking with Rome did not make him a

Protestant.Catholic dogma and rites were still upheld.Lutheranism still a “pernicious poison.”


John Frith, who had helped Tyndale translate the NT, was burned in 1533 for denying transubstantiation and purgatory.

1535 25 Anabaptists were burned in a single day.

H. had merely given Eng a new authority, exchanging supremacy of the pope for that of the king.


1535 H VIII appointed Thomas Cromwell Vicar General of the English Church; C became chief adviser in all church affairs.

Presiding at Convocation, C took precedence over the Archbishop of Canterbury.

Was C who dissolved the monasteries between 1536 and 1539.


Monasticism virtually disappeared from Eng., the most drastic change in Eng’s religious life under H VIII besides the separation from Rome itself.

C also ordered that a Bible should be provided in every church & that clergy should perform certain definite duties.

C overstepped his usefulness when he arranged a marriage to Anne of Cleves.


The marriage was a diplomatic effort to make an alliance with Prot. Germany.

H was disgusted with the marriage and with C, who was arrested, sentenced for treason, and beheaded July 28, 1540.

Although it appeared C had been promoted over him, the real church power behind H was still Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury.


Cranmer—Annulled H’s marriage to Catherine.Declared marriage to Anne Boleyn null and

void.Declared marriage to Anne of Cleves to be

invalid.

Despite obvious subservience to the crown, C. was a profound theologian who eventually was largely responsible for shaping the Protestant Ch. of Eng.


The Ten Articles of 1536, drafted by H. with help of Cranmer, leaned toward Protestantism.Named only 3 sacraments—baptism,

penance, eucharist.Stressed the importance of teaching the

people the Bible and early creeds.Declared justification is by faith and by

confession, absolution, and good works.


But The Ten Articles also---Held that Christ is physically present in the

eucharist.Masses for the dead, the invocation of

saints and use of images are desirable.

H. was obviously trying to mix Catholic and Protestant together in a compromise religion.


3 yrs later he reversed himself and pushed through Parliament (over opposition of Cranmer) the Six Articles, which reaffirmed basic Catholic doctrine under threat of severe penalty.

Six Articles declared as law---TransubstantiationWithholding the cup from the laityCelibacy for priests


Six Articles declared as law---Vows of chastityPrivate MassesThe necessity of auricular confession.

During next 7 yrs scores were executed for violating one or more of the articles, with article on transubstantiation being the most serious.


At same time, he encouraged the publication of the Bible in the vernacular, a distinctly Protestant stance.

Miles Coverdale made a full translation of the entire Bible into English; known as the Great Bible, was placed in the chs with approval of both Cranmer and Cromwell.


By king’s order, C. prepared forms of worship, including a litany which was to be sung in English.

H. attempted in his last years to promote some religious reforms while maintaining the substance of traditional Catholicism.

As symbol of repudiation of Prot., H. married Catherine Howard, a RC, in 1540 & entered political alliance with Charles V.


1542 Catherine Howard beheaded for adultery; 1543 H. married Catherine Parr, who outlived him.

H VIII died 1/28/1547, Cranmer at his side.

Archbishop Cranmer was now left to guide the nation into accepting Prot. As the official ecclesiastical policy of Eng.

E. Reform In England3. Protestantism Under Edward VI

Edward born to H and Jane Seymour.

9 yrs old when came to throne (1547); died 1553 at 15.

But during 61/2 yr reign, Eng. was carried with long strides toward Prot.

Policies of E’s reign were determined by a council of regency appointed by H. in his will.


Cranmer & Edward Seymour (new king’s uncle) emerged as dominant leaders of the council, encouraging Prot. And writing evangelical tenets into the laws and customs of the land.

First parliament of new reign---Repealed the Six ArticlesLaws which had restricted the printing of

Scriptures.


First parliament of new reign---Laws which had promoted the persecution

of heretics. Images were removed from the chs.Communion was given to the laity.A general confession took the place of

private confession to the priest.Leading continental reformers were

welcomed to Eng., esp. by Cranmer.


Cranmer also increased the Prot. Hold with his own literary contributions.Book of Homilies and Book of Common

Prayer (for worship).1549 Parliament enacted the Act of

Uniformity which required all clergy to use the Book of Common Prayer (has endured & united the diverse elements of the C of E

Note: BofCP imposed by Parliament, not the Convocation, the church body.


Cranmer also increased the Prot. Hold with his own literary contributions.1553 Forty-two Articles of Religion (written

by 6 theologians led by C.) were issued under authority of the king.

These articles gave the doctrinal position of the C of E, and although they were abrogated by Mary, they later became the Thirty-nine Articles of the C of E.


In political arena, Edward Seymour, Lord Protector, did not fare so well; failed in attempts to contract a marriage between Edward & young Scottish Princess Mary; in domestic agricultural reforms, in controlling uprising of restless farmers.

1552 Earl of Warwick had Seymour beheaded and took his place, becoming the Duke of Northumberland.


Duke of N., though unscruplous and ruthless, did favor the Prot. Program because it suited his plans of tyranny and greed.

Thus he supported the Act of Uniformity and eliminated many objectionable papal influences from the realm.

Warwick tried to place Lady Jane Grey in succession in case of E’s death, but was decidedly unsuccessful.


Lady Jane Grey was the grandaughter of H VIII’s sister Mary and wife of Warwick’s 4th son.

Warwick was so unpopular with the people that even some Protestants supported Mary Tudor when Edward died in 1553.

E. Reform In England4. Catholicism Under Mary

H VIII’s will provided that in case E. died without an heir, he would be succeeded by H’s 2 daughters, Mary & Elizabeth, in order of birth.

At 37 and in ill health, Mary Tudor came to throne; reigned for 5 yrs; died 1558.

Was intensely loyal to the memory of her mother, Catherine of Aragon; was foregone conclusion she would try to bring Eng. back to Catholic fold.


Return to papalism was symbolized by the return of Cardinal Legate Reginald Pole (he had fled rather than accept H’s supremacy).

On St. Andrew’s Day, 1554, the queen knelt with parliament while Cardinal Pole absolved the nation of heresy & received it back into communion with Rome.


RC had reasserted itself, but Eng. spirit of nationalism was growing.

When M. married Philip II, son of Charles V of Spain, many English feared foreign domination & uprisings occurred throughout the land.

Still, M. pressed on with fanatical zeal.

Executed ca. 300 Prot. leaders, including Cranmer, Latimer and Ridley.


So numerous were the beheadings and burnings during her reign that she became known as “Bloody Mary.”

When Latimer & Ridley burned at stake together, L. encouraged R., “Be of good comfort, Master Ridley, we shall this day light such a candle by God’s grace in England as, I trust, shall never be put out.”


Words proved to prophetic, for M. was not able to extinguish the light of reform now sweeping across Eng.

She died a bitter, unhappy and childless woman.

She had lost most of her friends and alienated the affections of many of her subjects.

5-yr revival of RC ended with her death, 1558, with E. poised for rebellion.

E. Reform In England5. Settlement Under Elizabeth

M. succeeded by her half-sister Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn.a. Diplomacy and Force.E. inherited a kingdom torn by religious

strife and weary of persecution by fanatics from both camps.

Fortunately, Elizabeth was wise and diplomatic, and chose to favor neither extreme papalism nor extreme Prot.


She correctly assessed the public mood & gained the people’s support of a policy of moderation.

She reformed the Prayer Book to make it less offensive to RCs, but she reinstituted the liturgy of Edward VI.

She kept the episcopal form of govt., but lessened the power of the bishops.


In 1559 parliament passed the Act of Supremacy, which recognized her supremacy in all matters spiritual or ecclesiastical, as well as temporal.

She was not called “Supreme Head” but “Supreme Governor.”

Most clergy subscribed, but 2,000 RC priests refused to sign; all but one of bishops from M’s reign resigned.


This strong RC resistance caused E. to lean toward the Protestants.

Matthew Parker, who had been removed under M., was made Archbishop of Canterbury.

Other bishops were chosen and consecrated, and the C of E has contended to the present that the apostolic succession was preserved.


Centuries later, Pope Leo XIII declared in 1896 that Anglican orders were invalid and not in the apostolic succession.

Although the Elizabethan Settlement met bitter RC opposition, E. was tactful enough to avoid excommunication for 11 yrs; but she was finally excommunicated by Pius V in 1570.


In the meantime E. had revised the Forty-two Articles of 1553; they became the official Thirty-nine Articles of C of E.

Same year (1563) parliament passed the Test Act which required an oath of obedience to the queen as the supreme governor & excluded RCs from the House of Commons.


Also in 1563, John Foxe published his famous Book of Martyrs, which inflamed prejudice against the Catholics because of its vivid portrayal of Catholics slaughtering and murdering thousands who would not bow to the pope.

Angry RC reaction to these events exploded in the northern revolt of 1569, & Rome began a series of intrigues to unseat E. and place Mary Queen of Scots on the throne.


M. had been ousted from Scotland and sought refuge in Eng.; she posed a threat to E. and so was imprisoned.

In 1571, a plot to start an insurrection and unseat E. involved the Duke of Alva Philip II, Pope Pius V, and the Duke of Norfolk.

RC priests were trained & sent to Eng. Secretly as missionaries & subversives.


Many Jesuits conspired to overthrow the govt. by force.

In 1585 parliament the Act of Association which called for M’s execution if she conspired against E.; when M. became involved in the Babington conspiracy of 1586, M. was executed on 2/8/1587.


Philip II of Spain & Pope Sixtus V had dreamed of uniting Europe again under one emperor & one church, but had thus far failed, & their failure at bringing Eng. back to RC fold was esp. bitter.

When Philip determined to take Eng. by force with the “Invincible Armada” of 132 ships, the pope helped plan and finance the ambitious campaign.

E. Reform In England5. Settlement Under ElizabethE. appealed to the patriotism of her subjects, who sent 200 smaller & faster ships to encounter the great Armada.Under leadership of Sir Francis Drake, the mighty Spanish fleet was totally destroyed in 1588.This astounding defeat of the Spanish Armada enhanced E’s prestige everywhere & ushered in a golden age known as the Elizabethan Period.


E. period was renowned for its literature, its commerce and growth in wealth, and its exploits on the sea.

Eng. Seemed to have survived the threat of foreign interference, but some of E’s most disturbing problems were at home among extreme Protestants who did not feel she had gone far enough in breaking with Catholicism.

E. Reform In England5. Settlement Under Elizabethb. Puritans and SeparatistsE’s settlement of a compromise religion

had engendered opposition from orthodox Catholics; now it faced obstinate criticism from radical Protestants.

Throughout land had arisen a large and vocal group known as Puritans, for their insistence that the C of E be “purified” from all traces of RC.

E. Reform In England5. Settlement Under Elizabethb. Puritans and SeparatistsMany of them had been refugees on the

continent during the persecution of Mary Tudor and were known as the Marian exiles.

They became closely connected with and influenced by the continental reformers, esp. the Calvinists.

When they returned to Eng. under E., strong sentiments of total reform came with them.

E. Reform In England5. Settlement Under Elizabethb. Puritans and SeparatistsTheir position was strengthened by the fact

that Calvin’s Institutes had become the recognized theological textbook in the universities of England.

3 main types:The Episcopal PuritansThe Presbyterian Puritans The Separatist Puritans

E. Reform In England5. Settlement Under Elizabethb. Puritans and SeparatistsEpiscopal Puritans—Puritan opposition

within the C of E was directed mainly against the clerical vestments and the details of liturgy.

Decade of 1560 was characterized by controversy over the order of worship.

Puritans protested the bowing of the knee at the observance of communion, the sign of the cross at baptism, and altar robes.

E. Reform In England5. Settlement Under Elizabethb. Puritans and SeparatistsSome P. were willing to conform to the

state church when the archbishop gave in on a few points; these were known as Conformists and those who refused to compromise and refused to serve in the state ch. Were known as Nonconformists.

From 1560 until 1689, the conflict between the C of E and Nonconformity was of great significance.

E. Reform In England5. Settlement Under Elizabethb. Puritans and SeparatistsE. was taking Eng. down the Port. road ,

but like Luther, she feared the Reformation was in danger of being wrecked by radicals.

Also, her Renaissance interest made her naturally react against those who wanted to do away with church music, paintings, sculpture, and stained glass windows.

She fought constantly to control or eliminate Puritanism.

E. Reform In England5. Settlement Under Elizabethb. Puritans and SeparatistsYet in the decade of 1570 she found

herself depending on their support when she had been excommunicated.

Catholic uprisings were occurring in the North and plots to unseat her were seething.

E. Reform In England5. Settlement Under Elizabethb. Puritans and SeparatistsDuring 1570s when Puritanism was

enjoying growth and popularity, devout professor at Cambridge, Thomas Cartwright, came forth demanding that all ministers be on an equal level, since he found no graduated organization of hierarchies in the NT.

This challenge to episcopal ch. govt. gained a wide hearing.

E. Reform In England5. Settlement Under Elizabethb. Puritans and SeparatistsC. became the theoretical father of English

Presbyteriansim.C. was removed from Cambridge, but he

and other Puritan leaders privately organized classes and synods.

In this way the Presbyterian church begin in Eng.; its supporters were determined that it would eventually become the dominant church.

E. Reform In England5. Settlement Under Elizabethb. Puritans and SeparatistsArchbishop Parker died in 1575; Edmund

Grindal replaced him.G. had been a Marian exile; was deeply

committed to Calvinism & sympathetic to Presbyterian Puritanism.

Because of his leanings, he was relieved of his official duties in 1577; remained without authority until his death in 1583.

E. Reform In England5. Settlement Under Elizabethb. Puritans and SeparatistsG. replaced by a hard line Episcopalian,

John Whitgift, who loved pomp and position.

W. denounced Cartwright, supported the Queen’s Renaissance style, and led the fight in Parliament to stop the effort to introduce the Presbyterian system into the C of E.

W. Created a Commission for Causes Ecclesiastical to repress the Puritans.

E. Reform In England5. Settlement Under Elizabethb. Puritans and SeparatistsW. & E. pressured Parl. to pass laws

against Puritans and Recusants (Catholics who wanted the papacy to dominate); it ordered disloyal persons to either confrom or leave the realm.

Cartwright was imprisoned in 1590, but escaped to Holland and became preacher in the Mercantile church in Middleburg.

E. Reform In England5. Settlement Under Elizabethb. Puritans and SeparatistsEven more radical than the Puritans were

the Separatists or Independents.While Puritans wanted to purify the C of E

from within, the Separatists, like Anabaptists on the continent believed in “gathered” chs, made up of those who were freely and consciously Christian, not simply all the population of a given area.

E. Reform In England5. Settlement Under Elizabethb. Puritans and SeparatistsThey were concerned not over vestments

and liturgy, as were the Puritans, but over the structure and administration of the congregation.

This was the beg. of Congregationalism, which first appeared in E. in the 1580s.

Early pioneer was Robert Browne, who had been influenced at Cambridge by Cartwright.

E. Reform In England5. Settlement Under Elizabethb. Puritans and SeparatistsB. organized the 1st free church practicing

infant baptism in the post-Reformation period.

In 1581 in Norwich he est. a congregational type church, constituted of believers, bound together in a covenant relationship.

It was autonomous, with no other ecclesiastical body having authority over it.

E. Reform In England5. Settlement Under Elizabethb. Puritans and SeparatistsB. was arrested, imprisoned and his cong.

forced to emigrate to Holland; he joined them in 1582.

His church remained in Holland for 10 yrs, but B. left for Scotland, where he was again imprisoned and finally returned to Eng.

He surrendered to the A of Canterbury in 1585 & was reinstated as a priest in C of E.

E. Reform In England5. Settlement Under Elizabethb. Puritans and SeparatistsThe independents were often called

Brownists; but ironically, B. left them at the end of his life.

The spiritual ancestors of the later Congregationalists were Separatists in that they withdrew from the C of E; they were Independents in that they believed in the full autonomy of each local church.

E. Reform In England5. Settlement Under Elizabethb. Puritans and SeparatistsDespite the protests of Catholics and

radical Protestants, E’s Anglicanism prevailed and her Via Media succeeded in establishing the C of E as a settlement religion halfway between Rome and Geneva, between popery and dissent.

It was largely through E’s genius that E became the foremost Prot. power in Europe to which continental Prot. was to look for support during the centuries to come.

E. Reform In England5. Settlement Under Elizabethb. Puritans and SeparatistsE. died in 1603; except fro the political

revolt and beheading of Lord Essex, the last decade of her reign was quiet.

However, stability was not a permanent legacy of the Elizabethan Era.

Revolt and long conflicts loomed on the horizon.


6. Revolt Under The StuartsWith the death of Elizabeth, the monarchy passed from the house of Tudor to the house of Stuart.a. James I and the Baptists.Son of Mary Queen of Scots and Lord

Darnley (Henry Stuart) had reigned as James VI in Scotland since his mother’s abdication, 1567.


6. Revolt Under The Stuartsa. James I and the Baptists.James also the great-great-grandson of

Henry VII; as such he ascended to the E. throne as James I on death of E. (1603).

All 3 factions in E. had reason to believe that J. would favor them.

CatholicsPuritansC of E.

E. Reform In England6. Revolt Under The Stuartsa. James I and the Baptists.Catholics were optimistic because his

mother had been executed by E. & he had married a RC, Anne of Denmark, 1589.

Puritans were encouraged because of his experience with Scottish Presbyterianism.

C of E was confident because of its subservient stance toward royal supremacy; his view of himself as supreme ruler was already known.

E. Reform In England6. Revolt Under The Stuartsa. James I and the Baptists.C of E confidence was justified; C of E won

the battle for the king’s support.At outset, however, was the Puritans who

made the 1st move to gain favor and concessions.

On his way to London, J. was met by Puritans, who presented him with the Millenary Petition (so called because it bore 1000 signatures).

E. Reform In England6. Revolt Under The Stuartsa. James I and the Baptists.Millenary Petition called for amendments in

C of E, esp. in rites and ceremonies.J. was noncommittal; did promise to hold a

conference with the Puritans.The promise kept=Hampton Court

Conference in 1604—a conference of bishops and Puritans which produced only one significant result, a fresh translation of the Bible.

E. Reform In England6. Revolt Under The Stuartsa. James I and the Baptists.J. appointed 54 scholars who worked

1607-1611 to produce the “Authorized Version” which came to be known as the King James Version, the most popular and widely read version of the Bible ever printed.

J., however, did not revise the Prayer Book that the Puritans considered too popish.

Neither did he revise or repeal the Thirty-nine Articles.

E. Reform In England6. Revolt Under The Stuartsa. James I and the Baptists.He also maintained the episcopal form of

ch. govt. and Puritan ministers who objected lost their pulpits.

church history from the 16 th to the 20 th centuries bi 3322 (part 2)

Documents

spread of calvinism

zwinglis reform

cs opponents

cs instigation

cs record

refutation of cs institutes

burning of heretics

spite of cs pleas