church councils

7/29/2019 Church Councils

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Submitted To:Mr. Rodel M Salgados

RS112-O

Submitted By:

Jason Jan MoralesBSCS-IIAurel B. Cenas

BSCOE-II


2/25

Year: Approximately A.D. 50.

The Acts of the Apostles records the Council of Jerusalem, which

addressed the question of observation of biblical law in the early

Christian community which included Gentile converts. Although its

decisions are accepted by all Christians, and still observed in full bythe Greek Orthodox, and later definitions of an ecumenical council

appear to conform to this sole biblical Council, no Christian

church calls it a mere ecumenical council, instead it is called the

"Apostolic Council" or "Council of Jerusalem".

To resolve a disagreement in Antioch, which had wider implications

than just circumcision, but also fornication and idolatry and blood,and also the application of Biblical law to non-Jews by way of letter

in communication with the gentiles.


3/25

Pre-ecumenical councils (also known as synods) were conferencesof ecclesiastical dignitaries and theological experts of the earlyChristian Church that were convened to discuss and settle matters ofChurch doctrine and practice. They were held when Christianity wasstill illegal in the Roman Empire. Until the Edict of Milan, councils did

not have a civil, legal status. They must be distinguishedfrom Ecumenical Councils which are seen as traditional and as acontinuation of previous councils or synods. Such council includethe Council of Jerusalem (c. 50 AD), the Council of Rome (155 AD),the Second Council of Rome (193 AD), the Council of Ephesus (193

AD), the Council of Carthage (251 AD), the Council of Iconium (258

AD), the Council of Antioch (264 AD), the Councils of Arabia(246-247AD), the Council of Elvira (306 AD), the Council of Carthage (311AD), the Synod of Neo-Caesarea (c.314 AD), the Council of Ancyra(314 AD) and the Council of Arles (314 AD).


4/25

Site: Nicaea

Year: A.D. 325.

Convoked by Emperor Constantine I

Attended by 318 Bishops

To settle the Arian controversy about the divinity of Jesus and His

relationship with God.

Resolved by defining the consubstantiality of God the Son with God

the Father. The Son is of the same substance, homoousios, as the

Father.

Set the date of Easter

The Creed of Nicaea Issued 20 canons


5/25

Site: Constantinople

Year: A.D. 381.

Convoked by Emperor Theodosius I


Thirty six heretical Bishops(followers of Macedonius) were denied

entrance, who denied the divinity of the Holy Spirit.

To settle the Apollinarian controversy, which held that Christ has a

human body, but no human soul.

Apollinarianism, Macedonius and his teachings were condemned.

Issued 4 canons


6/25

Site: Ephesus

Year: A.D. 431.

Convoked by Emperor Theodosius II

Attended by a number of Eastern and Syrian bishops with Roman

legates.

To settle the Nestorian controversy, which questioned the Divinity of

Mary as Jesus Mother.

A title was attributed to Mary, Theotokos(Mother of God).

Nestorius and his teachings were condemned.

Issued 8 canons though some were later condemned.


7/25

Site: Chalcedon.

Year: A.D. 451.

Convoked by Emperor Marcian

Attended by approximately 370 Bishops

To settle the Eutychian Controversy of his teachings of

Monophysitism that the manhood of Christ was not consubstantial

with ours.

Eutychus was and his teachings were condemned.

The decisions of the False Second Council of Ephesus (A.D. 449)

were rejected.

The Creed of Chalcedon Issued 28 canons though the last one was later rejected.


8/25

Site: Constantinople.

Year: A.D. 553.

Convoked by Justinian I

Attended by approximately 152 Bishops

To settle the Three Chapters Controversy. Which were the writings of

Theodore of Mopsuestia, Theodoret of Cyrrhus, and the letter of Ibas

of Edess.

The Three Chapters were condemned.


9/25


Year: A.D. 680-681.

Convoked by Constantine IV


To settle the Monothelite Controversy, which attributed only one will,

to Christ (the divine) instead of two (divine and human)

Monothelitism and the dead pope Pope Honorius who sanctioned

Monothelitism were condemned.


10/25

Site: Nicaea

Year: A.D. 787

Convoked by Constantine VI and Empress Irene


To settle the Iconoclastic Controversy

Restored the veneration of icons.

The Iconoclasts were condemned.


11/25


Years: A.D. 869-870

Convoked by Basil I


Reinstated the dismissed Ignatius as Patriarch, deposed and

condemned Photius.

Issused 27 cannons


12/25

Site: The Basilica of Saint John Lateran (Rome)

Year: A.D. 1123

Convoked by Pope Calixtus II

Attended by 300-1000 Bishops

Pope's right to invest bishops.

Condemnation of simony(act of paying for sacraments and

consequently for holy offices or for positions in the hierarchy of a

church)

Issued 22 cannons


13/25


Year: A.D. 1139

Convoked by Pope Innocent II


Reaffirmed Lateran I

Clerical marriage declared invalid and clerical dress regulated

Attacks on clerics punished by excommunication.

Condemned the teachings of the Petrobrusians and the Henricians,

the followers of Peter of Bruys and Henry of Lausanne.

Issued 30 canons


14/25


Year: A.D. 1179

Convoked by Pope Alexander III

Attended by 302

Condemned the Waldensian and Cathar heresies.

Limitation of papal election to the cardinals

Condemnation of simony

Issued 27 cannons


15/25


Year: A.D. 1215

Convoked by Pope Innocent III

Attended by 71 patriarchs and metropolitans, 412 bishops,

900 abbots and priors

Defined transubstantiation

Addressed papal primacy and clerical discipline.

Issued 70 cannons


16/25

Site: Lyons, France

Year: 1245

Convoked by Pope Innocent IV


Deposed and excommunicated Emperor Frederick II of Germany

and condemned as a heretic for attempting to make the Church

merely a department of the state.

Clerical discipline, Crusades, Great Schism

Instituted a levy to support the Holy Land.


17/25

Site: Lyons, France

Year: 1274

Convoked by Pope Gregory X

Attended by 560 Bishops and Abbots

Declared the double procession of the Holy Ghost from the Father

and the Son: Qui ex Patre Filioque procedit.

Attempted reunion with the Eastern churches

Approved Franciscan and Dominican orders

A tithe to support crusades

And conclave procedures.


18/25

Site: Vienne (South of Lyons), France

Years: 1311-1312

Convoked by Pope Clement V

Attended by 20 Cardinals, 122 Bishops, 38 Abbots

The disbandment and condemnation of the Order of Knights Templar

under the urge of Philip IV of France due to his debts to them and

seized their assets afterwards.

Condemned the Beghards (males) and Beguines (females), who so

stressed inner union with God. Quietism, that prayer and fasting

became unimportant.


19/25

Site: Constance, Germany

Years: 1414-1418

Convoked by Antipope John XXIII, confirmed by Pope Gregory XII


Resolved the Great Western Schism

Also began conciliarism.

Condemned the heresies of John Wycliffe, who rejected the Holy

sacrifice of the Mass, emphasized scripture as the sole rule of faith,

subscribed to Donatism, asserted the Pope is not the head of the

Church, and bishops have no authority; and, John Huss, who

preached the above after Wycliffes death.


20/25

Sites with Years: Basel (Switzerland, near France), 1431-1437;

Ferrara (Italy, north of Bologna, southwest of Venice), 1438;

Florence (Italy, south of Bologna, north of Rome), 1439-1445.

Convoked by Pope Martin V

Attended by 117 Latins and 31 Greeks

Addressed church reform and reunion with the Eastern Churches,

but split into two parties. The fathers remaining at Basel became the

apogee of conciliarism. The fathers at Florence achieved union

with various Eastern Churches and temporarily with the Eastern

Orthodox Church.


21/25


Years: 1512-1517

Convoked by Pope Julius II


Church discipline and reforms(selection of bishops, taxation issues,

religious education, training of priests, improved sermons etc.)

Five decrees


22/25

Site: Trent, Italy.

Years: 1545-1549

Convoked by Pope Paul III


Addressed church reform and repudiated Protestantism

Defined the role and canon of Scripture and the seven sacraments

And strengthened clerical discipline and education.

17 dogmatic decrees


23/25

Site: The Vatican (St. Peters Basilica in the Vatican City-State,

Rome).

Years: 1869-1870

Convoked by Pope Pius IX


Repudiated Rationalism, Atheism, Materialism

Inspiration of Scripture

Defined pope's primacy in church governance and his infallibility

Addressed revelation, interpretation of scripture and the relationship

of faith and reason.


24/25

Site: The Vatican (St. Peters Basilica in the Vatican City-State,

Rome).

Years: 1962-1965

Convoked by Pope John XXIII

Attended by up to 2625 Bishops

This council did not discuss heresy

Addressed pastoral and disciplinary issues dealing with the Church

and its relation to the modern world,

including liturgy and ecumenism.

Scripture and divine revelation

Ecclesiology Four Constitutions, Nine decrees, Three declarations


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http://www.fromdeathtolife.org/chistory/councils.html

http://catholicism.org/the-ecumenical-councils-of-the-catholic-

church.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenical_council

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Ecumenical_Councils

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_church_councils_(pre-

ecumenical_)

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