CHNG 2

S TRAO I CHT V NNG LNG

HA SINH HA SINH THC PHM

1. Vai tr ca s trao i cht

1.1. S trao i cht

- L s trao i cht gia sinh vt vi mi trng thng qua hai qu trnh ng

ha v d ha.

1. Vai tr ca s trao i cht

1.1. S trao i cht

- ngha sinh hc ca s trao i cht

Thc vt s dng trc tip nng lng mt tri

tng hp cht hu c t cht v c.

ng vt v con ngi ly vt cht v nng

lng cn thit cho s sng t thc vt.

* S trao i cht ngi

- ng ho v d ho .

+ ng ho: l qu trnh tng hp cc cht

sng c trng t nhng cht n gin, ng

thi tch lu nng lng.

+ D ho: l qu trnh phn hu cc cht phc

tp gii phng nng lng.

* Qu trnh ng ha v d ha

* Vai tr ca s trao i cht

- S trao i cht l iu kin phn bit gia

vt th sng v vt th khng sng.

- S TC SV nhm thc hin hai chc nng

Kin to & Cung cp nng lng

* Vai tr ca s trao i cht

Hai chc nng:

+ Kin to: ngha l xy dng v i mi

cht sng.

+ Cung cp nng lng: cht sng b phn

hu s gii phng nng lng tiu dng.

Cc cht dd trong thc n

Cc cht

hu c

Gluxit

Lipit

Prtin

Axit nuclic

Vitamin

Mui khong

Nc

Cc cht

v c

Cc cht

hp th c

ng n

Axit bo v glixrin

Axit amin

Cc thnh phn

ca nucltit

Vitamin

Mui khong

Nc

Hot ng

tiu ho Hot

ng

hp

th

S trao i cc cht trong c th

S trao i glucid

Tiu ha

Nim mc rut ng phn Glucose

ng n (glucose, fructose, galactose..)

ng n

Glucose

Gan Glycogen Insulin

M bo Glycogen

Glucid

Chuyn ha glucose

* D ha:

Glycogen ( gan) Glucose Adrenalin

Glucose Phn gii CO2 + H2O + Nng lng

S trao i glucid

III. Chuyn ha glucid trong c th ng vt

Glucid l hp cht hu c ph bin

rng ri trong t nhin m bn cht ha

hc

ng vt, glucid c nhiu trong gan

di dng glycogen d tr, hoc c

huyt thanh di dng glucose.

Chuyn ho glucid l mt trong nhng

qu trnh chuyn ho quan trng ca

c th sng, ch yu cung cp nng

lng cho t bo hot ng.

1. Vai tr:

.

Glucid c vai tr rt quan trng trong c th sng. Glucid c vai tr nh sau: Tham gia mi hot ng sng ca t bo. L ngun cht dinh dng d tr d huy ng,cung cp ch yu cc cht trao i trung gian v nng lng cho t bo. Tham gia vo cu trc ca thnh t bo thc vt,vi khun; hnh thnh b khung (v) ca nhm ng vt c chn khp. Tham gia vo thnh phn cu to ca nhiu cht quan trng nh: AND, ARN

Glucid tiu ha ng n (glucose, fructose, galactose)

ng n nim mc rut, ng phn Glucose

Gan insulin Glycogen

Glucose

M bo Glycogen

( gan)

Glycogen Glucose

phn gii

Glucose CO2 + H2O + Nng lng

2. C ch tng hp glucid:

* S trao i glucid

- Cu to ca glucid

Glucid l nhng hp cht hu c c thnh phn

ch yu gm C, H, O.

Cc glucid n gin c ngha sinh hc l cc

ng n c cng thc nguyn C6H12O6 nh

glucose v fructose.

* S trao i glucid

- S trao i glucid trong c th

Glucid c thu nhn vo mu ca a s loi ng

vt di dng glucose.

Glucose v cc monosaccharid khc c thu nhn

vo mu thng c gi li mt mc nht

nh.

* S trao i glucid

+ Nu hm lng glucose trong mu di 0,04% s c

hin tng h ng huyt gy chng mt v c th ngt.

+ Nu hm lng glucose trong mu tng trn 0,18%

c th gy hin tng o thi ng qua nc tiu (bnh

tiu ng).

* S trao i lipid

- Cu to ca lipid

Cng c cu to t cc nguyn t C, H, O

nhng t l oxi t hn nhiu so vi glucid.

Mi phn t lipid gm mt phn t glyceryn

v ba phn t acid bo.

* S trao i lipid

- S trao i lipid trong c th

Lipid trong thc n c cc enzyme tiu ho

phn hu thnh glycerin v acid bo.

M tng hp c nhn vo trong h bch

huyt v a n cc kho d tr nh di da, mng

bng, quanh thn ...

* S trao i lipid

- S trao i lipid trong c th

Mt phn khng ng k c nhn thng vo

trong mu, a n gan v gi li.

Cui cng acid bo v glycerin c th c gan

gi li v bin i thnh glycozen.

* D ha:

Lypid ( gan) Phn gii Glyxeryl + Acid bo

Glyxeryl CO2 + H2O + Nng lng

Glycogen

Acid bo Oxy ha Acid Acetic Acetyl - CoA

Chu trnh Krebs

Nng lng

S trao i lipid

* ng ha:

Lypid Tiu ha Acid bo + Glyceryl

Acid bo

Glyceryl biu m ca mng nhy rut M trung tnh

M trung tnh

Bch huyt

Mu (30%)

Lipid Glyxerin v axt

bo

Mu a n cc c quan s dng

Chuyn thnh

glycozen d tr.

Mt phn gylxerin

c xiha

thnh CO2, H2O v

nng lng

3. C ch phn gii lipit:

* S trao i protein

- Cu to ca protein

Protein l nhng hp cht hu c, c cha

cc nguyn t C, H, O, N, S, P ... trong thnh

phn cu to.

Protein c cu to t cc hp cht n

gin hn gi l cc acid amin.

R R R R

R R R

S trao i protein

* ng ha:

Tiu ha Protein Amino acid Hp thu Mu Gan

Amino acid

Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen

Protein ca m bo (c trng cho mi m bo)

* D ha:

Protein Amino acid Kh amin NH3

Ur Chu trnh ornitin

Cetoacid

Cetoacid

Bin i thnh glucose v glycogen

Oxy ha cho CO2, H2O v gii phng nng lng

Kt hp vi NH2 to thnh aminoacid mi

S trao i protein

32

Chuyn ha acid amin

Peptid

Protein

NG TIU HA T BO

Acid amin CO2,H2O Ure,Q

Sn phm sinh hc

Protein

Tiu ha

Hp th

33

Tiu ha protid

Cc enzym thy phn Endopeptidase:

Pepsin : d dy

Tripsin: ty tng

Chymotrypsin: ty tng

Exopeptidase:

Aminopeptidase: t bo rut non

Carboxypeptidase: ty tng

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S thu phn protein

4.Phn gii protein

Thy phn l con ng phn gii protein ph bin thc vt

v ng vt. Qu trnh thy phn protein xy ra ti lysosome

Qu trnh thy phn xy ra qua 2 giai on

- Nh peptid-peptido hydrolase, protein b thy phn thnh cc

on peptid ngn.

- Nh peptid-hydrolase thy phn tip cc peptid thnh amino

acid.

36

Tng hp acid

amin trong c th

Lysosome

Cathepsin

Protein t bo

Acid amin

Tnh mch ca

Gan T bo v m

NI SINH

* S trao i protein

S trao i protein trong c th

Protein c th c tng hp t cc acid

amin trong t bo. S tng hp protein tin

hnh mnh m nht gan.

Phn ln protein mi hnh thnh c thu

nhn vo trong mu.

* S trao i protein

- S trao i protein trong c th

S phn hu protein cng tin hnh gan.

Khi phn hu protein cc acid amin s b oxi ho

cho NH3 v sau s b thi ra ngoi di dng ur,

uric, creatin, phn cn li l C, O, H s kt thnh

glucid l ch yu.

* S trao i nc

- Trong c th khng c nc tinh khit, m ch

c nc ho tan cc dng cht kt tinh hoc kt

hp vi cc cht keo. Ngi ta phn bit nc c

cc dng chnh:

+ Nc t do

+ Nc lin kt

* S trao i nc

- S trao i nc trong c th

i vi ngi, nhu cu nc nhn chung

khong 2 lt/ ngy c cung cp qua con ng

thc n v nc ung l ch yu.

Lng nc trong mu l n nh, trong cc

m v cc c quan khng n nh tu mc trao

i nc gia c th v mi trng.

* S trao i vitamin

- Khi thiu vitamin A gy ra chng qung g,

ng vt non s ngng ln v hng mng sng ca

mt ... vitamin A c trong m ng vt, sa, lng

trng, gan, thn ...

- Thiu vitamin D vic trao i Ca b ri lon.

- Thiu vitamin E trong giai on sau thai thng

lm thai cht v b tiu bin trong d con.

3. Hp th v chuyn ha

Khi tiu th lng nh di 100mg, 80-90% lng vitamin

C n vo c hp thu. Khi khu phn tng, hp thu gim

xung 49%.

Vi khu phn n 100g/ngy.

Hm lng vitamin C trong mu ti a l 1,2-1,5mg/100ml

Nu tiu ha 100mg/ngy, hm lng vitamin C tng cao,

lng tha nhanh chng c cc t bo m nm bt hoc

bi tit ra nc tiu

Hm lng vitamin C cao trong cc m tuyn yn v tuyn

thng thn, cao hn 50 ln so vi trong huyt thanh

. Lng vitamin C trong m c tng i thp

* S trao i khong

- Vai tr ca khong trong c th

Duy tr cn bng ion v p sut thm thu m

bo s hot ng bnh thng ca cc t chc trong

c th. Gip qu trnh hp thu v trao i cc cht.

* S trao i khong

- S trao i khong trong c th

Mui khong trong thc n, mui khong c phng

thch trong c th khi hng cu gi b hu gan s cung cp

Fe, Fe c mu a v ty ca xng xy dng hng

cu mi.

- Mui khong tn ti trong c th theo mt t l xc nh.

Nu mui vo tha th s c tch ly trong cc kho dng

dn.

- Mui khong dng xong thng c thi ra ngoi theo m

hi, nc tiu v phn.

3.1 Canxi

3.1.1. Chc nng To xng

Pht trin Tham gia cc phn ng sinh ha

khc

To rng

3.1.2. Hp thu, chuyn ha

Hiu qu hp thu calci ca c th dao ng t 60-80%. Tr em

ang pht trin c th hp thu calci t n 75%. Qu trnh hp

thu calci phc tp v ph thuc nhiu yu t khc nhau

Calci hp thu bng 2 c ch khc nhau: khch tn th

ng v vn chuyn tch cc. Hp thu tch cc cn s c mt

ca vitamin D

3.1.2. Hp thu, chuyn ha

Ngi trng thnh bnh thng, 95% lng calci c hp

th bng con ng tch cc ph thuc vo vitamin D.

Nhng yu t lm tng hp thu: vitain D; acid trong h tiu ha;

lactose; protein v phosphor.

Nhng yu t lm gim hp thu hoc tng mt calci: acid

oxalic; acid phytic; tng nhu ng rut; t vn ng c th;

caffeine.

3.1.3. Nhu cu v khuyn ngh Tr b m: trong nhng thng u, lng calci do sa m

cung cp nhu cu, Tr em: tr 1-10 tui c th hp thu ti 75% calci ca khu

phn n

3.1.3. Nhu cu v khuyn ngh Ph n c thai: Khuyn ngh calci l 400mg so vi khng c

thai.

Ph n cho con b: khuyn ngh cng 400mg cao hn so vi khng cho con b v phng gim d tr calci trong xng.

Ngi trng thnh: bt u c hin tng mt calci v long xng. Nhu cu khuyn ngh l 800mg

3.2. Iod (I )

L mt vi cht c mt trong c th vi mt lng rt nh,

khong 0.00004% trng lng c th (15-23mg ), nh hn

100 ln so vi lng st trong c th.

3.4.1. Vai tr

Chc nng quan trng nht ca Iod l tham gia ta hoocmon

gip T3 (triiodothyronine ) v T4 (thyroxine ).

S c mt ca nguyn t iod vi nhng lin kt ng ha tr

trong cu to ca hoocmon. Hoocmon gip ng vai tr quan

trng trong vic iu ha pht trin c th.

3.4.1. Vai tr

N kch thch tng qu trnh chuyn ha ti 30%, tng s

dng oxy v lm tng nhp tim.

Hot ng ca hoocmon gip l ti cn thit cho pht trin

bnh thng ca no

3.4.2. Hp thu v chuyn ha

Iod c trong thc phm di dng ion ( I-), iod v c t do,

hoc dng nguyn t ng ha tr ca cc thnh phn hu c,

v chng cn phi c t do trc khi hp thu.

. Ion iod c hp thu nhanh rut non, sau iod t do c chuyn n khu vc gian bo.

3.4.2. Hp thu v chuyn ha

Iod t do c kh thnh ion iod v c hp thu. Mt s iod

c mt trong khng kh v c s dng nh mt cht t

nhin liu, v c th c hp thu qua da v phi.

Iod c hp thu s c nhanh chng i vo h mch mu;

mt phn ba lng ny c tuyn gip thu nhn.

3.4.2. Hp thu v chuyn ha

Phn cn li c qua thn v lc vo nc tiu.

Mt phn nh mt qua hi th v qua phn. Bi tit iod c tc

dng chng li hin tng tch ly iod v gy c.

THE END