CHRONOLOGY OF CHEMISTRY IN PENNSYLVANIA - PART I

R. D. BILLINGER and WYNDHAM D. MILES

151st MEETING ACS, PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA, MARCH 25, I966

1643-1664 Tanning.and brewing done by Swedes and IXitch in southeastern

area, along the Delaware. (1)

l68l Lime kiln at Mont Joy, manor of William Penn. (1)

1683 Tannery and glass house established by William Penn in Philadelphia. Latter unsuccessful, but soon after a

glass house and pottery was started in Frankfort. (l)

I685 "Brickeriea" mentioned by William Penn in Philadelphia. (11)

I69O First paper made in American colonies by William Rittenhouse

at Roxborough; near Philadelphia. (2) 1699 Two tanyards listed in Philadelphia, operated by William

Hudson and Mr. Lambert. (1) 1716-1728 Earliest Pennsylvania Ironworks: Pool forge (1716),

Colebrookdale furnace (1720) near Pottstown, Redding furnace on French Creek (1728 ?), Durham furnace (1727) in Bucks County. (3) (4)

1733 Slipware pottery made in Pennsylvania. (11)

1740 Type foundry, Christopher Saver, Germantown, Pa. (1)

17^2 Cornwall Furnace made iron (until 1883) from adjoining mines which are still productive. (5)

1743 America's oldest pharmacy, Bethlehem, Pa. Started in Moravian Community Building by John Frederic Otto. Not the earliest on the continent, but of longest duration, 1743-195^. (6)

1752 ' Franklin's kite experiment proving lightning an electrical phenomenon. (7)

Culture of silkworms, Bethlehem, Pa. (8)

1753 Sources of clay for bricks and pottery, described by

Lewis Evans. (10)

1754 John and Daniel Elliott, "druggists and colourmen," Phila. (7)

Bethlehem Water Works, first in Pennsylvania involving

pumps, etc. (9) 1762 Early charcoal iron furnaces and forges at Boiling Springs,

Cumberland County. Within a decade, others at Mount Holly Springs and Pine Grove Furnace, between Carlisle and Gettysburg. (l6a)

Wetherill & Bro., white lead, Philadelphia. First in America. (7)

Anthracite coal reported found by John Jenkins at Wyoming, along Susquehanna River. (12)

1763 Grundlicher unterrlcht von dem Metallen by Alvaro Alonso Barba. First book on chemistry in Pennsylvania, Ephrata, Pa. (13)

I765 First medical school in this country founded at the College of Philadelphia, now the University of Pennsylvania. John Morgan, professor of medicine, delivered the first chemistry course in the United States. (31)

David Wheeler, Philadelphia blacksmith, makes fire engines and lightning rods. (l)

1769 Benjamin Rush elected professor of chemistry in the medical school, College of Philadelphia, becoming the first professor of chemistry in Pennsylvania. (31)

1770 Hopewell iron furnace in Schuylkill Valley began operations. Worked until 1883.

Earliest work on chemistry for teaching purposes to be printed in America, "A syllabus of a course of lectures on chem-istry for the use of students of medicine in the College of Philadelphia," by Benjamin Rush. (13) (31)

1772 Henry William Stiegel announced "The American Flint Glass Manufactory." This was the development from earlier glass houses begun in 1764 by an iron master who became a renowned glass maker. (14)

1775 Instructions for home manufacture of saltpeter issued by Congress. (15)

A small factory directed by Dr. Rush extracted and refined

"salt-petre" for gunpowder for Continental Army. (15)

Type foundry erected, Benjamin Franklin. (7)

1784 Coal mining privileges given by PenkB in Pittsburgh area. (l)

"Sea coal" reported on map of John Pattin in 1750, along

Kiskiminitas River. (16) Gabriel Plattes writes "A discovery of subterranean

treasure . . . ." (alchemy). (13)

1786 Ammonium chloride and Glauber's salt manufactured by Christopher and Charles Marshall, Philadelphia (7)

1787 Pennsylvania Society for the Encouragement of Manufactures organized; Samuel Wetherill, Jr., was moving spirit. (11)

Benjamin Rush began teaching chemistry at the Young Ladies Academy of Philadelphia. This was the earliest chemical instruction for girls in Pennsylvania, probably in the United States. Rush published a syllabus of the course. (21)

1788 Morocco and other colored leathers made at Philadelphia. Here leather manufacture was a major industry. Exports of leather from the port of Philadelphia were 40,725 pounds in 1772. The fancy leathers were made in thirty large factories employing about 1600 hands. (1)

1789 Vol. 1, Trans. American Philosophical Society, paper by John de Normandie on "An Analysis of the Chalybeate Waters of Bristol, Pennsylvania." (25)

Calico and linen printing, John Hewson, Pennsylvania. (l)

First chemical society in the United States organized in Philadelphia. It lasted, apparently, about one year.

1790 First U. S. patent for a chemical process issued to Samuel Hopkins of Philadelphia for an improved potash kettle. (17)

First iron furnace on the Youghiogeny River by Wm. Tumbull & Co. (1)

1790-1791 Anthracite discovered at three locations: By Nicho Allen on Broad Mt., near Pottsville; by Isaac Tomlinson at Shamokin; by Philip Ginter, near Mauch Chunk. (12)

1792 Philadelphia Chemical Society formed; lasted until about l8l0. This was the first chemical society in the United States to issue publications. (18)

First iron furnace in the Pittsburgh district erected by George Anshutz. (19)

1793 First U. S. mint in Philadelphia began operations; David Rittenhouse, Director. (19) (22)

Sulfuric acid first made in America by John Harrison, Philadelphia. This, and the preparation of nitric and muriatic acids, was small-scale production. Harrison, a druggist, turned his entire attention to chemical production in l8o4 "to the supply of the whole United States." , (20)

179^ Joseph Priestley arrived in America; welcomed first in New York and Philadelphia, then took permanent residence in Northumberland, Pa. (7)

1795 General James O'Hara and Isaac Craig built the first glaBS works in Pittsburgh. (1)

Priestley (Dec. 1795) sends two papers to the American Philosophical Society relating to the analysis of air, and generation of air from water. (23)

1796 Samuel Jackson and Jonathan Sharpies erect first paper mill west of the Alleghenies, Brownsville, Pa. (7)

Gas lights exhibited by Peter Ambrose, Philadelphia.

1799 Priestley obtained an inflammable air (carbon monoxide) by heating smithy scale with charcoal. (24)

1800 Oliver Evans invents the "luminous" grate stove for coal,

with talc lights. (1)

1801 Robert Hare invents oxyhydrogen blowpipe. (23)

Mercurials produced by Adam Seybert. (7)

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1802 Illuminating gas from fuel patented, Benjamin Henfrey (7)

Potato starch process, John Biddls, Philadelphia

l804 American Philosophical Society encourages dye studies with a gold medal award. Experiments with chemical arts conducted by the Harmony Society in Phila. -tanning, brewing, distilling, dyeing, leaching potash, expressing oil, making soap, etc. (7)

Dr. Joseph Priestley died February 6 in Northumberland, Pa.

First white lead works in the U. S. erected by Samuel Wetherill and Son, Samuel Wetherill Jr. Christopher Wetherill. father of Samuel, imported white lead from 1783 to I8O9. First plant burned down. New works built in L808. (20)

1807 Carbonated water manufactured by Joseph Hawkins, Phila. (7)

First successful flint glass factory in America founded by Bakevell & Page in Pittsburgh. (19)

Commercial manufacture of oilcloths started in Phila. by John Dorsey. (19)

1808 James Cutbush, Phila., published "The Application of Chem-

istry in The Arts and Manufactures." (7)

Queensware, Columbia Pottery Co., Philadelphia. (7)

1809 First geological survey of U. S., Wm. Maclure. (7)

Oliver Evans applies steam engine to grist mill, Pittsburgh. (19) Evans credited with first effective application of the

high-pressure steam engine on land and water. Began 1773J given exclusive right to make and sell them in Pennsylvania in 1787. (l)

1810 One of the first trusts - builders & lime quarry owners -formed. (la)

Pennsylvania had 715 tanneries. (New York had 867; U. S. total, '4316.) (1)

1811 Colombian Chemical Society formed, Philadelphia. Published one volume of Memoirs, 1813. (26)

Thomas Cooper (judge, author, educator) became Professor of Chemistry at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa.

1812 Tench Coxe makes systematic survey of American chemical industries. (7)

First effective industrial use of anthracite by White and Hazard at Falls of Schuylkill. (19)

1813 Pittsburgh Chemical and Physiological Society formed. This was the first chemical society inland from the Atlantic Coast. (27)

Salt shortage led to first production on Conemaugh and Kisklminetas Rivers (western Penna.). Salt-drilling process. (19)

1814 Platinum still first used in U. S. for concentrating

sulfuric acid by John HarriBon, Philadelphia. (7)

Fort Pitt Iron Works for cannon, Joseph McClurg, Pittsburgh. (7)

Copper plating, platinum working, and porcelain glazing,

Eric BoUman, Philadelphia. (7) 1815 Congress petitioned for protection by manufacturers of

chemicals. (7)

Dry colors developed by C. Schrack & Co., Philadelphia. (7)

1816 Robert Hare invents calorimotor (electric battery for

obtaining high temperatures). (7) Gas lighting employed on large scale, Philadelphia. First

theatre in the continent illuminated, Nov. 25 (New Theatre). (28)

Dr. J. R. Coxe, professor of chemistry (U. of Pa.), pro-poses an electric telegraph based on signals resulting from color changes produced by decomposition of water and metallic salts. (28)

First steam paper mill.in U.S., Pittsburgh, based on (28) principle of 0. Evans.

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181J6 Thomas Gilpin patented first cylinder machine (for paper making) in this country.

1817 Patents: To Genet Troost, Philadelphia, alum from lignite; to George F. Hagner, Philadelphia, manufacture of verdigris and white lead. (28)

1818 Farr & Kunzi begin manufacture of sulfuric acid; later known as Farr, PowerB and Weightman, a firm which fifty years later vas among the largest general manufacturing chemists in the world. (29)

1819 First American lithographic printing done by B. Otis, Philadelphia. (28)

Lead pigments, Mordecai Lewis (later John T. Lewis & Bros.), Philadelphia. (7)

1820 Lehigh Coal & Navigation Co. ship 325 tons of anthracite from Mauch Chunk to Philadelphia by artificial

navigation. (28)

Bleachery operated by H. W. Butterworth & Son, Philadelphia. (7)

1821 First college of pharmacy established (1821) as the Philadelphia School of Apothecaries in Carpenter's Hall. This was the first American institution of its kind; now the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science. (19)

Horricks & Bro., dye works, Philadelphia. (19)

1822 Cyanogen produced by James Cutbush. (19) (30)

B. Douredoure, oils, fats, candles, soaps. (19) (30)

Zeitler & Rosengarten (later Rosengarten & Sons),

mediclnals, Philadelphia. (19) (30)

1824 Franklin Institute incorporated; the Institute gave the first course of instruction in mechanical science in United States. Soon after formation, regular lectures were given by four professors 1 subjects, Natural Phil-osophy, Chemistry and Mineralogy, Architecture and Mechanics. (19) (28)

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1825 American Jou rna l of Pharmacy founded, P h i l a d e l p h i a . This was t h e f i r s t pharmacy Jou rna l i n thie U. S . , and i s s t i l l In p u b l i c a t i o n . This Journa l publ ished much of the ea r l y American work on pharmaceut ical chemist ry . (7)

Patents: Isaac Macauley, Philadelphia, for an improvement in oil cloth. He had a factory in I808, probably the first in this country. (28)

The Harmony Society, under George Rapp, returned to Penn-sylvania from Indiana. Operated at Economy, 18 miles below Pittsburgh; had a large cotton and woolen factory, large steam mill, brewery, distillery, tanyard, and commenced the culture and making of silk.

Manufactures from Pittsburgh estimated worth $2,500,000 in 1825 from seven steam rolling mlllB making bar and sheet iron, nails, axes, shovels, etc.; eight air foundries and a cupola furnace making iron castings from pound to 4 tons; a boring mill for rolls and shafts; six steam engine factories; a wire factory; eight blast furnaces north of the Allegheny River sending metal to Pittsburgh (from nearby counties). There were nine paper mills in Western Pennsylvania; seven glass works, which could undersell imported glass, and received a premium award this year from Franklin Institute. (28)

1826 Mauch Chunk anthracite furnace erected for iron ore reduction; some 200 charcoal blast furnaces in U. S. (28)

Journal of the Franklin Institute founded; for many years the only record of American Patents as they were issued. Oldest periodical devoted to theoretical and practical papers in mechanics and the useful arts. (28)

A report indicated 35 salt works upon the Connemaugh and Kiskiminetas Rivers, 3 on the Alleghany, and many more in preparation. An estimated 1,200,000 bushels of salt per year. (28)

Manual for growth and manufacture of silk prepared by Dr. Jas. Mease for distribution by U. S. Treasury. (28)

1826 Mulberry (Morus multicaulis) imported from Philippines. (28)

1827 Grates and furnaces introduced for burning anthracite coal. (28)

Mauch Chunk railroad built for anthracite transport; mule-drawn rail cars used in coal mines. (28)

Large textile industry develops in Philadelphia and vicinity. Some 4500 weavers made almost four million dollars worth of cotton goods annually. Over two hundred dyers used about a ton of indigo weekly. (28)

American china or porcelain made in Philadelphia by Wm. E. Tucker; another company of china makers at Pittsburgh. (28)

1828 Premiums offered for silk culture and mulberry tree raising. Messrs. Weiss and Youngman raised two crops of silk worms per season in Bethlehem. Silk culture commenced at Economy by George Rapp and associates. (28)

Steam locomotive first used in U. S., Carbondale & Honesdale Railroad, a trial run for coal transport from coal mines in Luzerne County to canals of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company. (28)

Pig lead (1000 pigs) made from perkiomen mines by S. P. Wetherill & Co., Philadelphia. (28)

Iron manufacture in Pennsylvania; 22,600 tons of bar and rolled iron, and 14,000 tons of castings. (28)

Wm. Magaw, Meadville, started paper-making from straw and hay; and obtained patent for the process. (28)

1829 Charles Lennig, first large-scale producer of sulfuric acid, introduced continuous operation, Philadelphia. (31A)

1830 Dr. J. K. Mitchell makes an improvement in manufacture of caoutchouc (a rubber cementing process), Philadelphia. (28)

Paper made in western Pennsylvania from lime and aspen fibres. Parchment manufactured at Pottsville. Patent to Lewis Wooster and J. B. Holmes, Meadville, for making paper from wood. (28)

1831 Jos. Elkinton starts manufacture of soap and candles (origin of Philadelphia Quartz Co.). (32)

Charles Lennig, heavy chemicals, Philadelphia. (7)

1831 Of Fourteen steel furnaces in operation in U. S., six were in Pennsylvania: two in Pittsburgh, three in Phila-delphia, one in York County. (28)

Of thirty-eight sugar refineries in U. S., eleven were in Philadelphia. (28)

American Porcelain manufactory (outgrowth of Tucker's American Queensware, 1825) established by Wm. E. Tucker and Judge Hemphill, Philadelphia. (28)

Of twenty-three cylinder window glass plantB in U. S., four were at Pittsburgh and four at Burnsville, Pa. Dyott in Philadelphia had largest manufactory of green bottles, demijohns, etc. (28)

Patent to Moses Isaacs for making coke from anthracite. (28)

1832 Patents: Felix Fossard,.Pittsburgh, dyeing with alkaline prussiates (specimens shown - broadcloth dyed with prussiate of potash, mordanted with sulphate of iron). (28)

Edward Evans, Salem Township, Pa., tanning without the use of lime, or sweating hides (previously known and used). (28)

First attempt to UBe coke in iron manufacture made by Penna. Coke and Iron Co. (28)

Penna. General Assembly passed an "Act to promote the Culture of Silk.." (28)

Berks County had eleven iron furnaces and twenty-two forges. At Reading, anthracite stoves (Dr. Nott's invention) were cast. (28)

Morphone Baits made by Rosengarten & Sons, Philadelphia. (7)

1833 First Baldwin Locomotive delivered in January to Philadelphia and Germantown Railroad. Lightweight (4-5 tons) gave it poor traction, so horses attached on rainy days. (22) (28)

Lime-sulfur insecticide and piperine manufactured by Rosengarten & Sons. (7)

1834 Nitric, muriatic, citric and tartaric acids, made in Phila-delphia by John Carter and Joseph Scattergood

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1836 J. C. Booth, commercial industrial chem. lab. established,

Philadelphia. (7)

Henry D. Rogers, Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. (33)

Public use of gas has its inception in Philadelphia, Feb. 8. (19)

Pennsylvania Legislature (June 16) passed an "Act to encour-age the manufacture of iron with coke or mineral coal, and for other purposes." (28)

First Coinage by steam power in the U.S. Mint (March 23). (28)

More chemicals and medicinals made by Rosengarten & Sons, Philadelphia: in 1834, strychnine; in 1835, veratrine; in I836, iodides, codeine, bismuth, and silver salt6. (7)

1837 Experiments in smelting iron with anthracite coal reported successful by Baughman, Gulteau & Co., Mauch Chunk. Consumption of anthracite in U. S., or the trade in it, amounted to 881,026 tons (1735 percent increase in ten years). (28)

Anthracite first used in iron making by Wm. Lyman, Pottsville, in hot-blast steam-furnace. Known as the Pioneer, this furnace was managed by Mr. Lyman and Benjamin Perry, aided by David Thomas. (1)

This furnace, blown in early in October 1839, operated with a continuous blast for ninety days, using pure anthracite and argil-laceous iron ore. This operation secured a premium of $5,000 to the proprietor, the sum being subscribed by citizens of the State.

Potassium and ammonium alums, manufactured, by Charles Lennig, Philadelphia. (7)

1839 At Germantown, Mr. Physic had 400,000 mulberry trees growing and one million silkworms; largest cocoonery in the world. Speculation in mulberry trees reached its height and reaction expected. (28)

Rubber vulcanizing discovered by Charles Goodyear, Phila. (34)

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1841 Coke manufacture begun, Connellsville, Pennsylvania. (7)

Earlier accounts of converting "stone coal into coak,"

by John Beal, l8l4. (16)

Farr, Powers & Weightman (medicinals), Philadelphia (35)

1842 J. Bishop & Co., First refiner of platinum in U. S.,

Malverne, Pennsylvania. (35) J. C. Booth, first use in U. S. of polariscope for testing

sugar; beet sugar and gelatin studied, Philadelphia. (35)

1844 Goodyear patents for rubber vulcanization perfected. (35)

Mcllvane Bros., crude drugs, (35)

Smith, Kline & French, Pharmaceuticals, Philadelphia. (35)

1845 Petroleum discovered in salt borings, Tarentum, Pennsylvania. Refining efforts fall. Not developed, except as

earlier (e.g. 1820 on) by "medicine men" as cure-all. (19)

Bromine, found in salt brines, Freeport, Pennsylvania. (35)

Manufacture of steel rails begun at Danville. (19)

1846 Bromine manufactured, David Alter, Freeport, Pennsylvania. (7)

Potassium ferricyanide made, Carter & Scattergood, Phila. (7) 1847 Bleaching powder, manufactured (firBt in U.S.), Charles

Lennig, Bridesburg, Pennsylvania. (7) Zinc ore (calamine, zinc hydrosi lieate) discovered in Lehigh

County, Pa., by Prof. Wm. T. Roepper, Bethlehem, Pa. (36)

1849 J. C. Booth appointed melter and refiner, U.S. Mint, Phila. (7)

John Lucas & Co., paint pigments, Philadelphia. (7)

LS50 J. C. Booth, Encyclopedia of Chemistry, Philadelphia. (35)

Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Co. organized in Phila. (35)

Smokeless powder first made in the U.S., Charles Lennig,

Philadelphia. (35)

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1851 Converter with pneumaxic blast for malleable iron and steel, William Kelly (experimental). (7)

Trials in Johnston, Cambria plant, by Kelly in 1857 and 1858. (30)

1852 Smithsonian Institution report, "Recent Improvements in the Chemical Arts," J. C. Booth and Campbell Morfit. (7)

At mid-century the total U. S. annual production was ten hundred and nineteen millions of dollars, of which New York made twenty-three percent; Massachusetts and Pennsylvania next in rank, having made fifteen per-cent. Pennsylvania produced eighty percent of the coal and one-third of the iron, one-half of the hosiery and two-thirds of the perfumery. (2o)

1853 Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster; merger, Franklin College (eBt. 1787) with Marshall College (est. 1836). (19)

Samuel Wetherill made zinc oxide in South Bethlehem. Production began Oct. 13 at Zinc Metal Works of Gilbert, Wetherill, Baxter & Co. Location on south side of Lehigh River in Section called Augusta. (37)

Beginnings of Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.; first named

The American Rolling Mills. (38)

1854 Illuminating gas research, C. M. Wetherill. (7)

Martin Nixon made paper from straw, Flat Rocks Paper Mill,

along Schuylkill. (2) 1855 Horsecars operated for first time in Philadelphia. (19)

Hugh Burgess, of England, came to U. S. and employed his chemical method (developed by vH)n and Charles Watt) of disintegrating wood with caustic soda at high temperatures. Several mills were built in southeast-ern Pennsylvania. Burgess built and operated a large mill at Royersford, on the Schuylkill River, in 1855 and managed it until 1895. (2)

Pennsylvania petroleum studied by Benjamin Silliman, Jr. (7)

American Iron & Steel Association organized, Philadelphia, March 6, 1855 (30)

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1856 Nickel ores of Pennsylvania investigated, J. C. Booth. (7)

Bessemer steel made, Phillipsburg, N. J. (across the

Delaware from Easton, Pa.) (7)

Sugar-coated pills first made by Dr. Wm. R. Warner,

Philadelphia. (7)

1857 Rolled zinc sheet exhibited at Northampton County Fair by Sam. Wetherill, from metal reduced in Bethlehem. From Oct. 1853 to Sept. 1857, GiLbert-Wetherill made 4725 tons of white oxide of zinc. New workmen from Belgium made zinc profitably thereafter. (2.8)

8aucona Iron Co., Bethlehem - origin of Bethlehem Steel Co. - incorporated.

First railroad bridge across the Allegheny River; wooden

structure, Ohio & Penna. R. R. (39)

1858 Susquehanna University founded, Selinsgrove, Pa. (19)

Henry D. Rogers, Geology of Pennsylvania, 2 vols. (40)

Samuel Kier set up his still to refine oil; in drugstore

basement, Pittsburgh. (39) Kloman Brothers start forge works, Millvale, which led

to Carnegie Steel organization. (39)

First tin plate made by C. G. Hussey & Co. (iron coated

with tin). (39)

1859 E. & S. Drake struck oil; well of Seneca Oil Co., Titusville, Pa., Aug. 29. ThlB event, 75 miles north of Pittsburgh gave birth to the petroleum industry. (39)

James Laughlin builds two blast furnaces with beehive coke ovens, north side of Monongahela River, Pittsburgh. (39)

Second blast furnace in Pittsburgh district (first to use coke) began operation, Graff Bennett & Co. (39)

Cold rolling of iron and steel was Invented and patented, Bernard Lauth, partner of BenJ. F. Jones. (39)

JO -

looO J. C. Eooth tried to induce iron masters of eastern Pennsylvania to apply chemical analyses of ores to control the work of their furnaces. Unsuccessful attempt to raise the annual sum of $1200 for this service. (41)

Joseph Wharton develops and improves zinc production, Bethlehem. (7)

Jones and Laughl in ' s American I ron Works; o rgan iza t ion name a f t e r James Laughlin bought the i n t e r e s t of r e t i r i n g B. Lauth. (39)

1861 About t h i s period seven o i l r e f i n e r i e s s t a r t in P i t t s -

burgh a rea and opera te for e i g h t - y e a r pe r iod . (42)

Oldest p r e t z e l bakery, L i t i t z . ( l o c a l c l a im. )

"Soluble g l a s s , " Bodium s i l i c a t e , made by Elk in ton ,

P h i l a d e l p h i a . ' (43)

F i r s t s t e e l conve r t e r , Johnstown. (19)

1862 I l l umina t i ng o i l s tud ied , J . C. Booth, P h i l a d e l p h i a . (7)

1863 F i r s t b l a s t furnace of Bethlehem I ron Company l i g h t e d , J a n . 4; r o l l i n g m i l l s t a r t e d . F i r s t r a i l s for Lehigh Valley R. R. r o l l e d , Sept . 26. (8)

Moravian CoD.ege and Theologica l Seminary incorpora ted , A p r i l 3, 1863. Beginnings of the men's co l l ege s t a r t e d in Nazareth in 1807. In IB38 i t was t r a n s -ferred to Bethlehem. The Moravian Seminary and College for Women ( f i r s t boarding school for g i r l s in America) da tes from May 2, 1742; s t a r t e d by Countess Benigna vcn Zinzendorf, in Germantown, i t was t r a n s f e r r e d to Bethlehem in 1743- (8)

1864 Muhlenberg Col lege , Allentown (cha r t e red as Allentown Co l l eg i a t e I n s t i t u t e and M i l i t a r y Academy). (19)

Andrew Carnegie , a t 29, entered the i ron i n d u s t r y , I ron Ci ty Forge Co. , with Andrew Kloman and Henry Phipps, P i t t s b u r g h . (39)

1865 F i r s t l a r g e - s c a l e product ion of chemical wood pulp; Hugh Burgess, American Wood-Paper Co. , Manayunk, Pa . , used pa ten t per fec ted in 1854 by Watt & Burgess. (2)

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l8o5 Cyclops Mill completed; Thomas Miller and Carnegie enterprise. (39)

Keystone Bridge Co. organized; to use iron from Union Iron Mills (new name for merged Cyclops and Iron City companies), Pittsburgh. (39)

George Westinghouse, at 19, receives his first patent for rotary steam engine. (39)

i860 Lehigh University, founded by Judge Asa Packer, opened Sept. 1. (44)

Andrew Carnegie acquired controll ing in te res t in Union Iron Mil ls . (39)

References

CHRONOLOGY OF CHEMISTRY IN PENNSYLVANIA - PART I

1. J. L. Bishop, A History of American Manufactures, vol. 1 (Phila., 1868)

la. Norma J. Silk, "America'6 First Lime Kilns, in Pennsylvania," Pa. Dept. Internal Affairs Bull., vol. 19, No. 8, pp.20-21, 23 (July 1951)

2. R. D. Billinger, "Early Pennsylvania Paper Making," J. Chem. Educ. 26, 154-159 (March 1949)

3 . R. D. B i l l i n g e r , "Early Ironworks of Pennsylvania: The Durham Furnaces ," I n d u s t r i a l and Engineering Chem. 30, 428- (1938)

4. A. C. Bining, "Pennsylvania ' s I ron and S t e e l I n d u s t r y , " Pennsylvania

His tory S t u d i e s : No. 5, Penna. H i s t o r i c a l Assoc. (Get tysburg, 195*0

5. R. D. B i l l i n g e r , "The Cornwall Furnace," I ron and S t e e l Engineer 15, 68- (1933)

6 . R. D. B i l l i n g e r , "America's OldeBt Pharmacy," American J . Pharmacy 111, 234 (June 1939)

7. Williams Haynes and L. W. Bass, "American Chemical Chronology, Part II, Our Chemical Heritage," Amer. Chem. Soc, 89th Meeting, New York, N. Y. (1935)

8. J. M. Levering, "A History of Bethlehem, Pa., 1741-1892" (Bethlehem, 1903)

9. R. D. Billinger and R. W. Woodring, "Two Hundred Years of Water Works Development in Bethlehem, Penna.," News Ed., Amer. Chem. Soc, 18, 1132 (1940)

10. L. H. Gipson, "Lewis Evans - A Brief Account of Pennsylvania," The

Historical Soc of Pa., (1939), p. 106.

11. R. D. Billinger, "Early Pennsylvania Pottery," J. Chem. Educ 17, 407- (19^)

12. R. D. Billinger, "Pennsylvania's Coal Industry," Penna. Hist. Assoc, Penna. History Studies, No. 6 (Gettysburg, 1954), 54pp.

13. Wyndham D. Miles, "Notes on Some Early Chemistry Books Published in Penn-sylvania," Isis 40, 313-316 (1949)

14. R. D. Billinger, "Henry William Stiegel - Pioneer Iron and Glass Maker," J . Chem. Educ 30, 356-362 (1953)

15. Wyndham D. Miles, "Chemistry Confronts The Continentals," Armed Forces Chemical Journal 8, 18-22 (1954)

lo. H. N. Eavenson, "The First Century and a Quarter of American Coal Industry," (Pittsburgh, 1942)

16a. E. B. Wiestling, "Old Iron Works of The Cumberland Valley," Kittochtinny Historical Soc, vol. X, No. 1, May 25, 1922, Chambersburg, Pa.

17. Communication from J. F. Curran, Research Analyst, Dept. of Commerce, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Harrisburg, Pa.

18. Wyndham D. Miles, "John Redman Coxe and the Founding of the Chemical Society of Philadelphia in 1792," Bull, of the History of Medicine, No. 5, pp.469-472 (Sept.-Oct. 1956)

19. Pennsylvania, A Guide to the Keystone State, W.P.A. Writers (1940)

20. S. P. Sadtler, "Early Chemical Manufacturing in Philadelphia," J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 8, 1153- (1916)

2 1 . Wyndham D. Miles and Harold J . Abrahams, "America's F i r s t Chemistry Syllabus-and-Course for G i r l s , " School Science and Mathematics 58, 111-118 (Feb . , 1958)

22 . F. A. Godcharles, "Daily S t o r i e s of Pennsylvania ," (Mil ton, P a . , 1924)

2 3 . E. F. Smith, The Life of Robert Hare, an American Chemist ( I 7 8 I - I 8 5 8 ) ,

J . B. L ippincot t (Ph i l ade lph ia , 1917)

24. J . R. Pa r t i ng ton , A Short His tory of Chemistry (London, 1937)

25 . F. J . Moore, A His tory of Chemistry (New York, 1939)

26. Wyndham D. Miles , "The Columbian Chemical Soc i e ty , " Chymia 5, 145-154 (1959)

27 . Wyndham D. Miles , unpublished i n v e s t i g a t i o n

28 . J . L. Bishop, A His tory of American Manufactures, v o l . 2 (Ph i l ade lph i a , 1868)

29. I b i d . , v o l . 3

30. H. T. Warshow, Representative Industries in the United States (1928)

31. Wyndham D. Miles, "Benjamin Rush, Chemist," Chymia 4, 37-77 (1953)

3 -

31a. James F. Curran, Bur. of Business Services, Dept. of Commerce, Harrisburg_, Pennsylvania (Communication)

32. For P Q, A 125th Birthday, C. & E. News, 1532, March 26, 1956

33. Bradford Willard, "Pioneer Geologic Investigation in Pennsylvania " Penna. Historical Assoc, Quarterly Jour. 32, 236-253 (1965)

34. James G. Vail, "An Introduction to Chemical Industry in The Philadelphia Area," Trans. A. I. Ch. E., 3^, 603-626 (1938)

35. Williams Haynes, American Chemical Industry, Background and Beginnings, vol. 1 (L509-1911), (Nev York, 1954)

36. B. L. Miller, Lead and Zinc Ores of Pennsylvania, Penna. Geological Survey, Fourth Series, Bulletin M5, pp.54-85.

4 -

37. R. D. Billinger, "Early Zinc Works in The Lehigh Valley," J. Chem. Educ 13, 60-62 (1936)

38. Admiral Ben Moreell, "J & L, The Growth of An American Business," Bulletin of The Newcomen Society, 1953

39- M. Seidenberg, L. Mulkearn and J. W. Hesa in Two Hundred Years of Pittsburgh's HiBtory, Stefan Lorant, Ed. (Garden City, N. Y., 1964)

40. Bradford Willard, "Pioneer Geologic Investigation in Pennsylvania,"

Penna. Historical Assoc 32, 237-253 (1965)

41. Chem. & Eng. News, Vol. 27, 2798 (1949)

42. A. M. Sulman, "The Short Happy Life of Petroleum in Pittsburgh,"

Penna. Historical A S B O C (Quarterly Journal) 33, 50-69 (1966)

43. Chem. & Eng. NewB, Vol. '34, 1532 (March 26, 1956)

44. Raymond Walters, Bethlehem Long Ago and Today (Bethlehem, 1923)

d->- z.

CHRONOLOGY OF CHEMISTRY IN PENNSYLVANIA - PART II /f^(/^/f7C

R'. D. BILLINGER and WYNDHAM D. MILES ..." .

153rd MEETING ACS, MIAMI..BEACH, APRIL 11, 1967

1866 The Bessemer and Kelly interests settled conflicting claims over their steel converter. Larger quantities of steel at lower cost resulted. (l)

Natural cement production continued along Lehigh River (started 1826). (2) Lehigh Zinc Co. operating in South Bethlehem. Ore from Friedensville

zinc mines, three miles south, worked 1853-76 without interruption. (3) C M . Wetherill, Prof.'" Chemistry, at'opening of Lehigh Univ.>, Bethlehem. (4) Kutztown State Teachers College (Normal School); Thiel College, Green-

ville; Lebanon Valley College, Annville - chartered. (5) Benj. C. Tilghman, Phila. - Sulphite process to convert wood pulp into

paper;"-Patent 70-,485. ' . (6) _M.~ Carey,Lea,_Ehila.Studied-effect-of light- on-silver" iodide; . '(TV-

J. M. Maisch, Phila. - Reports on brandy, whiskey, wine. (8) 1867 J. A. Emmons" and A. S. Saxon, Crawford County. - Acetate of lime and

methanol. (9) Steel rails rolled at Johnstown; formerly wrought iron. (lO) First consignment of-pig iron sold on a laboratory basis, Steelton. . (ll) First practical production of Bessemer steel in America, Steelton. (12) M. C. Lea, Phila. - "A Theory of Photo-Chemistry." (13) M. C. Lea, Phila. - "Experiment on the Influence of Various Organic and

Inorganic Bodies upon Germination and Vegetation." (l4) J. E. Lbughlin, Phila. - ."On Fluorescence." : (15) C. M. Wetherill. Lehigh-Univ., Bethlehem. - "Experiments on Itacolumite

(Articulite)." - ." (16) M. C. Lea, Phila. -' "On a New Test for Hyposulphites." (17) C. M. Wetherill, Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem. - "Syllabus of Lectures on " "Chemical Physics." . . . (18) Geo. F.' Barker, U. of Penna., Phila. - "On Normal and Derived Acids." (19) Geo. F. Barker, " " - "Formic Acid versus Carbonous Acid." (20^ J. M. Maisch, Phila. - "Pyrophosphate of Soda and Iron." ... (2l) J. M. Maisch, " - "Solution of Citrate of-Magnesia." (22) J. M. Maisch, " - "Solution of Acetate of Iron." (23) J. M. Maisch, " - "On Colchicia." . . . ' (24) Cedar Crest College, Allentown; Clarion State Teachers College (Normal

School) - chartered. . (25) Chemical manufactures in Philadelphia total $7,370,000 for I867 from

firms including: John T. Lewis & Bros.; Powers & Weightman; Rosengarten; Harrison; Tacony Chemical Works (est. by Chas. Lennig, I83I); Frankford Chemical Works; Wetherill. (26)

1868 M. C. Lea,.Phila; - "Manual of Photography," 1st ed. (26a) _ _ J ^ M . Mai sch/ Phila. - "Decomposition of Pure Chloroform." . , (27)

J;-LT'LeC6nte,"~PhalaT:^^"Source_^f-HCl iiv~GastricJulceT"~~r~ - -^ ^- (-28-) J. L.. LeConte, " - "Constituent of Butter.-" ' . " . (28) J. L. LeConte^' " - "Phosphoric Acid, Iron and Potassium, ..

Constituents of Chlorophyll." " (28) First law relating to coal mines in Pennsylvania passed; applied to..--

draining of mines in Westmoreland County. , (29) Merger: Bethlehem Iron Co. with Northampton Iron Co. - (30) Saucon Iron Co. built one- iron furnace at Hellertown. A second furnace

put in blast in 187O. Sold to Thomas Iron Co. in J.884._ Thomas Co^ _ "a^Hokendau^ua, along LefflLgh-River sin"ce"l855, operated four , "~*~ furnaces over 70 years. - .

C. M. Wetherill; "Lecture Notes on Chemistry," Bethlehem, 1868. 1869 First law' in anthracite coal region - pertaining to- ventilation, safety

lamps and mine inspectors. . - . (33) Heinz Co. has origin in Pittsburgh. (34) Wilson College, Chambersburg; Penna. College for Women (now Chatham),

Pittsburgh; Ursinus College, Collegeville.- chartered (1869). (35) New blast furnace at Redington, along Lehigh River, by Coleraine Iron

Co. - organized by W. T. Carter Co;, Phila... This company owned 4 iron mines-in Northampton County, 3 in Lehigh .and 3 in Berks County. (36)

G. F. Barke.r, U. of Penna., Phila. - "Papers in .Physical Chemistry." (37) J. H. Corbin, Lehigh U., Bethlehem. - "Certain Compounds of Chromium . with Iron." (38)

I - 2 -

1869 C. A. Wolle^ Lehigh U., Bethlehem. - "Exam, of a supposed Hercynite, (a magnesia-iron spinel)." (39)

W. H. Chandler, Bethlehem. - "The Economical Purification of Zinc" (4o) Jos. Wharton, Phila. - "Observations upon Autumnal Foliage." (4l)

1870 Between I86O-I87O, Oil City, on the Allegheny River, became the oil exchange center. Some 17 million bbls. of oil were shipped from Oil City to Pittsburgh. Aggregate clearings in 1885 were nearly l| billion dollars. (42)

. Lock Hsv-n State Teachers College (Normal School) started. (5) Jos. Wharton, Phila. - "On Two Peculiar Products in the Nickel

Manufacture." (43) J. M. Silliman, Lafayette College, Easton. - "Examination of Bessemer

Flame, with Colored Glasses, and Spectroscopic Examination." . (44) J. B. Britton, Iron Master's Lab., Phila. - "Method for quickly and . . accurately determining Chromium and Iron in Chrome Iron Ores." (45) J. B. Britton, Phila. - "Mounted Burettes for Volumetric Analysis.": (46) J. B. Britton, " - "Determination of Combined Carbon in Iron

and Steel." '. (1^) J. M. Maisch, Editor of Amer. J. Pharmacy, Phila. - "Solubility of

= " ~ Glue in Glyeeri-n-;-1 - ----,,- _^^. ___. _ _ . . (47) F. A. Genth, U. of Penna., Phila. - "North Carolina's Mineral Resburces7,'w(~48)='=

Sam. P. Sadtler, U. of Penna., Phila. - "On Potassio-cobaltic Nitrites, with analogous and related compounds." (49)

Andrew S. McCreath regularly employed chemist at Steelton plant of ( H ) -Pennsylvania Steel Co. McCreath founded an analytical laboratory in Harrisburg for appraisal of minerals, alloys and metals. (Expanded and has international interests.) (5C)

Anthracite coal production (1870) = 15,662,437 tons. (51) Patents listed in The American Chemist as "chemical":

1870 101,600 A. A. Player and H. McAllister, Phila. - Utilizing Slag from Iron and Glass Furnaces. (52)

104,220 J. Y. Smith, Pittsburgh. - Purifying and Reducing Magnetic Iron Ores. 104,434 and 105,431 Jas. Cuddy, Pittsburgh, and'G. S. Selden, Phila. - Manufacture of White Lead. (53)

104,937 Thos. Cummings, Lancaster. - Composition for Photographic Uses. (54) Re-issues: 4,052; 4,053 D A- Ter Hoeron, Phila. - Manufacture of

Fertilizers. (5*0 106,347 W. Ennis, Phila. -"Manufacture of Iron and Steel. (55). 106,488 W. Adamson, Phila. - Manufacture of Glue. (55) 106,918 B. R. Crcasdale, Phila. - Fertilizer. (56) 107,322 J.E. Atwood, Pittsburgh. - Refining and Steel. (57) 107,942 J. W. Middleton, Phila. - Mfg. Purified Cast Iron from Ore. (57^ 108,030 S. Kepner, Pottstown. - Comp. for Destroying Fruit Tree.Worms. (58^ 108,084 J. E. Atwood, Pittsburgh. - Crucible for Melting Iron and Steel. (58) 108,138 A. J. Hindemeyer. - Comp. for Welding, Brazing and Puddling

Metals. (58} 108,177 H. Pemberton, Allegheny. - Manufacture of Paper. (58) 108,615 C. Mellvain, Phila. - Copying Ink for Printing.. (58) 109,021 S. W. Kirk, Phila. - Flux for Working Metals and Minerals. (58) EXl^nsTonT~!>rl??7957^&7~^^ Alkali'^-=r-(^8-):- --Report on U. S. Pharmacopeia, Phila. (59) L. P. Ashmead, "Analysis of Zinc Ore from Sinking Valley, Blair County,

Pa." (Done at Lehigh Univ.- under direction of Prof. C. M. Wetherill.) (59a) 1871 New colleges: West Chester and Shippensburg State Teachers (Normal

Schools), Chestnut Hill College, Phila. (5) Jos. Wharton, Phila. - "Memoranda Concerning'the Introduction of the

Manufacture of Spelter into the United States." (Relates to ______^_^_Bethlehmi^PaJL) . ' (60)

Sam. P. Sadtler,-U7 of Terina." -'" "On~SomeIridium^Sait ST7--Ab s tract - o^-=^. w_^, his Inaugural Dissertation at Gottingen, April 1871. (6l)

M. C. Lea, Phila. - "Manual of Photography," 2nd ed., 1871. (26a) K. S. Drinker, Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem.. - "Mines and Works of Lehigh

Zinc Co.," Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. 2, p.57-75, 1671. (62) Steel Castings made from Crucible Steel, Pittsburgh. (34) First open hearth steel production in Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh. (12) David 0. Saylor, Allentown. - Manufactures first Portland cement in U.S. (63) News under "Brevities" in July I87I The American Chemist: "W. H. Chandler, our editorial colleague, who is now in Europe, has been elected

- to the chair of chemistry in the. Lehigh University of Bethlehem, recently made vacant by the death of Prof. C. M. Wetherill." (64) Dr. Wetherill had a-fatal heart attack, Sunday, March 5, 1871. (4)

(See also "Charles Mayer Wetherill" ir. Amer. Chem. 1, 468 (June 1871)

3 -

1871

1871

The American Chemist, July 1870-April. 1877, A Monthly Journal of Theoretical, Analytical, and-Technical Chemistry, edited by Charles F. Chandler and W. H. Chandler, New York, William Baldwin & Co., Publishers. At its inception the Chandler brothers were both on. the chemistry staff of Columbia College,- School of. Mines, East 49th . St., New York. It is included"in this Chronology because the younger brother, William,' came' to Lehigh University in". Bethlehem,-Pa., in 187L Pennsylvania also has claim to it's production through the work of some Of its abstractors:.. Frederick Prime, Lafayette College, Easton; G. F. Barker, U. of Penna., Phila.; and-J. P.. Kimball,-Waldron Shapleigh, E.'. H. S. Bailey, E. H. Williams of, Lehigh University.. For several years- the journalwas published in Philadelphia; vols. 3 and 4 by H. C. Lea and vol..5 by Collins Printers. Vols. 6 and 7 were published in New York. Vol. 6 was . done by John F. Trow & Son, July 1875 to June 1876. /Vol. 7 bearB . no publisher's name (last issue April i877).

C. M. Wetherill, "On the Existence of the (so-called) Ammonium Amalgams." E. J. Houston, Phila. - "On the Change of Color Produced in.Certain

Chemical Compoundsbj'iJIeat^" .. . :._ . .__ Patents in American Chemist:

109,420

(64a)

J. Kayer Jr.; Setzler's Store, Pa. -. Preserving Eggs.

Still for Petroleum and Other

110,345 F. J. DeLker, Ashland. - Compound for Purifying Mine Water.-110,364 C. Houlker, Frankford. - Purifying Oils which have been used

in Lubricating Machinery. 110,516 S. Van Syckel, Titusville.

Oils. 110,662. J. 110,666' W. 110,907 T. 110,990" J.

J. Juhler, Natrona. Apparatus for Manufacture of Bromine. Middleton, Phila..- Purification of Cast Iron. M. Drown, Phila..- Apparatus for Dyeing Fabrics. . W. Middleton, Phila. - Producing Refined Cast Iron, Steel,

Malleable IrOn. 111,045- B. H. Detwiler andS. G. Van Gilder, Williamsport..-

Preserving Wood.' ' . . . - . 111,305 R. D. Birch, Phila. - Manufacture of Copperas. 111,851 W.B. Johns, Phila. - Treating Bones, Horns, Hoofs, etc.,

for Manufacture of Fertilizers. . 112,068 C. M. Nes, York." - Manufacture of Silicon Steel. . 112,153 S.W. Kirk,- Phila. - Separating Metals from Ores. 112,558 J. D. Grey, Pittsburgh. - Coating Sheet Iron with Zinc " 112,606 G. T..Lewis, Phila. - Process of Refining and Whitening the

- Products from Sulphurets of Lead and Zinc. G. T. Lewis, Phila. - Manufacture of Carbonate of Lead. E. E.

112,608 112,703 112,848 112,849 112,850 113,228 113,^54 Fibrous

113,526 114,911 H6,142

A. A.

Goodes, Phila. - Staining Glass. L. Roberts, Titusville. - Manufacture of Nitroglycerine.

11 11 . 1 1 n

" " -.Electric and Other Fuse-Heads. S. A.

Weaver,-Potsdam, Pa. - Composition for Treating..Iron. . S. Schmidt, Pittsburgh. - Treating Paper and .Vegetable Substances... - .- _ _-_ . _ - _... . L _ ___ _ . ;

E. A. Johnson, Phila. - Soap for Polishing Metals. "; j . ' ~ T ~ D. Brooks, Phila. - Galvanic Battery. C. F Binder, Phila. - Purifying Pyroligneous,.Acid.

Il6,604 G. T. Lewis, Phila. - Desulphurizing and Volatilizing Lead _ and Silver Ores. ' ' ..-."

116,763 W. C. Shaw, Phila.- - Apparatus and Process for Separating, Concentrating and Amalgamating Ores. ' . ' _ -

116,933 C. M. Corsson, Phila. - Manufacture of Paper Pulp .from.-Straw. -H7yi34, 117,135 117,136. 117,256 117,313 117,214 117,426

-W..M8mson,_PMla.i^^,Manufactur.e^^^^p^r_Stpck. I - Extracting .Resin and Gum from Wood, etc.

" " - ; ". -Process.of,Obtaining Paper Stock from Wood. J. W. Campbell, Phila. - Preserving Cranberries; r C. Mcllvaine, Phila. - Printer.1 s.Ink. ". "- " - Copying Ink.for Ruling and. Printing. J. J. Johnston, Alleghany. - Process and Apparatus for..

Treating Hydrocarbon Oils. : "-.; 117,576''F. D. .Taylor, Brady's Bend - Blast Furnaces. '-117,836 W. H. Hare, Phila. - Rectifying Spirits.. . 117,891 S. B.-Johnson, Phila. -.Fire Extinguisher. Rerissues:- 4,508 C. F. A. Simonin, Phila., and E. W. Coffin,-.

Glendale, N.*J.r - Extracting Fat. i,515 C. Lockhart

Hydrocarbons.

[65)

[67) ;68)

[68)

[68) [68) [68) [69)

[69)

[69) [69)

[10) ;TD [71)

:7i)

71) 71) 71) 72) 72) 72) ^3T

and J. Gracie, Pittsburgh. - Still for Patent 80,294 dated July 28, 1868.

[73) 73T 174)

T5)

'Jo) i

.76) :i6) CJ6)_ :T6) :T6) ;T6) :T6) ,76) [76) '.77) [77) [77)

:78)

:78)

of Soap. - (79)

(79)

1871 118,440 R. Eastman, Media. - Composition 118,903 J. K. Caldwell, Phila. - Apparatus for Vaporizing

Hydrocarbons. 119,000 W. Adamson, F. A. Simonin, Phila. - Treating Flesh, Offal, etc (79) 119.186 F. A. Simonin, Phila. - Treating! Tarred Rope, Cordage and

the like, for Manufacture of Paper Stock. (79) 119.187 C. F. A. Simonin, Phila. T Process for"Treating Textile

Fabrics with. Hydrocarbons. - I j| (79) 119.188 C. F. A. Simonin, Phila. - Process and^Apparatus for .

Extracting Fatty Substances. I (79) 119,238 Wm. Morris, Phila. - Apparatus and Process for Tanning. (79) 119,242 A. I. Pleasanton, Phila. - Accelerating the Growth of

Plants and Animals. | (79) 119,663 T. G. Springer, Fayette City. - Gas Machine. (80) 119,761 J. P. Hayes, Phila. - Gas HeaterJ ) (80) 119,883 E. A. L. Roberts, Titusville. - Preventing the Clogging of

Oil Wells. I . J (80) 119,884- E. A. L. Roberts, Titusville. - Process of Preventing the

, - Clogging of Oiljfells... ____ __\ . . ,( _. (80) 119, 955 J C Weldon, Pittsburgh. - Hot Air Furnace. ' ' (80) 120.005 J. Y. Smith, Pittsburgh. - Metallurgic Pomace. (So) 120.006 " " " " - Lining for Metallurgic Furnace. (80) 120,074 Jos. Keiser, York. - Medical Compound for Cure of Rheumatism. (80) 120,099 Wm. Quann, Phila. - Flux for Reducing Ores and Refining Metals. (80) 120,136 F. A. Wenderoth, Phila. - Photography. " (80) 120,165 Wm. Quann, Phila. - Furnace for Roasting and Smelting Ores. (8l) 120,349 H. W. C. Twaddle, Pittsburgh. - Refining Hydrocarbon Oils. (8l) Re-issue: 4,609 H.-Ross and J. H. Clemen's, Pittsburgh. - Furnace

for the Manufacture of Iron and Steel. . ( ) 120,380 D. W. Hanna, Pittsburgh. - Method of Utilizing the Waste

Chloride of Zinc in Treating Paper. (8l) 120,556 C L. Wheeler, Pittsburgh. - Process of Making White Lead. (8l) 120,579 W. A. Fisher, Allegheny City. - Composition for Making

Crucibles, Glass Melting Pots, etc. | ' (8l) 120,776 E. A. L. Roberts, Titusville. - Explosive Compounds. (8l) 121,118 Jas.'McKenzie and J. M. Stebbins,

Appliances for Preparing arid Using the 121,130 J. A. Rothe, Phila. - Manufacture

Straw, etc; 121,226 Chas. Adams, Phila. - Process for 121,679 T. G. Springer, Fayette City. - Manufacture of Illuminating

Gas. I (82) 121.798 Alfred Monnier, Phila. - Separating Metals from a Mixture of

Metallic and Alkaline Sulphates. 121.799 Alfred Monnier, Phila. - Treating

Sulphates to Separate Copper, etc. 121,889 C. M. Nes, York. - Manufacture of 121,898 E. A. L. Roberts, Titusville. - Manufacture of Nitroglycerine. (82) L21,930_D._^erdulJ^,_TJ.usville..^-_Mquidj.Soap.-4L.- ;-=. (-82) 121,948 ' Chas. Lennig, Phila. - Removing Tin from Tin Scrap. (82) 122,052 J. B. Pearse, Swatara Township. - Plant?for Manufacture of

Bessemer Steel. (82) 122,094 J. B. Wilson, Phila. - Fluid for Extracting Grease. (82) A student chemical society was organized in 1871, shortly after

Prof. Wm. H. Chandler arrived at Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa. (83) 1872 Jigging (agitation of raw coal with water to separate impurities)

was introduced in anthracite collieries; (84) _, _ Frederick=.Prime_Jr,.,, ,Prof..^of_Mineralogy_and_MetallurgyT-Lafayette- -.-- ---.=*&---.

College, Easton, reports data (ore types, locations and analyses) of many mines in eastern Pennsylvania. Analyses were credited to Jemes Gay ley, Crane Iron Co., F. A.Genth, U.': of Penna., David McCreath and A. S. McCreath. (85)

C. A. Brinley, Midvale Steel Works, near Phila;. - Notes on a Charcoal Furnace. ' .- (86)

Largest pumping engine in the world, "The President," installed in zinc ore mines of Saucon Valley, near Bethlehem, Jan. 29, 1872. Ran continuously to Oct. 28, 1876. See (2) p.86. ( )

John Attfield, "Chemistry - General, Medical and Pharmaceutical, including the Chemistry of the U. S. Pharmacopeia," 552p.; Henry C. Lea, publ. l871,_Phila. (Review of a British text, publ. in U.S.) ' . (87)

Phila. - Cement, and Same.' (82) of Paper-Pulp from

(82) the Manufacture of I ron. (82)

(82) Metallic and Alkaline

(82) Steel in Crucibles. . (82)

- 5 -

1872 Priestley Memorial in Birmingham, England; statue and prize suggested. (88) Note on "great suit of Wetherill vs. the"New Jersey Zinc Co. (89) Report on number of grain and molasses distilleries in Penna. "in

1872,: total 46; exceeded by Kentucky (94); Ohio (57); Illinois (47). :(90)

Pittsburgh oil refineries were using about 10,000 barrels of crude oil daily from the Oil Creek and Allegheny River fields. ' (91)

Allegheny County had 32'glass works from-which came products worth $5,832,492. ! . ..-" . (92)

Pittsburgh was creditedj.with 68 glass factories which produced one-half of the nation's total; 60 petroleum refineries with capacity of 30,000 barrels per day; 11 blast furnaces producing 144,000 tons of pig iron annually; 7 large steel- works from which came 30,000 tons, of steei in 1870 and cast steel valued at'$3,4^5,413. (92)

In Allegheny County 33 rolling mills produced rolled iron worth" ' -$20,101,664,in I870: - (92)

' The Isabella blast furnace, of Spang, Chalfant Co., Pittsburgh, was put in operation injl872. It produced 50 tons of pig iron per day. The Lucy furnace, a rival, named for the wife of Thomas M.

__ . __' Carnegie, ,set_a^record of 5.00 tons a week r " " ' (93) ~ The Towne Scientific School, U. of Penna., inaugurated.- (94) Article: J. M. Maisch,jPhila. - "Monobromated Camphor." (94a) First chemist (?) employed before 1872 by-Carnegie at Lucy Furnace,

Pittsburgh. (94b) Patents (listed as "Chemical" in The American Chemist):

1872 122,44-7 F. T. Epting, Schuylkill Haven. - Artificial Fuel. - (95) 122,651 Abram Reese, Pittsburgh. - Furnace for Manufacture of Iron. .(95) 122,731 David Morgan, " - Puddling Furnace. {96) 122,912 Wm. Rogers, Apollo, Pa. - Manufacture of-Sheet Iron. -r- (96) 123,009. H. W. Fawcett, .Titusville, and T.. McGowan, Meredith. -

Preserving Wood. (96) 123,109 Isaac Kendrickj Phila.' - Apparatus for-Burning Hydrocarbons. (96) 123,452 A. G. Buzby, Phila. - Hydrocarbon-Burning Steam Boiler. (96) 123,5^ J. H.. Seibert, Phila." -Package for Caustic Alkalies, Acids

and Salts. (96) Re-issue: 4,743 J. K.. (Caldwell, Phila. - Burning Hydrocarbon. . (96) 123,860 V. S. Bloomhall, Conshohocken. - Machinery for Puddling

Iron, etc. - : . . : - (97) 123,97^ H. Bradford, Reading. - Apparatus for Separating-Slate from

Coal. - . . . . . - - (97) 124,059 J. R. Hayes, Phila. - Composition Pavement.- (97) 124,190 -Wm. McConway,-Pittsburgh.-- Composition-Metal Brake-Shoe =

for Railroad Cars.,, | . (97) 124,224 Wjfi. Sellers, Phila. - Apparatus for Puddling Iron.-" (98) 124,254 B. R. Croasdale, Phila. - Bag for-Phosphate, etc. (98) 124,509 Thomas Price, Pittsburgh. - Composition Pavement, .(98) 124,688 and 124,689 George Lander, Irwin. - Mode of Coking Fossil Coal.. (98) 124,700 Wm.-Sellers, Phila. - Manufacture of Cast Steel and Refined - Metals. ' (98)

- 124,859 J. :H-.^Sei-berty4PMla.---Package^for-Alkalies,.Acids>"-etc. ,-,^-(,98)--- 124,873 C D. Wyckoff, Oil City. - Apparatus for Amalgamating Ores ;

and Precious Metals. (98) 124,964 M. B. Manwaring, N Y. and R. D, Birch, Phila. - Manufacture

of Potash and Phosphate of Lime. . (98) 125,017 Sam. Brown,..New Oxford. - Preparing Fertilizing Materials

from Earth, etc. ! . ' (98) Re-issue: 4,817 A. B. Tipler.,:;Phila. -: Preserving Wood for

Railroad Ties. ,. . (98) -125yl38Mchard-I^ngj^P-i-t-t-sburghir--^Hot---Blast^Oven^ ; r-(-9c 125,144 J. M. Reid, Pittsburgh. - Manufacture, of Bricks,. Tiles, etc. (99) 125,212 Chas. Motier, York.--"Manufacture of Iron from Mill Cinder. ,(99) 125.247 Wm. Adamson and.F. A. Simonsen,* Phila.'. - Treating Vegetables

for Food. (99) 125.248 " "' " ..'': . " .- " :- Preserving Meat

for Food. ! ,.,-.... (99) 125.249 " : V , " ".. " " " - Extracting Sugar

from Sweet Potatoes !and Other'Vegetable Substances-- .. . (99) 125,874 Fred,Zai.ss, Phila. -Parlor Match. ,.,'.- (100) 125,897 Jos. Lea, Phila., and Jonah Bernhard,' Conshohocken. - '

Apparatus, for Bleaching, Dyeing and Finishing Textile Fabrics. (101)

. - 6 -

1872 126,006 Wm. Adamson, Phila. - Process for Obtaining Vegetable Fibers. (101) 126,592 A. B. Tripler, Phila. - Process for Preserving Wooden

Pavements from Rot.. ' (101) 126,663 and 126,664 T. T. Woodruff, Phila. - Process and Apparatus

for the Manufacture of Indigo. (102) 126,665 T. T. Woodruff, Phila. -.Manufacture of Indigo. (102) 126.708 J. J. Johnston, Columbiana, Ohio. - Manufacture of Steel,

Assignor to S. D. Hubbard and Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. -.(102) 126.709 J. J. Johnston,, - Manufacture of Iron, Assignor to

S. D. Hubbard Co. (102) 126.710 J. J. Johnston. - Puddling Iron, Assignor to S. D. Hubbard Co. (102. 126,717 W. T. Kosinski, Phila.. - Purifying Gas. (102) 126.922 T.--S. Blair, Pittsburgh. - Process and Apparatus for

Reducing the Ores of Iron. (102) 126.923 T. S. Blair, Pittsburgh. - Manufacture of Wrought Iron and

Steel from Iron Sponge. (102) 126.924 T. S. Blair. - Iron Sponge. (102) 226,989 David 0. Saylor, Allentown. - Manufacture of Hydraulic

= Cements. - --- - -- ~r~ -. -^-^ ..-- - . _ . (.102) 127,039 J. B. Fish, Providence, Pa. - Carburetor.- - (102) 127,250 W. H. Laubach, Phila. - Ammoniacal Gas Engine. (102) 127,395 C. H. Wheeler, Pittsburgh. - Apparatus for the Manufacture

of White Lead. (102) Note: Dr. F. A. Genth elected Prof, of Chemistry and Mineralogy at

U. of Penna. " (103) 127,580 W. 0. Davis, Pittsburgh. - Apparatus for Coating Sheet Iron

and Tin. (104) 127,635 C. M. Nes, York. - Manufacture of Steel. (104) 127,723 S. J. Whiting, Phila. - Apparatus for Vaporizing and Burning

Hydrocarbons. (104) 127,807 Wm. F. Simes, Phila. - Preparing Crude Camphor for

Preserving Furs, etc. (104) 127,858 J. M. Dorian, East Brandywine Township. - Sizing Paper.. (104) 127,923 W. \1. Reeves, Braddock's Field. - Artificial Stone. ' (104) 127,953 J. F. -Bennett, Pittsburgh. - Process for Purifying Iron,

-Steel and Other Metals. - - (104) 128,042 E. F. Houghton, Phila. - Converting Iron into Steel. (104)

(Uses bone carbon with hydrocarbon oils. 128,176 J. J. Seibert, Phila. - Package for Putting Up Caustic

Alkalies. (Cast from plastic materials at one operation and (104) coated with a resinous or other protective coating.)

128,199 Chas. Gearing, Pittsburgh, and F. A. Gearing, Houston, Texas. -Apparatus for the Manufacture of Gas from Oils. (104)

128,342 Geo. W. Waitt, Phila. - Preparing Wheat and Other Cereals for Food. (104)

128,587 W. S. Burgess, Norristown. - Blowing-Pipe Mechanism. (105) 128,656 A. C. Rand, Aurora, 111., assignor of \ his right to John

H. Adams, Titusville, Pa. - Burning Petroleum. (105) _ 128,752. N.. A....Pratt.,.-Charleston,- S.-C.-and-Geo.-T-.-Lewis-,--Phila. -' - - .

Treating Phosphate Rock, etc. (106) 129,208 H. N. Bruner, Phila. - Preparing Yarn for the Manufacture

of Shawls. (Stamping, printing, or rolling white lead or other pigments upon the yarn.) ( )

129,243 J. W. Middleton, Phila. - Process and Apparatus for the. Manufacture of Iron and Steel. ' (106)

129,261 Geo. Whitney, Phila. - Metal for Castings. (Wrought iron and pig iron, or of wrought iron, pig iron, and steel. (106)

.. _ _.. . 129,-417D.- McDaniel,--W.-=Br=Spear7-and- Joseph-W-~Richards. - --Method- -~ r---~ of Utilizing Waste Tin-Scrap and Galvanized Iron. (106)

129,463 S. H. Crocker, Pittsburgh. - Purification of Paraffine. (107) 129,517 E. P. Baugh and D. Baugh, Phila. - Treatment of Horns, Hoofs

and Other Organic Matter. (107) 129,645 E. B. Benedict,. Susquehanna Depot. - Calcimine. (107 129,681 Joshua Posey, Phila. - Hydrogen Lamp. " ' (107) Re-issue: 5,0l B. H. Light-foot, Phila. - Treating Tanned Leather. (107) 129,835 M. H. Pollock, Phila. - Preparing Wheat for Food. (107) 130,245 J. S. Rosenthal, Phila. - Treatment of Asbestos for the

Production of Textile Fibers. (108) 130,380 T. S. C. Lowe, Norristown. - Apparatus for Refining Iron-

and Making Steel. . . (108)

- 7

1872

1873

1874

130,381" T. S. C. Lowe, Norristown.-and Heating Dwellings.

130,382 T. S. C. Lowe, Norristown. 130, 383 T.; S. - C.. Lowe,. Norristown.

Making Gas. 130,578 J. M. Eaxtraan, Phila." -

for Reduction. i -

Apparatus for Generating Gas

Manufacture of Gas: - ;. Process and Apparatus for-

Treating Slag from Iron Furnaces

130,663 J.. S. Rosenthal, Phila. - Treating Asbestos and Obtaining Useful Products therefrom. - ' ' ." " -

130,894 and130,895 Edw. Brown, Phila. - Pyrometer. 131,634 .A.*H. Siegfried, Lewisburg. - Process for Rendering Cast .

I ron Malleable. !' 132.264 H6 A. Eames, P h i l a . , and C. J . Eames. - Treating Ammoniac a l

Liquor of Gas Works, E t c . '"'/ \. - - - : ^ '"-'"- 132.265 H. A. Eames and C. J . Eames,; Phi la . - Manufacture of

Il luminating Gas from Hydrocarbons. 132,379- . Jos. .Williams, Sharpsburg. - Lubricating Compound..-133,399 H. .M.. Baker, Williamsburg, N". Y., assignor to H..-P. *. .

Dangvorthy and N. ;F. Hilton, Oil City, Pa." - Process .for Re'fining Petroleum. . '

132.439 Josephus Chandler, Pioneer, Pa. - Compound and Apparatus;for the Removal of Incrustations in Steam Boilers. . .

132.440 J V Chandler and D. A. V/ray, Peionnr, Pa. - Burning .-. Hydrocarbons. ! - ' .-

132,744 Chas. Adams,|Pittsburgh. -"Alloy or, Metallic Compound for Bearings. . ,j

132,800 Wm.. H. Burr,jPhila. - Apparatus for Vaporizing Hydrocarbon Liquids. ... i ' -' - . V, .

132,839 Isaac Kendrick, Phila. - Apparatus'for. "Burning Hydrocarbons. 132,993 Arthur Towne^ Phila.- Bronzing Compound. . 133,688 J." Westerman^ Sharon. - Reverberatory Furnace. \ 133,690 S. M. Wickersham,. Pittsburgh. - Refining Iron and Steel in

Ron Ways.' " ' '. ( . -. "> 133,937, N. B. Hatch, Pittsburgh. - Refining Iron and Steel. 134,108 T. G." Springer, Fayette City. - Manufacture>of.Illuminating

Gas. ' ' :.' 134,714 John W. Ware; and Maria L . Ware, Phila.- - Process for

Bleaching Dried Flowers. '": . ' 135,455 H. H. Wainwright, Phila. - Gas Apparatus. 135,512 Ogden Bolton Jr. and John Pedler, Pittsburgh. -

Manufacture of Irpn and Steel. .-137,157. J. K. Truaxy Pittsburgh. - Oil for Lubricating from

Petroleum. 137,279' Henry Aiken,1 Phila. - Alloy for Producing Ornamental

Coatings on Metals (Antimony, Zinc, Tin,' Copper). 137,^rO. A. Hamer, Phila. - Manufacture of Nitroglycerine. 138,023 D. C. Heller, Reading. - Composition Pavement. 138,138 James Davis and John Armstrong, Pittston. - Process for

Tinning. ~~ "~ "1""--*'"-- -' -- -._-. .' ..-. _,__; 138,780 J. E. Atwood, Pittsburgh. - Compound-for Lining Bottoms of

Bessemer or Kelly Converters. 138,781 139,167 139,192

J. E. Atwood, Wm. H. Lewis,

Pittsburgh. - Compound for Tuyeres.. Phila. - Artificial Stone.

Edw..A. S. Roberts, Titusville. - Treating.Explosive Com-pounds, to render;them safe for Blasting and Other Purposes.

T. M. Miller,. Pittsburgh. R. H. Smith; Pittsburgh.

- Manufac ture b f, I lluminating. Gas. - Manufacture of Illuminating Gas

F. Prentiss, Phila. -1

H. Lang,;Pittsburgh.

Composition for Coating. Wood and

- Furnace for Manufacture, of Oxide

139,910 141,732 _

from Petroleum, etc. 141,117 E.

Iron. 142,571- J.

of Zinc . , . '- -. .....-. ... 142,601 S. J. .Whiting, Phila. - Composition for Pavements. 143,202 E. Thompson;.arid W. H. Greene, Phila.-- Manufacture of\ - - Sulphuric Acid.': *" ' - 144,403- C. Marshall, "Phila. - Coating Iron arid Other Metals with

Protecting ..Alloys. - .

- 6 -

1874 146,493 C.--L. Vasquez and Sam. Crowther, Phila. - Carbureter. (122) 146,742 Jos. Anderson, Mt. Pleasant. - Tanning Process. (122) 146,789 John Vikers and Henry Holmes, Phila. - Bating Process

for Hides and Skins. ; (122) 147,455 P. L. Weimer, Lebanon, Pa. - Apparatus for Utilizing

Waste Gases in Metallurgic Furnaces. (123) 147,664 E. F. Luiseau, Mauch Chunk. - Manufacture of Artificial

Fuel from Coal Waste. (123) 148,250 Wm. Sellers, Phila. - Burning Gaseous Fuel' in Metallurgic

and Other Furnaces. (124) 148,795 Enoch Ward, Pittsburgh. - Coating Iron and'Steel. (124) 149,097 Hugh Burgess, Royer's Ford* - Compound for Purifying Water

Preventing Corrosion. (125) 149,228 E. Kirk, Sharon. - Compound for Treating Iron - Iron, (125)

Saltpetre, Cone Potash, Borax, Sal Ammoniac 149,701 W. Adamson and C. F. A. Simonin, Phila. - Extracting Oil .

from .Cotton and Other Seeds. ' (125) 1^9,979 0. Bolton Jr., Allegheny. - Manufacture of Homogeneous Steel. ( ) 150,042 W. W. Kubell, Phila."- Forcing Pulverized borax and nitrate

of potash into the melted iron. (125) 150,303 :E. F.- Dieteriche, Phila. - Water Repellant Dubbing for

Leather. " (126) 150,405 E. F. Dieteriche, Phila. - Process of Double Tanning. (126) 150,537 S, H. Daddow, St. Clair. - Artificial Fuel. _ (126) 150,548 L. G. Ehrardt, Phila. - Method of Preventing Alterations

of Checks, etc (126) 1-50,576 W. W. and R. H. Hubbell, Chester. - Purifying Iron. (126) 150,6l4 J. Reese, Pittsburgh. - Treating Refined Petroleum Wells. (126) 150,698 E. Metzger, Pittsburgh. - Making Parchment Paper. (126) 151,623 N. Root, Franklin. - Refining Petroleum. (126) 152,8l4 J. Stackhouse, Allegheny. - Surfacing Sheet Iron to

resemble Russian Iron. .- (127) 152,898 R. B. Coulter and Jeff Pratt, Pittsburgh. - Cleaning Carpets. ( ) 153,057 N. H. Edgerton, Phila. - Self-Condensing Gas Generator. (128) 154,438 J. E. Atwood, Pittsburgh. - Process of Decarbonizing and

Annealing Iron and Steel. (129) 15^,575 J Avil and Wm. Pugh, Phila. - Composition for Sizing and

Waterproofing Paper. (129) 15^,758 C. H. Johnston, New Brighton, Pa. - Apparatus for Applying

Ozone .for Purifying Oils, etc. (130) 154,767 J. M. Reid, Alleghany City. - Preserving Wood. (130) 154,772 S.. Van-Sykel, Titusville. - Apparatus for Distilling

Hydrocarbon Oils. (130) 155,136 T. S. Blair, Pittsburgh. - Manufacture of Steel by the

Open Hearth Process. (130) 155,559 S. J. Whiting and J. K. Blyler. - Fuel from'Coal-dust. (130) 155,575 W. S. Gillen, Pittsburgh. - Gas Furnaces for Manufacture

of Iron and Steel. - -- 155,990 -W. R.-Smith, Phila.. --Methods for Preparing Flag for Use

in the Manufacture of Artificial Stone. 156,009 J. E. Atwood, Pittsburgh. - Chemical Compounds for Facing

Metals. 157,7^9 'W. W. Goodwin, Phila. - Apparatus for Determining Specific

Gravity of Gases. 157,873 G. C. J. Schneider, Erie. - Safety-match Compositions..

1875 ll,148 R. C. Oehmler, Allegheny. - Bronze Liquids. l6l,320 J. E. Bennett, Pittsburgh. - Manufacture of Iron.

"=M="^ ~l6l7388-HTos.---H.- Connelly-,-.New-Brighton._.- Apparatus for Ihrtinguishing Fires.

161,672 Henry Dobbs, Franklin. - Compounds for Decolorizing . Petroleum. .' (133)

162,212 Jas. Anderson, Alleghany. - Soda Water Generator. - (133) 162,851 Jos^.D. Patton, Trevorton. - Gas Purifier. (134) 164,478 Ira M. Phelps, Phila. - Permanent Flour of Camphor. (135) 165,189 H. W. C. Tweddie, Pittsburgh. - Manufacture of'Gas. (136) Re-issue: 6,562 A. E. Carpenter, Phila. - Converting Iron into Steel. (136) 165,246 David Miles, Kingston. - Fluxes for Welding. (136)

' 165,378 Sarah Slater, Phila. - Compounds for Welding, Hardening and Tempering Steel. . (136)

- 9 -

1875 165,680 John M i l l e r , J P h i l a . - Leather Dress ing . (136) 166,285 Thomas McGowan, Meredi th , Pa. - D i s t i l l a t i o n ' of Hydro- .

carbon Oils. ! (137) 166,645 E. H." Smith and J. Goldthorp, Pittsburgh. - Apparatus for

the Manufacture of Illuminating Gas. (138) l66,9l4 " J. M.-Clark,jLancaster. - Portable Carburetted Hydrogen. .

Gas Machines. " . - . . "". (138) 167,569 Albert Rieder, Alleghany. - Compounds for Lining Oil Barrels. (139) 167,684 J. W. Nys'trom, Phila. - Burning Hydrocarbons.. .- T ... (139) 167,847. T. S..C. Lowe, Norristown. - Process and Apparatus for.the

Manufacture of Illuminating' or Heating Gas. ' .,- (139) 169,385 L. P. Teed, Erie. - Roofing Compositions. -. ,." . (l40) 170,352 S. B. Dorian;, Chester County, Pa. - Compositions for Sizing. (l40) 170,791 J. E. Weaver; and-W. S. Colwell, Pittsburgh. - Processes and

Apparatus for Manufacture of Salt or Sugar. (l^l) 170,940 E.' F. Dieteriche, Phila. - Processes of Treating Leather to '

make.it Water Repellent. (l^l) 1873 Bessemer steel made, in Bethlehem, and used for rolling steel rails.

This was the tenth Bessemer "plant in the U.S. -It was installed ___ under direction of John Fritz, Supt., with Alexander Holley as consulting engineer. (1^2)

Books: Fred Overman,! "The Manufacture of Steel,": F. A. Fesquel, Pub., Phila., I873.' (1^3) F. A. Genth, U. ojf Penna., Phila., "Corundum, its Alterations and Associated Minerals," 1873. - (l^) H. B. Nason and c[. F. Chandler, editors, "Elderhorst's Manual of Qualitative Blowpipe Analysis and Determinative Mineralogy." . (1^*0

Article: Fred Prime,! Lafayette College, Easton, "The Chilian Method of Amalgamation."! - . . (1^5)

Steel production, Johnstown, Pa. In 154 heats-with two converters . 843 tons of steel were made in six days and five nights. Reported as "an extraordinary product for such a plant." " (1^5)

Article: J. M. Maisch, Phila. - "Acid Reactions of Chloral Hydrate." (l46) " " ."'; " - "Chloride of Mercurethyl."-

(rev[ of literature.) :.-,, (1^7) Book: J. T. Henry, "'The Early and Later History of Petroleum;" with

Authentic Facts in regard to its Development in Western Penna.," Phila. pp.607. I (1^8)

Carnegie, McCandless '& Co. was organized to build a steel rail mill at Braddock (near Pittsburgh). Andrew Carnegie had one-third interest. ' j ." (34)

Article: Jas. P. Kimball, Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, "An Aluminous Magnetite (Emery) and its Uses in Iron Metallurgy." (1^9)

The Edgar Thompson Steel Works was founded by'A. Carnegie (1873). (93) It was named for;its biggest customer, Edgar Thompson, Pres. of PRR.

(Posthumous) C..M. Wetherill, Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, "New .-.-.-Apparatus for Determination of Carbonic Acid."

(Posthumous) C. M." Wetherill, "Examination of Fusel Oil from . ''-'' - Indian Corn. .,J . __ -1874 Wampum Ceinent and Lime Co. founded at Wampum^and" York, Ba..~~~t'La.ter^'

the Medusa Portland Cement Co.) , North Penna. Iron Coi, at Bingen, near Bethlehem, reported 10,777'

tons production 1 their largest output. Limonite ore was mined. Cooper and Hewitt built the last of the Durham furnaces, below Easton,

.along the Delaware River. In this area iron, was made intermittently for 181'years from 1727 to 1908. (151)

. Water'gas Introduced j by Thaddeus Lowe,' Phoenixville. (9) - - -" U.S. Patents_130.,.38lLl30-,382;_130.J383..__^___^_- 1_' ._ _ _ __ - ^ J ^ ^ L .

Gold and Silver manufactures in Philadelphia (l873) were $9,038/r55.~ Largest firm was!Hagstoz and Thorpe. - (152)

Dr. T. M. Drown appointed Prof, of Analytical Chemistry at Lafayette College", Easton. i ... (153)

Dr. Drown was Secy, of Inst. Min. Engineers (1873-1883). Vol..1, Trans. Inst. Min. Eng. appeared -in 1873 ". ..- .; -. (153)

"Dr. Traill Green, who occupied the chair of chemistry for forty years, will probably retain the professorship of general chemistry."(153a)

Articles: T. M.-Drown, "Estimation of Sulphur in Pig Iron and-Steel." (154) ... . " " "! "Conditions of Carbon in Gray, and White Pig

" ' : Ironl . .' ,- ...-",. (15^) F. A. Genth, U. of Penna. "Corundum, Its Alterations and

Associated Minerals. (155) J. M. Maisch, Phila., "On Resin of Podophyllum Solubility

in Boiling Water." (156)

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- 10 -

1874 Articles: J. M. Maisch, Phila., "Balsam of Liquidambar Styraeiflua and Orientals." (157)

F. A. Genth, Phila., "On American Tellurium and Bismuth Minerals." , (158)

Note in Amer. Chem: "The Lehigh Univ. Chemical and Nat. History Soc. has dispatched Robt. G. Bechdolt, Curator, to W. Indies and Brazil for 5 months." . (159)

> M Carey Lea, Phila.. "On a Combination of Silver Chloride with Mercuric Iodide. (l6o)

Sam. P. Sadtler, Gettysburg, Penna. College, "Analytical Notices" (on Bargta, Strontia, Lime, Antimony and Lead). (l6l)

M. C. Lea, Phila., "On the Influence of Color Upon Reduction by Light." (l>2) 11 " " " "Solubility of Certain Silver Salts in Solutions

containing Sodic Citrate, etc." (l63) '" " " " "On the Nature of the Action of Light upon Silver

Bromide." (164) C. F. Himes, Dickinson College, Carlisle, "Preparing Photographic

' Dry-Plates by Daylight, by de-sensitizing and re-sensitizing the Silver Compounds." " - (li>5)

Books: The Iron Works of the U. S. Prepared by the Amer. Iron & Steel Assn., Phila., 1874; 106pp. (166)

F. W. Pavy, M.D., F.R.S., "A Treatise on Food and Dietetics," Phila., 1874. (167)

Prof. H. Will, "Tables for Qualitative Chemical Analysis," 2nd Amer. ed. from 9th German fed. Ed. by C. F. Himes, Phila., 1874. (l68)

Paper: R. E. Rogers, U. of Penna., "A Direct Vision Spectroscope." (I69) Notice: Samuel P. Sadtler, Ph.D., elected Prof, of General Chemistry

in the University of Pennsylvania. (153a) Peak year (1874) in Penna. oil production: 10,910,303 barrels.

This was reported for the 1859-1874 period, during which period the total value, at the wells was $245,904,880.- This came from 10,490 wells, only 3250 of which were pumping at start of 1875. (170) "

Letters to the Editors of the American Chemist, suggesting a Centennial ' Celebration in 1874, from H. Carrington Bolton, and from E. N. Horsford, S. Dana Hayes, A. R. Leeds, A. H. Elliott, Rachel L. Bodley, B. Silliman, T. Sterry Hunt. One writer, H. Endemann, wrote in opposition. (172)

Further letters from H. C. Bolton, School of Mines, Columbia College, New York City, and Prof. Rachel L. Bodley, Woman's Medical College, Phila., Pa. (who suggested Northumberland, Pa., the location of Priestley's grave and home, as the place for Centennial Meeting); a circular to the Chemists of America, inviting them to

come to Northumberland on July 31, 1874; this was signed by 37 chemists, five from Pennsylvania. (173)

Report of Centennial of Chemistry conclave at Priestley's home in Northumberland, Pa. A local committee of 34 men included two bearing the Priestley name. Joseph Priestley, M.D., was Chairman.

~~The list of ~77= chemists" who attended the "celebration included 16 from Pennsylvania. (174)

Efforts to form a national chemical society which should, date its origin from this Centennial Celebration. Proponents: Persifor Frazer, U. of Penna. and Wm. H. Chandler, Lehigh University. Opponents, who favored greater cooperation with the American Scientific Association or A.A..A.S.: F. W. Clarke, E. N. Horsford, E. T. Cox, B. Silliman and P. H. Vander-Weyde. The official

,-- ~s^=&ssr -ai0-n w a s %9 "establish a chemical section on a firmer basis with the AmeFicah As~6"cTatibn'f6f" "tne"'~"Aavancemeat of 'SclenceT"=~=-*?"=~ '("175")

Prof. Henry H. Croft, Univ. College, Toronto, Canada, read a paper on "A Sketch of the Life and' Labors of Joseph Priestley." (176).

E. N. Horsford, Cambridge, Mass., read portions of seventeen letters . written by .Priestley. , (177)

Henry Coppee, LL.D., Pres. Lehigh Univ., delivered the address at the grave of Joseph Priestley; stressing his contributions in fields other than chemistry - religion, politics, education, etc. (178)

T. Sterry Hunt, Mass. Inst. Techn., read "A Century's Progress in . Chem. Theory." . (179)

J. Lawrence Smith, Louisville, Ky., read "The Century's Progress in Industrial Chemistry." ' (l80)

- 1 1 -

} 1874 Benj.-" Silliman, Yale College, presented,"American Contributions to- .r^- '.-

- 12 -

1876 Organization meeting of ACS, April 20. Twenty-seven resident members' attended. Seventy-four non-residents had requested membership.

" Officers elected: President, John W. Draper; Vice Presidents, J. Lawrence Smith, Frederick A. Genth, E. Hilgard, J. W. Mallet, Charles F. Chandler, Henry Morton; Corr. Secy., George F. Baker; Recording Secy., Isidor Walz; Treas., W. M. Habirshav; (204)

Seven, regular meetings were held in I876, with average attendance about 30 or less. V. Pres. Chandler served as Chairman. Tech-nical papers"were delivered at all these sessions; A special (reunion) dinner was held in Phila., June l, to. honor foreign chemists attending the 1876 Centennial Exhibition. - (205)

Enrollment in the ACS (1876): 226 members; 71 associates. Penn-sylvania accounted for: 23 members; 2 associates. (206)

Centennial Exposition of I876, Philadelphia. Included first extensive exhibit of American chemical industries. This was: a national- . and international exhibition; .located in Phila. because in that city 100 years before these States, were declared "free and independent," and because Phila. is "the industrial capital of America." Philadelphia's exhibits numbered 2,366; of which the distribution was: mining and metallurgy, 87; manufactures, 710; education and science, 203; art, 218; machinery 400; agriculture, 677; horticulture, 71. Alex. Graham Bell's new telephone exhibited. (2O7I

Dr. A. E. Foote, Bryn Athyn, Pa., exhibits minerals; wins first prize. (208) Concentrated alum made, Penna. Salt Mfg. .Co. C209) Natural gas pipe line, Titusville. - (209) New colleges: Grove City College, Venango County Pine Grove Academy

started; Juniata College, Huntingdon, opened. (5) Edw. Hart, "Volumetric Estimation of Sulphuric Acid." (210) Edw. Hart, Lafayette College, Easton, "Volumetric Estimation of iron.'-' (210} J. B. Britton, Phila., "Improved Mounted Burettes for Vol. Analysis." (21l) S. P. Sadtler, -" "On the Composition of Natural Gas from Certain

Wells in Western Pennsylvania." (212) A. Bourgougnon, New York, "Pennsylvania Petroleum." (213) G. A. Koenig, U. of Penna., predicts "new metal highly probable" in

mineral resembling schorlamite, from Arkansas. (214) A. S. McCreath, Harrisburg, "Report of Progress in the Laboratory,"

2nd Geol. Survey of Pa., 1874-75. Contains analyses of coals, coke, iron ores, limestone, fire clays, etc. 105pp. (215)

F. A. Genth, U. of Penna., "On Some American Vanadium Minerals." (2l) S. P. Sadtler, U.'of Penna., "On a nev occurrence of Tartronic Acid,

- with same Researches on the Molecular Structure of Glyceric Acid." (217) M. C. Lea, Phila., "Notes on the Sensitiveness of Silver Bromide to

the Green Rays as modified by the Presence of other Substances." (218) Chemistry papers from Pennsylvanians at the AAAS Meetings in Buffalo,

N. Y., Aug. 23, L376:- ' , W. H. Chandler and Frank Johnston, "Disposition of Phosphorus

in the Blast Furnace." . . (219) W. H. Chandler and E. H. S. Bailey, "Determination of Nitric Acid."(219)

s rW. Hr Chandler and'E.~H. "S. Bailey,."Nitrates in Natural-Waters," and in'Lechauweki Spring Water. (Chandler and co-authors, Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, Pa.). (219)

J. W. Langley, U. of Penna., "The Relationship of Structure, Density and Chemical Composition in Steel." (219)

S. P. Sadtler, U. of Penna., "On the Chemical Composition of Pa. Petroleum." (219)

These foregoing were part of a total of 20 papers. Chairman of the ^__^ __ -Chemistry- Subsection was Dr. Geo. F. Barker, of U. pf Penna.,

- t who^delivefedTn^ -and explained "the.conception which the science of today holds concerning the molecule and the atom." (220)

' REFERENCES '".,_-..

CHRONOLOGY OF CHEMISTRY IN PENNSYLVANIA - PART II . ' l

1. A. C. Birring, "Pennsylvania's Iron and Steel Industry;" Penna. Hist. Assoc, Penna. History Studies, No. 5 (Gettysburg, 195*0, *

2 -

51.

52. 53 o 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59 o

59&. 6o. 6l. 62. 63-

64. 64a. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 7^. 75. 76. 77 78. 79 o 80.

" 81. 82.

83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90.

91. 92. 93. 9h. 94a. 94b.

95. 96. 97. 980 99." LOO. LOir^ L02. L03. L04. L05. L06. L07. L08. 109. HO. LH. JL2.

The American Chemist IV, No. 7, 280 (1874), edited by C. F. Chandler, Columbia College, New York, W. H. Chandler, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa.

Ibid., vol. 1, P.39. P.79. p.80. p.158. p.159. P.197.' P.237. P.238. P. 134 SDescribes 96pp October 1870) report in Amer. J. Pharm., Jan. 1870)

Sill. Journ. (Amer. Journ. Sci.) CII, p.l68. Ibid., Nov. lB71. (Also Amer. Chemist V, 207, Dec. IB74) B. L. Miller, ibid. 2, p.93-94. (Bibliography on Zinc, Allentown Quadrangle) R. D. Billinger, "Early History of Cement in Pennsylvania," Bulletin of

Dept. Internal Affairs,"Commonwealth-of Pa., vol. 19, No. 8, 27-32 July 195L Saylor's Cement Patent: 119,413 - Sept. 26, 1871.

The American Chemist II, 40, July I87I. " I, 1 and 239.

Sill. Journ. 3, i, pp.369, 371 (1B71), 3rd Series. J. Franklin Inst., vol, CXEI, No. 2, Aug. 1871. The American Chemist, vol. 1, 275 (Jan. 1871). Ibid. 316 (Feb. I87I).

356 (Mar. I87I). 357 (Mar. I871}. 397 (Apr. I87I). 435 (May 1871}. 436 (May I87I). 477 (June 187I).

vol. 2, 39 (July L371). 76 (Aug. 1871). 117 (Sep. 1871). H8' (Sep. 1871). 158 (Oct. 1371). 198 (Nov. 1871}. . . ' . . , -238 (Dec. I87I). 278 (Jan. 1872).

Catherine Drinker Bowen, "History of Lehigh University," 1924; 105pp. Ibid., 29, p.22.

2, p.52. The American Chemist, vol. 3, 1 (July 1872).

2, 398 (April 1872), 2, 320 (Feb. 1872) 2, 319 (Beb. IB72J

The American Chemist, vol. 2 11 ti 11

2, 475 (June 1872) Ibid. 3^, P.468. J-. Cutler Andrews, Chap. 4 - "Pittsburgh" - Ibid. 34, pp.l48, l60-l64. S. K. Stevens, Chap. 5 - "Pittsburgh" - " ", pp. 198, 199. Ibid. 26, p.1940 - "History of Philadelphia."_ Amer. J. Pharm. 1872, p.357* Peter Temih, "lron.& Steel in 19th Century," The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.,

1964, p.156. 318 (Feb. 1872). 358 (Mar. 1872). , 396 (Apr. I872). 397 (Apr. 1872). 438 (May 1872). 439 (May_ I872U '.. ---,.^._ 474" "(June 1872). 39 (July 1872). . 40 (July 1872). . 79 (Aug. 1872). 80 (Aug. 1872). - U 7 (Sep. 1872)." 118 (Sep. 1872). 157 (Oct. 1872). 158 (Oct. 1B72). 197 (Nov. 1872). 238 (Dec 1872). 239 (Dec. 1872).

- ^ = 1 1 - . , - ^ .

11

11

11

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11

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H 3 . 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. l4o . 141. 142.

143. 144. 1^5. 146. 147. 148. l49o 149a. 149b. 150. 151.

152. 153.

153a. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163.

'164. 165. 166. l>l. 168. 169.

170.

The American Chemist, vol ti n II-

I I

11

11

11

11

11

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ti

it

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3, 279. (Jan. 1873). 3, 317 (Feb. I873). " ' " - ' " .3, 438 (May 1873).

(?) 3, 39.(July 1873). 4; 79 (Aug. 1873). 4,.159 (Oct. 1B73). 4,-238 (Dec. 1873). 4,"279 (Jan. 1874). 4, 319-(Feb. 1874). 4,!398 (Apr. 1874). 4, 439 (May I874).

: 4, 479 (June 1874). 5, 33 (July 1874). 5, 152.(Oct. 1874). 5, 232 (Dec 1874). 5, 233 (Dec 1874). . . . 5, 272 (Jan. 1875). ". ' J '" 5, 273 (Jan. 1875). 5, 313 (Feb. 1875). 5, 35^ (Mar. 1875).

.5, 463 (June 1875). '' " 6, 79 (Aug. 1375). 6, 199 (Nov. 1875). 6, 240 (Dec. 1875). ' ' . 6, 278 (Jan. 1876). 6, 279 (Jan. I876). 6, 320 (Feb. I876). 6, 400 (Apr. I876). 6, 440 (June I876). '-'''."

R. D. Billinger, "Beginnings of Bethlehem Iron'and Steel,"1'Dept. of Internal Affairs Bulletin, Commonwealth of"Pa., vol. 20, Feb. 1952, 3-7; " : March, 7-10; April, 13-18. '

The American Chemist vol. 4, 159 (Oct. 1873). " ; 4. 279 (Jem. 1874). " ' 3', (June 1873).

Amer. J. Pharm., 1873, p.621. ... p o 9 # .

The American Chemist, vol. 5. 464 (June 1875). " -! .' 4', 321 (Mar.'1874).

Journ. Franklin Inst. XXX, 333 (May 1873). .. 11 1. f ti Q R S 11 11

R. D. Billinger, ibid. 63, vol. 19, No. 9, 10 (Aug.' 1957).-. R. D. Billinger, "Early Ironworks of Pennsylvania, The -Durham Furnaces,"

Ind. Eng. Chem,;, vol 30, 428 (Apr. 1938). Ibid., 26, p.2335. : ',.....:., R. D. Billinger. "Thomas Messinger Drown," J. Chem. Educ, vol. 7,

2875-2886 (.Dec 1930). .. The American Chemist, vol. 5, 34 (July 1874). Trans. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. .4,, 422 (May lBjk). .. Proc. Am. Phil. Soci, Sept. 19, 18-74, p.56. ' Amer. J. of Pharmacy, 1874, p.231.

" " " "... p.163. """ '. "

'Amer. Phil." Soc, Aug. 21, 1874. . ' '.. The American Chemist, vol. 5, 234 (Dec. 1874). . Sill. Journ. /~3_7,< vli, -34.

" *- " " 180-184. 200, 376, 483J

11 it 11 -

16. The American Chemist, vol. 5, 234 (Dec. 1874).

" ; 5, 153 (Oct. 1874). 5, 193 (Nov. 1874).

Paper read at 23rd Meeting of A.A.A.S., Hartford, Conn., Aug. 12-19, 1874, reported in American Chemist, vol. 5, 159 (Nov. 1874).

C. F. Chandler (quoting Pa. Geol. Survey and other sources), Amer. Chem., vol. 6, 251 (Jan. 1876).

- 4 -

171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181.

182. 183. 1B4. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 191. 192. 193. 194. 195.

195a. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205.

206. 207. 208.

209. 21>.

211. 212. 213. 214. 215. 216. 217.

218. 219. 220.

The American Chemist, vol .

Ibid. 3^, p.468. The American Chemist, vol.

J. "Chem. Soc, March 1875, P The American Chemist, vol.

Sill. Journ. 11 11

1875).

*^ 1 1 - ^ .1 121, 355, 22, 52,

362 (Apr 1874). 41-43 (June 1874). 35-37 (Aug., Sept., 1874). 37-38 ( 41 ( " 43-47 ( " 47-53 ( " 53-56 ( " 56-61 ( " 61-71 ( " 70-ll4( "

195-209(Dec 1874). 208 (Dec. 1874). 209 (Dec 1874). 213-214 (Dec 1874).

78 (Aug. 1875). 170 (Nov. 1875). 147. 466 (June 1375). 465 (June 1875). 464 (June 1875).

1875. "

). ) ).

1: ). ). ).

(Also, J. Chem. Soc 11, xiii, 301 (Apr.

B. L. Miller, ibid. 2, p.75-The American Chemist, vol 1, 410-412 (May 1875).

5, 362 (Apr. 1875). 5, 396 (May 1875). 5, 434 (May 1875).. 6, 471 (June 1876). 5, 355 (Feb. 1875). 5, 33 (May 1875). 6, 401-406 (May 1876).

406 (May 1876). 441

7', 41 81, 121, 205, 245. Journ. A.C.S., vol. 1 6-10 (1879). Ibid. 26, p.2239, 213*. Bull, of Penna. Dept. Internal Affairs, Harrisburg, vol.

Dec. 1951. Ibid. 9, P.43. The American Chemist, vol.

6.

20, No. 1,

Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng.

6, 284 (Feb. L376). 7, 43 ("Aug. I876). 7, 50 (Aug. I876). 7, 97 (Aug. 1876). 7, 81 (Sep. I876). 7, 120 (Sep. I876)."

I876 p.440. Sill. Journ., vol. xii (3rd series), 32-36.

xi. Sept. 17, 1875.

114-119. (Paper for Amer. Phil. Soc

Sill. Journ., vol. xi (3rd series), 459-464. The American Chemist, vol. 7, 162 (Nov.. 1876). " " " ' 7, 164-174 (Nov. 1876).