CHRONOLOGY

• 1819 April 12. Earliest recorded tsunami struck Hawai'i. The tsunami probably originated in Chile where a severe earthquake and tsunami occurred the previous day. Damage unknown.

• 1835 February 20. A tsunami from Chile caused moderate damage.

• 1837 November 7. A severe tsunami from Chile killed at least fourteen people on the Big Island and two on Maui. Runup was measured at 20 feet above normal in Hilo. Many houses and animals were washed away.

• 1868 April 2. An earthquake southeast of the Big Island caused a tsunami that killed 47 people. Another 31 were killed in a landslide, and one from a falling rock. The wave reached heights of 50 to 60 feet, caused damage from Ka'u to Hilo, and swept as far as a quarter of a mile inland. Neighboring islands suffered little damage. This was the most devastating locally generated tsunami recorded.

• 1868 August 13 or 14. A tsunami from South America struck. Runup reached 12 to 15 feet, and oscillations continued for three days. Damage was severe. Twenty acres of Kalapana land were flooded.

• 1869 July 25. A tsunami swept ashore in Hilo and Puna, destroying houses and one mile of a shoreline road. The wave probably originated in South America.

• 1877 May 10. A devastating tsunami from Chile washed away every house within 100 yards of the shore near the Wailoa River in Waiakea. Five people died and seven were injured. Runup reached 14 feet The same tsunami also struck Japan.

• 1883 August 26 and 27. In Indonesia, the cone of Krakatoa volcano collapsed and violently erupted. One hundred-foot waves killed more than 36,000 people in Java and Sumatra. Small waves reached the Hawaiian Islands, but caused no damage.

• 1896 June 15. In Sanriku, Japan, a tsunami with waves 100 feet high killed 27,000 people. Waves that reached the Hawaiian Islands measured a few feet and caused no damage.

• 1906 August 16. In Valparaiso, Chile, a great earthquake caused a tsunami that damaged the southern coast of Maui. The water rose to 12 feet in height

• 1923 February 3. A tsunami generated in Kamchatka, Siberia caused $1.5 million damage in Kahului and Hilo. One man died. Runup reached 12 feet in Hale'iwa and Kahului and 20 feet in Hilo.

• 1933 March 2. A tsunami from Sanriku, Japan, caused damage on the Big Island. Runup reached over 17 feet.

• 1946 April 1, April Fool's Day. The worst tsunami in recorded history hit Hawai'i. The death toll reached 159. An earthquake near the Aleutian Islands generated waves that struck the

A-1

A-2

Hawaiian Islands at heights of 33 to 53 feet A tsunami warning system was implemented following this disaster.

• 1952 November 4. An earthquake off of Kamchatka caused a tsunami. Runup reached 11 to 12 feet and caused damage on all islands. The Kahului-Spreckelsville area of Maui was especially hard hit. There were no deaths.

• 1957 March 9. An earthquake in the Aleutian Islands measuring 8.3 on the Richter scale caused a tsunami. Runup reached 32 feet on Kaua'i, and 23 feet on O'ahu. It caused $5 million in damage, mainly on Kaua'i and O'ahu. Hilo district suffered minimal damage in the 1952 and 1957 tsunamis. ·

• 1960 May 22. Several earthquakes and tsunamis devastated parts of Chile the previous day. There were two earthquakes measuring 7.5 on the Richter scale, and a third earthquake that lasted seven minutes and measured 8.6 at its most intense. The ensuing tsunami reached Hawai'i shortly after midnight Despite warnings issued earlier that day, the tsunami killed 61 people and injured 282 on the Big Island. It caused $22 million in damages statewide. Runup reached 20 feet in Hilo.

• 1964 March 27. An 8.6 earthquake rocked Prince William Sound in Alaska causing a tsunami that killed 119 people there. The wave caused no deaths in Hawai'i, but caused moderate damage to Kahului and Hilo.

• 1975 November 29, Thanksgiving Day. A 7.2 earthquake off the coast of Ka'u (in the same area as the 1868 earthquake) generated a tsunami that struck Ka'u within minutes. Two campers died at Halape, and there was moderate damage along the coast.

• 1986 May 7. An earthquake in the Aleutian Islands measuring 7.7 on the Richter scale prompted a statewide tsunami alert. Thousands were caught in crawling traffic on O'ahu, many were in inundation zones on shoreline highways. The arriving waves were small, causing no casualties or damage.

• 1994 October 4. A statewide tsunami alert was issued after a strong earthquake occurred near the South Kurile Islands. As many as 400 surfers ventured into the water following the warning, indicating a lack of awareness and complacency towards tsunamis.

SELECT BffiLIOGRAPHY

Akoi, Rhea. Ku'u Home I Keaukaha. N.p.: Hui Ho'omau 0 Keaukaha Panaewa, 1989.

Borg, Jim. "Ripples from the Ring of Fire," Honolulu Magazine, April 1996.

Char, Tin-Yuke, and Wai Jane Char, eds. Chinese Historic Sites and Families of the Island of Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1983.

Chinen, Karleen. ''The Hilo Tsunami Museum: Memories of the Past to Provide Lessons for the Future," The Hawaii Herald, August 16, 1996.

Daws, Gavan. Shoal of Time. Honolulu: University Press of Hawai'i, 1968.

Dudley, Walter, and Min Lee. Tsunami! Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1988.

---.Tsunami! 2d ed. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1998.

Hilo Tribune-Herald, 1 April 1946.

Hilo Tribune-Herald, 3 April 1946.

Hilo Tribune-Herald, 1 May 1946.

Honolulu Advertiser, 1 April-{) April 1946.

Honolulu Advertiser, 24 May-25 May 1960.

Honolulu Advertiser, 12 August 1981.

Honolulu Star-Bulletin, 18 April 1998.

Hughes, Maxine. "Shinmachi: Gone But Not Forgotten," Hawaii Tribune-Herald, Orchid Isle Magazine, August 9-15, 1991.

International Tsunami Information Center. Tsunami Newsletter 28, no. 1 (1996).

---. Tsunami Newsletter 28, no. 2 (1996).

---.Tsunami Newsletter 29, no. 1 (1997).

Kelly, Marion; Barry Nakamura; and Dorothy Barrere. Hilo Bay, a Chronological History: Land and Water Use in the Hilo Bay Area. Honolulu: Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, 1981.

Laupahoehoe High, Middle and Elementary School. April Fool's . .. The Laupahoehoe Tragedy of 1946: An Oral History. Laupahoehoe: Laupehoehoe High, Middle and Elementary School, 1997.

B-1

B-2

Nakamura, Richard I., and Gloria, R. Kobayashi. The History of the Waiakea Pirates Athletic Club anc The Yashijima Story (Waiakea Town). Hilo: Richard I. Nakamura and Gloria R. Kobayashi, 1999.

Pacific Tsunami Museum. Pacific Tsunami Museum, October 24, 1996, <http://planet­hawaii.com/tsunami> (March 7, 1998).

Shepard, F.P.; G.A. Macdonald; and D.C. Cox. Tsunami of April1, 1946. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1950.

The Sunday Honolulu Star-Bulletin and Advertiser, 6 September 1992.

University of Hawai'i, Department of Geography. Atlas of Hawai'i. Honolulu: University Press of Hawai'i, 1973.

Walker, Daniel A. Tsunami Facts. [Honolulu:] School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i, March 1994.

Wall, A.E.P. The Big Wave May 23, 1960. Hilo: Hilo Tribune-Herald, 1960.

GLOSSARY

The following words and phrases are non-English terms. Non-English is here defmed as any lexical item not found in Webster's Ninth New Collegiate DictioiUlry (Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster Inc., 1986), with the exception of Hawaiian words.

The language family of each word or phrase is indicated by a letter or letters in parentheses:

(C) Chinese (F) Filipino (H) Hawaiian (HCE) Hawai'i Creole English (J) Japanese (0) Okinawan

References for the defmitions used in this glossary include: May Lee Chung; Margaret Leong Lau; and Dorothy Jim Luke, Traditions for Living, (Honolulu: Associated Chinese University Women, 1979); Koh Masuda, ed., Kenkyilsha' s New Japanese-English Dictionary, 4th ed. (Tokyo: Kenkyfisha, Ltd., 1974); Mary Pukui and Samuel Elbert, Hawaiian DictioiUlry, rev. and exp. ed. (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1986); Teresita V. Ramos, Tagalog DictioMry, (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1971); and University of Hawai'i at Minoa, Ethnic Studies Oral History Project, Uchinanchu: A History of Ok:inawans in Hawai'i, (Honolulu: Ethnic Studies Oral History Project and United Okinawan Association of Hawai'i, 1981);

The following definitionS apply to the lexical items as they appear in the context of the transcript. An asterisk (•) indicates a defmition supplied by a staff member or interviewee.

C-1

abarembo (J) rough, rowdy aburage (J) fried bean curd 'ahi (H) Hawaiian tuna flShes aholehole (H) young stage of the Hawaiian

flagtail fish aji (J) horse mackerel akamai (H) smart, clever aku (H) bonito or skipjack tuna akule (H) big-eyed or goggle-eyed scad fish 'akulilculi lei (H) a low succulent with flowers

used for leis anpan (J) bean-jam bun araimo (J) dasheen• atta (J) were*

bacaldw (F) codilsh balaljilalra (J) animal strength; brute force bango (J) number benshi (J) a f'llm. interpreter bento (1) box lunch bolohead (HCE) bald headed* bon-san (J) Buddhist priest* bugga (HCE) bugger* bumbai (HCE) by and by; later on* butsudan (J) household Buddhist altar

-chan (J) suff'JX, term of address usually applied to children, relatives and close acquaintances*

chicken skin (HCE) goose bumps* c/Wbo (J) ledger, register chung (C) scale* crack seed (HCE) Chinese preserved seeds*

da kine (HCE) an expression with an unidentified referent; whatchamacallit*

daijobu (J) safe, secure dailwn (J) radish

furo (J) bath furoba, furo-ya (J) public bath; bathhouse futon (1) thick bed quilt

ga (J) particle (grammatical) giri-giri (1) cowlick gobo (1) burdock root goza (1) floor mat

C-2

gung gung (C) grandpa

hanafuda (J) Japanese playing cards Mnai (H) foster child, adopted child; to foster

or adopt hanawai (H) irrigation; to irrigate haole koa (H) common roadside shrub or small

tree related to lwa Haole (H) Caucasian hapai (H) to carry; pregnant hapai ko (H) to carry sugarcane bundles hilpu 'u (H) an endemic tree fern hatake (J) kitchen garden hau (H) a lowland tree with rounded, heart-

shaped leaves hemo (H) separated, unfastened hzniwai (H) endemic grainy snail hO hana (H) field work with hoe, weeding* holehole (H) to strip, as sugarcane leaves from

the stalk hon (J) book honohono (H) basket grass ho'ohuli pipi (H) to drive cattle ho'opa'apa'a (H) dispute, argument, quarrel hotoke-sama (J) the Buddha huhu (H) angry, indignant hui (H) association, corporation, joint

ownership hula (H) Hawaiian dance

iriko (1) parched small sardine

/alma (J) iron pot, cauldron lalma'dina (HCE) longtime Caucasian resident

of Hawai'i* kamaboko (J) flSh cake kamaboko-ya (J) fish cake producer kamapio (HCE) see okamapio kampyo (J) dried gourd shavings kanten (J) Japanese gelatin kappa (J) raincoat katsura (J) wig kaukau (HCE) food, eat* ken (1) prefecture, district kiawe (H) algaroba tree koi (1) a carp koa (H) native acacia tree

Jcoge (J) scorched Jcolohe (H) mischievous, naughty kudo (J) earthen furnace for cooking kuleana (H) property, estate, jurisdiction kumiai (J) association, society, league

laho pipi (H) bull scrotum 14nai (H) veranda lei (H) garland or necklace lililco I i (H) passion fruit limu (H) general name for all plants living

under water; seaweed loco moco (HCE) a dish with rice, meat patty,

fried egg and gravy* 1010 (H) paralyzed, numb lu 1aU (H) a Hawaiian feast, named for the taro

tops usually served at one luna (H) foreman, overseer, supervisor

mahimahi (H) dolphin fish maile (H) a native twining shrub maile pilau (H) stink vine makai (H) toward the sea make (H) die makina (1) Chinese cabbage* makizushi (J) rolled sushi makule (H) aged, elderly mamagoto (1) playing at housekeeping mauka (H) toward the mountain medaka (J) killifish; mosquito fish menpachi (J) squirrel fish miai (J) a marriage meeting mizuna (J) potherb mustard moi (H) thread fish momack (C) pulse feeling to determine whether

a person is sick or well* musubi (J) rice ball mu 1 umu I u (H) a loose gown

na (J) green vegetables naga-ya (J) row houses Naichi (0) Japanese from the main islands of

Japan nasalcenai (J) overwhelming naupaka (H) a spreading, succulent shrub nehu (H) anchovy; a fish used for eating and to

chum bonito

C-3

nishime (1) vegetables and chicken boiled in shoyu and sugar*

nitsuke (1) fish cooked in shoyu and sugar* no (J) particle (grammatical) 10hi 1a (H) a native tree okamapio (HCE) a childhood game using two

sticks* okara (J) lees of bean curd okdsan (J) mother o-kllzu (J) an accompanying dish I okole (H) buttocks onsen (J) hot spring 10

1opu (H) general name for fishes included in the families Eleotridae, Gobiidae, and Blennidae; goby

I opae (H) general name for shrimp lopelu (H) mackerel scad 1 opihi (H) limpet otaro (J) an aku thirty-five pounds and over* o-zoni (1) a soup with rice cakes and

vegetables

pa 1akikf (H) stubborn palaoa molcu (H) a mixture of flour, sugar and

water* pau (H) finished, ended, through pee wee (HCE) see okamapio pepeiao (H) Chinese cake stuffed with meat pilikia (H) problem pio (H) extinguished or out, as a fire or light pio (HCE) contraction of okamapio pipi (H) cattle pipipi (H) general name for small mollusks,

including Theodoxus negelctus pohiJ (H) cape gooseberry poi (H) cooked, pounded taro thinned with

water pokll (?) a type of lililco 1i poke (H) a dish containing diced raw fish po po (C) grandma pukll (H) hole pUiehu (H) to broil piipu (H) hors d'oeuvre

rakkyo (J) scallions, shallots; picked scallions

sakllna (1) fish

-san (J) Mr., Mrs., Ms., Miss sensei (J) teacher, master, instructor shichirin (J) a clay stove shikata ga nai (J) cannot be helped shikibuton (J) mattress shimpai (J) an arranged marriage• shiso (J) beefsteak plant suclc wind (HCE) a flippant attitude towards an

unpleasant situation•

tabi (J) Japanese digitated socks talcenolco (J) bamboo shoots tanishi (J) a mud snail, pond snail tarai (J) a washtub tatami (J) straw matting tinier (C) periwinkles or escargot• tohe (?) a type of edible eel with ears and no

teeth* totan (J) galvanized sheet iron roofmg

C-4

udon (1) wheat noodles udon-ya (J) wheat noodle shop uhu (H) parrot fish 'ukulele (H) small guitar of Portuguese origin uiua (H) certain species of crevalle, jack or

pompano fish ume (J) pickled plum* unagi (J) a Japanese common eel

wa (J) particle (grammatical) wahine (H) woman, lady, female warabi (J) a fernbrake wen (HCE) precedes a verb and indicates past

tense•

yome (J) a young wife, bride

zabuton (J) a floor cushion

Abe, Sanji, 354 Ah Mai & Co., 311-12 Ah Sam, Ah You, 808 Akiona, Daniel. See Akiona family Akiona family (Laupihoehoe), 721, 723, 752,

775,777,785,804-805,808,809 American Red Cross, 245-46, 378, 387, 388,

465,600,603,604,754,785-86,861,902 Anderson. Marian, 766 Arnold, Charles N., 852 Automotive Supply Center, 932. See also

Okino, Hayato Awakuni, Yoshio, 810

Beamer, Pete, 270, 271, 275 Bobbie's Steak and Seafood, 870 Boy Scouts of America, 31, 128 C. Brewer and Company, Ltd., 755-56, 883,

889,890,895,896,902-904,905 Brooks, Renny, 856-57

Cafe 100, 25, 49, SO, 56, 131, 289, 394, 433, 533,534,580,607,915,935,971

Campainha, Catherine (interview), 328-47 312-13 background: childhood and family, 328--38,

340; family businesses, 333-35; schooling, 338-40,344

on Mamo Pool Hall, 332-33, 334-35 as speech therapist, 344 as teacher, 344, 346 on tsunami 1946, 341-43 on tsunami 1960, 344-45 on World War II, 334, 338

Canec,229, 368,616,618-19,621 Carlsmith family (Keaukaha), 623, 626, 630,

634,655-56,663,667,668,671,672,674, 859' 860, 865

Carlsmith, Merrill, 237-38 Carter, A.W., 646, 647-48 Chock, Laura (interview), 300-24

43, 212 background: childhood and family,

300-306, 320-21, 323-24; schooling, 305-306, 313-16

on Hawai'i Chicken Store 300-302 (see

INDEX

D-1

also Hawai'i Chicken Store) as teacher, 313-15, 317 on tsunami 1946, 307-13 on tsunami 1960, 318-22

Chow, Robert "Steamy" (interview), 2-57 757-58,961 background: childhood and family, 2-1 0;

early aspirations, 10; early jobs, 4-8, 10, 11; father's business, 2, 3-4, 19; schooling, 4, 10, 11

as interpreter, 10-11 as policeman, 14, 15, 28 on tsunami education, 53, 54-55 on tsunami 1946, 19-38; effects, 37-38; as

policeman, 21-22, 25, 30-31, 34, 39-40 on tsunami 1952,38-41,45 on tsunami 1957, 38-41, 45 on tsunami 1960, 43-55; as policeman, 46 on World War II, 11-19

Coca-Cola Bottling Company, 356 during tsunami 1946, 111, 356, 377, 378,

381,382,390 during World War II, 372

Cook family (Keaukaha), 663, 664, 666, 672, 673-74,859,860,863,864

DeCaires family (Laupahoehoe), 752, 804, 827, 831

Drake, Dorothy, 751,775,779,783,784,803 Duchin, Eddy. 336 Dudley, Walter C., 56, 758, 760

Eagle Laundry, 26, 352-53, 354, 355, 356, 368, 372, 375, 383 during World War II, 352-53, 369 tsunami 1946 damage, 378--79 See also Uchima, Masao

Ewbank, Wilbur "Weeb," 765

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), 865

Ferdun, Charles, 755, 778, 779, 785, 805, 830 Fe~dez,Leabert, 781,782,784,785,810 Fujimoto, Bunji (interview), 732-60

background: childhood and family, 732-43, 757; schooling, 732, 743-45, 747, 755

career, 755-56 military service, 756-57 on sugar plantation life, 738-43 on sugarcane flumes, 734-37 on tsunami 1946, 748-55, 759; loss of

brother, 750, 752-54 on tsunami 1960, 759 on World War D, 744, 745-47

Furtado, Juliette, 843,847-50,852,857-58, 860, 861, 863, 868, 872

Furtado, Richard (interview), 842-74 attitude towards ocean, 872 background: childhood and family, 842,

844-45; early jobs, 847, 853-54; ~booling,844,847,851

family meat business, 845-47 family in politics, 852, 53 on Lahaina, 844, 874 restaurant businesses, 855, 856-58, 866,

870, 872 on tsunami 1923, 855-56 on tsunami 1946, 8~5; aftermath,

864-66 on tsunami 1952, 868-69 on tsunami 1957, 869 on tsunami 1960, 869-71 on tsunami 1975, 873-74

Goya Brothers Service Station, 68-69, 70, 72, 74,97-98 tsunami 1946 damage, 73, 112 tsunami 1960 damage, 127-28, 132 See also Goya, May; Goya, Ronald

Goya, May (interview), 62-143 384-SS background: childhood and family, 78-84,

86-87, 93-95, 105-106; early jobs, 82, 85,88;~ge, 74-76,89-93; ~hooling,84,87-88

family businesses, 97, 105, 127-28, 133-40 on tsunami 1946, 1<>9-15; damage to

service station, 73, 112 on tsunami 1960, 126-33 on tsunamis, 141 on World Warn, 96-108 See also Goya Brothers Service Station;

May's Fountain Goya, Ronald (interview), 62-143

385,566

D-2

background: childhood and family, 62-()7, 70, 105-106; marriage, 74-76; schooling, 76, 77

family businesses: general merchandise store, 68-69, 70-74, 96, 112; lunch counter, 134-40; taxi, 97, 106; U-drive, 107, 113-14, 117-25, 127-28, 132

on tsunami 1946, 108-15 on tsunami 1960, 126-33 on tsunamis, 141-43 on World War ll, 96-108 See also Goya Brothers Service Station,

May's Fountain

Hakalau Plantation Company, 526, 712, 715-16,732,755, 799,809,900,969.See also Wailea Milling Company

IBmalrua Sugar Company, 915 Hamamoto Store, 381 Hata Dry Goods. See S. Hata Shoten S. Hata Shoten, 34, 207, 217, 218

decline, 217-18 de~ription, 209-10 tsunami 1960: dwmage,212; recovery,

213-14,215 See also Kagawa, Lyn

K. Hatada Bakery, 68, 224-27, 230-34, 235, 238,417 tsunami 1946: cleanup, 244-45; damage,

242-44; relocation and reopening, 246-48

See also Hatada, Riichi Hatada, Riicbi (interview), 2~53

background: childhood and family, 224-30, 234; ~hooting, 228

on K .. Hatada Bakery, 224-27, 230-34, 235-36

other jobs, 236, 238 on tsunami 1946, 241-46, 251 on tsunami 1960, 249, 250 on World War D, 237-41 See also K. Hatada Bakery

Hawai'i Chicken Store, 43, 212, 300-302, 333 tsunami 1946: dwmage, 307, 312, 313 tsunami 1960: dwmage, 319-20; recovery,

322 See also Chock, Laura

Hawai'i Consolidated Railway, 377,491,602, 834,929

Hawai'i Fishing Company, 929, 936 Hawai'i Planing Mill, 73, 96, 390 Hawai'i Redevelopment Agency, 36, 174, 175,

295,387-88,434,519 Hawaiian Cane Products Company, Ltd., 368 Hayakawa, Minena (interview), 148-76

background: childhood and family, 148-61, 177-91 (see also Saiki, Takaichi Rupert); early job, 162-63; schooling, 155-56, 161

on community service, 192 on Hilo Rice Mill [Co.], 16~76, 179-81;

as employee, 163, 192-93 on tsunami 1946, 164-68 on tsunami 1960, 169-76, 192-93 on World War n, 185-91 See also Hilo Rice Mill [Co.]

Heuer, Kapua (interview), 64(}..58 as administrative assistant, 647-49 background: childhood and family, 640-44,

649-50; schooling, 646 as ranch hand, 641-45 on tsunami 1946, 651-58 on tsunami 1960, 658

Hill, William H. ''Doc," 173, 245, 270-71, 543, 546

Hilo,3, 7,28,42-43, 263,30~304, 306,482, 882, 965. See also Tsunami 1946, Tsunami 1960, World War ll

Hilo Dry Goods Co., 405 Hilo Electric Light Co., Inc., 127, 238, 461,

462,533,540,662,703,879,912,922,927 Hilo Macaroni Factory, 68, 72, 225 Hilo Products, 409-10, 424-25, 431-32,

435-36 origins, 416-17 tsunami 1946: damage, 419-20, 429 tsunami 1960: damage, 429; effects,

424-25, 430, 433; preparations, 427; rec0very, 429-30

during World War ll, 424 See also Suzuki, Sadako

Hilo Rice Mill [Co.], 71, 179, 189, 434, 855, 955 as rice mill, 179-80 tsunami 1946: damage, 166-67; effect,

167-68 tsunami 1960: damage, 170-72; recovery,

172-74

D-3

as wholesale business, 180-81 during World War II, 188-89 See also Hayakawa, Minerva

Hilo Transportation Company, 33, 49, 236, 238,244,359,361,362,476,756,834

Hilo Transportation and Terminal Co., 887, 889

Hilo Yacht Cub, 33 Hirata, Takeshi (interview), 946-73

background: childhood and family, 966, 967, 968

as carpenter, 966, 968 in 442nd Regimental Combat Team, 966-67 on tsunami 1946, 968-72

cleanup, 969-71 on tsunami 1960, 970-73

Hirata, Violet (interview), 946-73 background: childhood and family, 946-52,

955, 962-63; schooling,952-53 on Okino Hotel, 946-60 (see also Okino

Hotel) other jobs, 959-60, 962 on tsunami 1946, 955-59 on World Warn, 947, 952-53, 954, 955

Hukilau Restaurant, 39, 40, 55, 412, 537, 695, 932

Ideal Meat Market, 333. See also Campainha, Catherine

International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union, 24, SO, 173, 176, 193, 89~94

I~.~oru, 753,805,811,828

Jaggar, Thomas A., 924-25 Johnso~Fay, 751,771,775,778-79,783,

784, 803, 805, 809 Johnston, Jeanne Branch (interview), 616-36

56,668 background: childhood and family, 616-25;

schooling, 625 onCanec,616,618-19,621 on Hilo, 634 on tsunami 1946, 625-35

Kagawa, Lyn (interview), 198-219 background: childhood and family,

198-200, 204-206, 208-209; schooling, 200,206

on S. Hata Shoten, 207-11 on tsunami 1946, 207-208 on tsunami 1960, 211-19; effect on

children, 216; effect on Hilo, 219 on World War II, 200; internment, 200-204 See also S. Hata Shoten

Kahanamoku, Anna, 852-53 KaJanjana'ole, Prince Jonah KiihiO, 918, KanuJd, Frank, 75G-51, 753, 776, 803-804 Kapeliela, Gabriel and Solomon, 808-809 Keaukaha, 621, 623, 663-64, 693-94, 858-59,

871. See also Tsunami 1946 Kennedy,C.C., 150,178,181,182 Kennedy family (Keaukaha), 629, 63{}-31, 632,

673,859 Kingseed, Helen, 751, 768, 771, 775, 778, 783,

784,803 Kino, Masuo (interview), 712-27

750, 752, 753 background: childhood and family, 712-18;

as Okinawan, 717; schooling, 716-19, 718-19

career, 725-'}Jj on tsunami 1946, 72{}-25 on World War II, 719

I. Kitagawa & Company, 69-70, 918 Kruse, Fred. 751, 776, 778, 804, 828 Kuniyuki, Asao, 806 G. Kuwahara Store, 390-91

Laeha family (Laupahoehoe), 773, 784 Lahaina, 844, 874 Lalakea family (Keaukaha), 663, 672, 674,

859' 860, 862 The Lanai, 867, 869, 870. See also Furtado,

Richard Laupahoehoe, 773, 774, 776. See also Tsunami

1946 Laupahoehoe Sugar Company, 818 Lee, Min, 758 Low, James (interview), 258-96

background: childhood and family, 258-61, 263-65, 273-76, 285; schooling, 261~2.287

crack seed business, 286--87 military service, 271-73 on Sun Sun Lau Chop Sui House, 262-63,

266,267,269-70,276,285 on tsunami 1946, 276--84

D-4

on tsunami 1960, 287-89 Luscomb, Harold (interview), 878-908

background: childhood and family, 878-81; early jobs, 887; schooling, 881-82, 885-87

career, 888-96, 903-904 on Indonesia, 904-905 on sugar industry, 888-96, 905-907 on tsunami 1960, 896; cleanup, 897-902 on World War II, 882

McGinnis, Marsue. See McShane, Marsue McGinnis

McShane, Marsue McGinnis (interview), 765-91 726,750,751,803,810 background: childhood and family, 7~;

schooling, 767~8 on Laupahoehoe School, 772-73 on racism, 790 as teacher, 768-75, 788-89; aspirations 769,

773, 783-84 on tsunami 1946, 777-86; open-sea rescue,

781-82; reflections of, 790; written account, 786

on tsunami 1960, 787 Mamo Pool Hall, 332-33, 334-35

tsunami 1960, 345 See also Campainha, Catherine

Marino, Donald, 6-7 Martin, Delores, 853 Martin, George, 173 Mason, Charles, 56 Mauna Loa, 1942 eruption, 12-13, 99-100,

239,885 May's Fountain, 113-14, 117-25, 384

tsunami 1960, 127-28, 132, 392 See also Goya, May; Goya, Ronald

Nakano, Peter, 75G-51, 753, 776, 785 National Guard, 31,379,384,385,534,933 Naval Air Station, 35, 99, 104, 353, 369, 387,

415,535,600,603,605,633,861 Nishimoto, Herbert (interview), 796-813

781, 828 background: childhood and family,

796-800; schooling, 800, 802-803; suga plantation jobs, 799

family store, 796-97, 801-802

military service, 800--801, 812 on tsunami 1946, 803-12; effect, _812; open­

sea rescue, 808--809; survival efforts, 806--808, 810, 811

Ohashi, James T. (essay), 978--80 background: family, 979 on tsunami 1946 (Kaua'i), 978--80

Okino, Hayato (interview), 912-42 auto supply business, 932 background: childhood and family, 912-15,

916, 919, 924, 9'1:7; schooling, 928 on fiShing, 917 on tsunami 1923, 924-27 on tsunami 1946,931,939-40 on tsunami 1960, 932-42 on tsunami places of origin, 932, 940-41

Okino Hotel, 946-49, 960 employees, 947, 948, 949 operations,950-52 pattons,947,949,950 during tsunami 1946, 955-57 during World War II, 947, 952-53 See also Hirata, Violet

'Ola'a Sugar Company, 553, 616, 649. See also Puna Sugar Company

Pacific Tsunami Museum, 56-57, 542, 757-58 Paramount Grill, 605-607 Pence, ~. 576 The Ponds, 856, 857-58, 862. See also

Furtado, Richard Puna Sugar Company, 616, 617. See also

'Ola'a Sugar Company Pung, Eloise Ahuna (interview), 682-707

background: childhood and family, 682-94, 701; schooling, 689-91

jobs, 706 on Keaukaha, 693-94 on tsunami 1946, 694-701 on tsunami 1960, 702-705; preparations,

705-706

Riviera, Alexander (interview), 526-47 background: childhood and family, 526-30,

536, 541-42; schooling, 528, 529 career in printing, 530, 543-47 other jobs, 543 on printing company and union activity,

D-5

543-46 on tsunami 1946, 530-39; fear of ocean,

541 on tsunami 1960, 539-41

Ruddle Sales & Service Co., Ltd., 920-21, 930 tsunami 1946, 930

Saiki, Takaichi Rupert, 150, 160, 177-85, 854-SS, 859,865 community activities, 184-85 as community leader, 190 as father, 156-58, 161, 182-83 and Hilo Rice Mill [Co.], 150, 180, 191 jobs, 160, 178, 179 World War II internment, 185-87, 190-91

Sakai, Kimiko Kuwana (interview), 552-611 as army wife, 572-74 background: childhood and family, 552-66,

569-72, 574-75, 581-82, 585, 588-89, 591-93, 610-11; early jobs, 558, 568---69; schooling, 55~ 57, 562-63, 565-66

as cook,60~ on husband as fisherman, 569, 576, 582-83 on New Year celebrations, 583-85 on Pahoa, 559-564 on tsunami 1960, 593-605; effect on

family, 602-604, 609; temporary blindness, 601

Sakakihara, Thomas, 364 The Salvation Army, 246, 334 Seaside Restaurant, 656, 651, 864 Shigemasa, June (interview), 440-69

background: childhood and family, 440-52, 457-58, 465-66, 467-68; religion, 467; schooling, 446, 450-51, 456

on tsunami 1946, 452-56; effect on Tenri-kyo ministry, 457

on tsunami 1960, 459-65; effect on family, 462-68

on World War II internment, 446-50 Shinmachi, 66, 228, 252, 265, 266, 359-60,

363-64,373,441--44,476,478,536,929 athletic teams, 360 businesses, 69, 359-60 reunions, 251, 373, 389-90 tsunamis: effect, 373, 384, 389, 390-91;

memorial monument, 373 See also Tsunami 1946, Tsunami 1960

Small Business Administration, 114, 175, 208, 295-96

Stanley, Albert (interview), 818-37 background: childhood and family, 818-23,

825-26; schooling, 823 jobs, 834-37 political issues, 823-24 on racial discrimination, 822-23 on tsunami 1946, 827-31

Star Bakery. Set K. Hatada Bakery Suisan Company, Ltd., 42, 47, 48, 64, 66, 70,

228,229,385,386,396,406,477,478, 486, 518, 531, 533, 535, 578, 593, 912, 916-17,918,923,927,929

Sun Sun Lau Clop Sui House, 262-63, 266, 267-68,276,291-93 tsunami 1946: damage, 282-83; recovery,

283, 284 tsunami 1960: damage, 288-89; recovery,

289-90, 295-96 during World War ll, 268-69 See also Low, James

Suzuki, Sadako (interview), 402-36 background: childhood and family, 402-14,

416-18, 421-24, 435; schooling, 411, 412-14

on Hilo Products, 414, 416-17, 424-36, 431-32, 435-36

on tsunami 1946, 418-21 on tsunami 1960, 424-36; loss of family

members, 425-26, 428 on World War IT, 414-16, 424

Takaki, Fusae (interview), 474-91 382, 387 background: childhood and family, 474-76,

478-82 on Shinmacbi, 476, 477-78 on tsunami_ 1946, 476-78, 480, 482-91; loss

of family members, 482-86 Takemoto, Takashi, 806 Todd, Josephine Nelson (interview), 496-521

background: childhood and family, 496-507,511-12; schooling,503-504, 507

on meeting Queen Lili'uokalani, 503-504 as teacher, 507-511 on tsunami 1946, 513-18; damage, 516 on tsunami 1960, 518-21

D-6

on Villa Franca, 498-99, 502 Tsunwni 1923,537,787,855-56,923

d:_:; ;age, 926-27 ..taui 855-56

fatality, 926 Tsunwni 1946

damage, 19, 21, 23, 24, 34, 115, 116, 166-67,242-43,307,313,352,375, 377-79,419-20,533,587,626,657, 669,671,700,723,749,751,788,789, 831-32,861,930,931

effects: on businesses, 33, 36, 113, 115, 116, 356, 421, 429-31, 861, 866, 871 (see also Cafe 100, Eagle Laundry, Goya Brothers Service Station, S. Hata Shoten, K. Hatada Bakery, Hawai'i Chicken Store, Hilo Products, Hilo Rice Mill [Co.], Hilo Transportation Company, Hukilau Restaurant, Mamo Pool Hall, May's Fountain, Okino Hotel, Sun Sun Lau Chop Sui House); on community, 675-76; on food supply, 33

gathering seafood during wave recession, 243,419,532,695,831

on Kaua'i, 978-80 looting,25,379,384 military assistance, 669, 781, 807 (see also

National Guard) NatioruUGuard, 31,379,384,385,534 onlookers, 26, 53, 418 preparations, 513 recovery: cleanup, 24, 31, 383--34, 657,

969-71; rebuilding, 36, 114-15, 283, 632, 634, 670, 956; relocation, 35, 245, 488-89, 861

relief assistance: government, 36 (see also American Red Cross; The Salvation Army)

restricted access to disaster area, 278, 379, 930,957

smells, 24, 30, 40, 283, 455, 537, 669, 958 sounds,375, 381,455,630,651-52,658 support: families, 35, 633, friends, 116,

311-12, military, 632 temporary morgue, 24, 378 victims: fatalitieS, 24, 111, 244, 279, 377,

378, 381, 532, 581, 655, 657, 673, 750-51,752,753,781, 785,805; survivors, 110, 142, 242-44, 277-78,

279,281-82,380-81,516,533,652, 723,749,750-51,808,955-56

warning system: lack of, 45, 51, 277, 386; result of, 39-40, 45, 51, 343, 833

wave recession, 22, 516, 531, 532, 695, 721,748,749,777,804,827,940

waves (description), 21, 22, 164, 277, 281, 308,309,375-76,383,517,532,651, 721,749,752,828,829,832-33,862, 863,939-40

Tsunami 1952, 38, 40, 41, 868-69 warning system, 40, 868

Tsunami 1957, 38, 40, 41, 45, 539, 869 smells, 40 victims, 40, 45 warning system, 40, 45, 46

Tsunami 1960, 43, 46, 392 blackout, 47-48, 395, 540, 597 (see also

Hilo Electric Light Co., Inc.) as blessing, 141, 293, 465 ~ge,35,44,48-49, 127-29,319,

463-64,702,705,870,871,934 effects: on businesses, 293-96, 345, 933; on

Hilo, 219, 434 false sense of security, 44, 45, 52, 55, 126,

288,318,392,519,581,594,595, 932-33

looting, 171 National Guard, 933 preparations, 169-70, 211, 288, 459,

593-94,932,935-36 recovery: cleanup, 50, 51-52, 172-73,

897-902, 937; rebuilding, 213-14, 322, 971-72; relocation, 50, 173, 295, 345, 433-34,463-65,520,937-39

restricted access to disaster area, 171, 385, 427-28

smells, 594 sounds, 127,319,459,540,972 support: businesses, 132-33, 213, 898-902;

community, 213, 215, 429; families, 429; government (tax credit), 173

victims: fatalities, 47, 217, 321, 393, 394, 428-29, 461-62, 519, 595; survivors, 47, 131,319-20,428-29,461-62,533-34, 595,597,870,933

warning system, 41, 46, 169, 321-22, 392-93,704,869,932,972

Tsunami 1975, 215-16, 873-74

D-7

Tsunami 1986, 52 Tsunami 1994, 41, 54, 758-59

waves (description), 211, 212 Tsunamis (general), 396

awareness or lack thereof, 51, 53--54, 109, 277-78,309-10,341,375-76,386,419, 530,531,697,748,758-59,829,856

education on, 53,54-55,395,468 denial of assistance, 245-46, 387-88, 489 siren warning system, 115, 395, 787, 868 (see also Tsunami 1946; Tsunami 1960)

Uchima, Masao (interview), 352-97 background: childhood and family, 352-67;

schooling, 352, 355 on Eagle Laundry, 352-53, 354, 355, 356,

368-69,372,375,379,383 jobs, 356, 392 on tsunami 1946, 375-84, 386-89, 391-92; ~ge, 378-80; effect on father, 389

on tsunami 1960, 384-85, 387-88, 392-97 on World War ll, 369-92

Unions. See International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union

VanGieson, Lenore K. (interview), 662-77 865 background: childhood and family, 662-66;

schooling, 665 as Hawaiian, 665 on Keaukaha, 663-64 on tsunami 1946, 667-77 on World War ll, 663

W~ea, 267,361-62,579-81,586,588-90, 912,915,916-19,928-30 athletics, 360-61; Waiak:ea Pirates, 361,

362-63 residences: camps, 912, 916, 919, 922, 930,

967; Waiakea Houselots, 923-24, 926, 929, 932,

Wa.i!kea Mill Company, 65, 150, 178, 229, 368,650

Wailea Milling Company, 732, 738, 799. See also Hakalau Plantation Company

Weight, Leslie A., 35, 656 World War ll

air raid shelters, 100-101, 719-20 atomic bombs, 771

blackout, 11, 12, IS, 98, 99, 239, 745, 884

boat confiscation. 569, 576 censoring, 241 curfew, 239 draft, 237-38 Federal Bureau of Investigation, 187, 202 442nd Regimental Combat Team, 237,

966-67,970 Hilo: attack on, 12; businesses during, 13,

19, 96-98, 106-107, 268, 338, 353, 883; ethnic makeup during, 17, 883-84

Japanese, 101, 238, 239, 240, 371, 415,476,

D-8

719, 746; internment, 102, 186--88, 199, 200-204, 446-50, 720 (see also Kagawa, Lyn; Saiki, Takaichi Rupert; Shigemasa, June); property confiscation, 204

martial law, 16, 96, 145, 746 military occupation of Hawai'i island,

11-12, 17, 18, 96, 99, 103-104, 240-41, 371-72

rationing, 96, 97, 102, 239, 369-70, 512, 574, 931

travelresbictions, 107-108 Victory Corps, 799 Women's Air Raid Defense, 15

TSUNAMIS REMEMBERED: Oral Histories of Survivors and Observers in Hawai'i

Volutn.e I

Center for Oral History Social Science Research Institute

University of Hawai'i at Manoa

April2000