chronological stratification of the vocabulary of finnish
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Chronological stratification of the vocabulary of Finnish. Kaisa Häkkinen Sagadi Manor 27.8.2010. Periods of development of Finnish. Pre-Finnic period Proto-Finnic period ( early – middle – late ) Ancient/Early Finnish –1150 Medieval Finnish 1150—1540 - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chronological stratification of the vocabulary of Finnish
Kaisa HäkkinenSagadi Manor 27.8.2010
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Periods of development of Finnish
• Pre-Finnic period• Proto-Finnic period(early – middle – late)• Ancient/Early Finnish –1150 • Medieval Finnish 1150—1540 _______________________________- Old (literary) Finnish 1540—1810- Early Modern Finnish 1810—1880- Modern Finnish 1880—
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Composition of vocabulary
Two kinds of words: content words (kala ’fish’) and grammatical words (ja ’and’)
Two kinds of origins: genuine words and loanwordsThree kinds of word structure: - Basic words = indivisible, monomorphemic
word(stem)s (ilma ’air, sky’)- Derived words = stem + suffix(es) (ilmo-i-tta-a ”throw
in the air” ’announce’)- Compound words = two or more basic or derived
words (maa+ilma ”earth”+”sky” ’world’)
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Most of the words of Modern Finnish are either derivatives or compounds
e.g. in Nykysuomen sanakirja ’Dictionary of Modern Standard Finnish (about 207 000 lexical entries)
- Basic words 8,6 %- Derivatives 26,6 %- Compounds 64,8 %
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Unlimited number of new words can be created by using old words and suffixes as ”bricks”
yksi : yhte-nä : yhde-n : yh-tä : yks-i-ä (sgr. *ükte ’one’)yhdeksän < *ykt-e-ksä ’9’ = ”one is missing” (? yh-deksän < arj.)
(sm.-volg.)yks-i-nä-än ’alone’ = ”one + PL + loc/ess+ 3rd px”yksi-sarvi-nen ’unicorn’ Agricola 1551 ”one + horn + with”yksi-lö ’individual’ (neologism by Volmari Kilpinen 1847)yks-iö ’one-room flatlet’ (middle of the 20th century)yks-i-t-y-is-ty-ä ’to become private’ (2000-2010)
Etymological research concentrated on word stems
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Crucial questions
• Which of the words/stems of modern Finnish come from the Pre-Finnic protolanguage(s)?
• Which of the words/stems are genuine and which are borrowed?
• What are the sources of the borrowed words?• When were they borrowed?• Why were they borrowed?• What can the words tell about the world?
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Pre-Finnic (Proto-Finno-Ugric) period
• Represents the shared past of virtually all Uralic languges
• Earliest contacts with Indo-European (and other?) languages ( loanwords)
• Cultural stage: Stone age• Sources of livelyhood: fishing, hunting,
gathering• Domestic animals: dogs and ?
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Semantic fields typical of the oldest (genuine) vocabulary e.g.
• personal relations, relatives• body parts• numerals (esp. small numbers)• basic dimensions• environment (weather, terrain, animals,
plants) • living• basic states and processes.
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A perfect etymology: an exampleFinnish silmäSaami čalbmiErzya śeľ meMari šińčaKomi śinUdmurt śinMansi samKhanti semHungarian szemNenets sew Proto-Uralic *śilmä
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A bad etymology: another exampleFinnish löytääSaami -Mordwin -Mari -Komi -Udmurtti -Mansi -Khanti -Hungarian lelSamoyed - ?sgr. *lewδä-
?sgr. *lewtä- < *lewe-tä- A more plausible explanation:
Balto-Finnic löytä- < germ. Χleutan-
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Examples of well-established etymologies of Proto-Uralic origin
Relatives: anoppi, emä, isä, miniä, nato, neiti, setäBody parts: luu, maksa, polvi, poski, pää, silmä,
suoni, suu, sydän, syliAnimals: kala, koira, kurki, kyy, pesä, pyyNature: joki, koivu, kuu, kuusi, maa, muurain,
putki, puu, suvi, tuomiWork: jousi, kuras, nuoli, nysi = lysi, otava, punoa,
pura, sysi, tuli, tymä, äimä
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Contacts with Indo-Europeans, but when and where?
Some of the oldest loansPU: myydä, nimi, pelätä,
punoa, pura, vesi
FU: ajaa, kulkea, salko, suoni, tuoda, vetää, *wosa (> ostaa).
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Geographical distribution of old Indo-European languages
Indo-iranian loanwordsherätä, juoda, jyvä, jäädä, kehrä,
mehiläinen, sata, syntyä, vene, vermen, verso
ahnas, aisa, aiva(n), apu, arvo, huhta, jumala, juoda, juoni, kota, maksaa, mana, marras, nitoa, oras ’karju’, orja, orpo, osa, paksu, paras, porsas, saada, sammas/sampo, sarvi, sitoa, sota, suka, suvaita, suoda, suoli, taivas, talas, utare, varsa, vasa,
vasara, viha, voi, vuori, vuosi.
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Proto-Finnic period
• Location: Baltic Sea Region• Contacts with some Indo-European
neighbours (Baltic, German, Slavic)• Dating: Bronze Age, beginning of the Iron Age• Ways of living: cattle breeding and farming, in
addition to fishing, hunting and gathering
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Well-established etymologies of Early Proto-Finnic period (Finnic-Saami)
relatives: veli, ylkä, ämmä (alk. ’iso’?)Body parts: potka, raajaAnimals: ilves, mäkäräNature: orko, pälvi, salmi, sauna (!), somer,
suvanto, tanner, törmäAction: jatkaa, keino, matka, potea, tahtoa,
vannoaElse: hopea, ihme, jalo, kannus, kyllä, liki, luja,
nuori, sakea, selkeä, vaka, vika, virkeä.
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Well-established etymologies of Late Proto-Finnic period
• leski• kylki, perna, varvas• laine, latva, niemi, oja, pensas, saari, suo, vesa• hepo, jänis, kavio• kirja, neuvo, riista, sana, velka, vyyhti• loppu, läpi, molempi, noja, seka, vajaa, ympäri• kipeä, kova, matala, musta, sitkeä, sokea, tuore, valmis, väljä• lentää, maata, nousta, paisua, pettää, puuttua, voida, vääntää
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Indo-European and Finnic cultures encountering? (Source: Matti Huurre, 9000 vuotta Suomen esihistoriaa)
• Some examples of loans
• itää, kasa ’edge’, kaski, kasvaa, kesä, kyrsä, lehti/lehto, lansi ’alava maa’, maja, pohtaa, rohto, tahdas, tehdas, teho
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Some examples Old Germanic loanwords
Body parts: Hartia, kallo, lantio, maha, napa, otsa, raivoHealth, beauty: Arpi, haava, rupi, sairas, tauti, vaiva, vamma; Kampa, parta, saippuaClothing, materials: aivina, huopa, kangas, liina, riepu, vaate; Kaide, lanka, neula, taina ’puola’,
tiuhta ’pirta’; hame, lakki, paita, sukka, vaippa, vanttuutHunting, fishing: Hauta, pantio ’linnunansa’, paula, rita, väkä; kauris, mäyrä, nahka, raha, valas;
havas, merta, nuotta, siima, täky, verkko; siika, silakka, silli, turskaAgriculture: Aljo, kana, lammas, nauta, teuras; karja, katras, lauma, liuta, suota; aura, pelto,
vainio, vannas ; lanta, levä, tade, tunkio, turve; humala, kaura, laukka, liina, maltsa, ruisFood: kattila, leipä, malja, mallas, murkina, ?olut, rapa, ruoka, seula, taikina, vierre, viinaTrade: Kauppa, laina, markka, mitta, raha, vuokraTransport: Kelkka, keula, ohja, raitti, ratsas, satula, silat; airo, keula, laiva, lautta, parras, purje,
pursi, ruuhi, tela Building, technics: Kammio, kartano, lato, telta, tupa; ahjo, kulta, melto, palje, rauta, ruoste, tina;
aira, kiila, lukko, napakaira, naula, nuija, rengas, sahaWar, social order: Huotra, keihäs, miekka, tuppi; airut, haltija, kihla, kuningas, lupa, ruhtinas,
valta; murha, sakko, tuomio, varas
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Some examples of old Baltic loanwords
Personal relations: Heimo, kaima, morsian, seura, sisar, tytär Body parts: Hammas, kaula, leuka, reisiBuilding, technics: aisa, harja, hirsi, malka, orsi, seinä, seiväs, vaaja; hihna,
kappaleTransport: keli, ratasClothing: kurpponen, kypärä, rihmaTools: Kirves, luuta, mäntä, taula, terva, tuuraAnimals: Ankerias, hanhi, herhiläinen, hirvi, käärme, lohi, rastas, tarvas, Agriculture, cattle herding: Karsina, luhta, ohra, puuro, siemen, tarha, vako,
villa; härkä , oinas, vuohi, vuona, väive; halla, heinä, herne, helle, härmä, kirsi, routa
Else: Ahdas, harmaa, kelta, kerta, laiska, loma, meri, perkele, salo, virka, virsi, virta
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Ancient/Early Finnish• Iron Age• Contacts with scandinavian
and slavic languages• Development of main dialect
areasSome Scandinavian loans:auskari, äyskäri < ksk. *auskaRa, nr.
öskerhumala < kgerm. *Xumalan-, nr. humlevaaka < mr. vāgh, msaks. wâga <
kgerm. wēзō-
Map: Matti Huurre, 9000 vuotta Suomen esihistoriaa
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Old Russian loanwords• Tools: Atrain, kassara, katiska,
luokka, sirppi, taltta, tappara• Clothing: Kasukka, kuontalo,
palttina, pirta, saapas, viitta, virsu, värttinä
• Food: Kiisseli, lusikka, naatti, papu, piirakka, ravita, talkkuna
• Building: Akkuna, läävä, pätsi, veräjä
• Relations: Kuoma, suntio• State: Apea, sääli, tuska, vapaa• Misc. Laatia, määrä, suunta,
virsta
• risti < Old Russian krĭstŭ ’cross’ < Germ. Krist ’Kristus, Jesus’ << Greek khrīstós ’the Lord’s anointed’
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Some genuine (?) words attested only in Finnish
• aava (= aapa?), hiven (vrt. hippu), hyönteinen, jäykkä (ka, vi < sm.), kellua, kiivetä, komea (ka < sm.), kuultaa, kuvottaa, kömpelö, luihu, nuohota (< nuoha, deskr.?), rotko (?< rotkottaa, deskr.), soihtu, sävel, untuva (?< untu- ’lientyä’ yms.), vaurio, ynseä, äveriäs.
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Middle Ages (1150—1550)• Christianity• International trade (Hansa)• National borderline (Pähkinäsaari 1323) • Swedish law and order• European culture• Literacy (Latin, Swedish, Low German)
Some examples of Swedish loans
• fanki, huovi, jaarli, laki, lääni, raastupa, raati, duomari, tulkki
• kiiras(tuli), rippi, sielu• dilli, pyökki• aurtua• faari, herra, kummi, muori, renki, rouva• harppu• falski• holvata, porstua, tiili, torni
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Main fairways of the Hansa traders speaking Middle Low German (Map: Risto Kari, Suomen keskiaika; Words: Mikko Bentlin)
Loaned directly• ammatti, hovi, räätäli, vuokra• häät, kirkko, lanko, rauha, rouva• laasti, peitsi, puukko, rikki (S), rysä, touvi• kousa, leiviskä• himphamppu, (kala)kukko, monni, ovela,
rehti, rypäle• entä, vaan
Changing environments• Castles, towns, main roads
new words for building, materials, techniques
• Town residents – country people
• New occupations (merchants, sailors, craftsmen)
Loaned via Swedish (?)
aami, kippunta, konsti, nikkari, peili, ryöväri, sälli, tomppeli
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Cultural invasion of Latin (and Greek)
• Roman catholic church borrowing of ecclesiastic terminology
• Education, literacy, translation borrowing of the learned vocabulary (scientific, medical, musical etc.)
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Some international loanwords attested in the works of Mikael Agricola
• aaloe, aloe (Agr. 1544 & UpsEk); < vur < kys < lat < kr < hepr
• aamen (Agr. 1543 & UpsEk) <ru, sa, lat, kr < hepr.• aami (Agr. 1552) < mmr < kas < lat < kr• aasi (Agr. 1548) < mr < v-ra < lat• abba (Agr. 1544) JlisC ”ett syriskt ord” s.v. apotti<< aram
abbaa ’isä’• adventti (Agr. 1544) <mr < lat• almusa (Agr. 1548; B 1642 almu) < mmr < mys << kr• alttari, (halttari = alttari < mr tms) (Agr. 1544) <mr <mas
< lat• amalekiitti ’amalekilainen’ (Agr. 1544)• ametisti (Agr. 1548)• amma amma ’imettäjä’ (Agr. 1548) <mmr < mys ym< kr• amoniteri ’ammonilainen’ (Agr. 1544)• amori ’amorilainen’ (Agr.1544) • antikristus (Agr. 1544)• apostoli (Agr. 1544 & UpsEk)< mmr < klat <kr (mahd.
myös < ven)• apotti (Agr. 1544) < mmr < ags <klat < kr < aram
• arabi (Agr. 1548)• ariaani ’areiolainen’ (Agr. 1544)• arkki, arkka ’Nooan arkki’ (Agr. 1548), arkki ’kirstu’ (Agr.
1544) < vur < lat• assyyri ’assyrialainen’ (Agr. 1551) (Agr. myös assyreri)• aurto, aurtua vanha ruots. raha (Agr. 1548) < mr
• babyloneri, babylonia, babyloniainen ’babylonialainen’(Agr. 1552)
• balsami (Agr. 1544) < mr < lat < kr < seemil• bedellion ’erään palsamikasvin pihka t. hartsi’ (Agr
1549)• berylli (Agr. 1548 berillus) • betonika ’rohtopähkämö’ (Agr. 1544)• biblia (Agr. 1544) < vur. <kr
• diktata ’selitellä’ (Agr. 1548) vrt. saksan 1545 tichten• dikteerata ’sepittää, puhua’ (Agr. 1548)• dilli (Agr. 1548) < mmr vur msaks ym.• disputeerata’väitellä’(Westh)
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Written Finnish was created by translationThe Lord’s Prayer in Sebastian Münster’s Cosmographia 1544
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The Swedish dominion in the 17th century
• Political and cultural dominance of the Swedish realm thousands of new loanwords (incl. proper names)
• New categories of social order (nobility – clergy – burgess – common people)
• Well-organised government; body of civil servants (offices, posts, ranks)
• Army, navy (military ranks, war supplies)• Education, academies
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19th century, nationalism, dialect struggle
Some ”new” words, taken from folk poetry
Eräs, etevä, hietikko, keruu, leivonta, nuoriso, otanta, pesintä, sortuma, taatto, taru, tutkinta, urhea, yritelmä
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A huge amount of new derivatives, e.g.
• -’: liike, luonne, murre, paine, taide, tiede, äänne• -iO: eliö, ilmiö, kaavio, keittiö, kuutio, olio, valtio• -jA: kustantaja, näyttelijä, runoilija, säveltäjä• -kAs: arvokas, itsekäs, nerokas, nisäkäs, osakas• -ke’: eläke, osake, sarake, vahvike, vastike• -lA: hoitola, huvila, kahvila, kylpylä, myymälä, sairaala• -lmA: asetelma, ajatelma, esitelmä, järjestelmä• -mA: sattuma, valikoima, väittämä; haavauma• -ntO: havainto, johdanto, lausunto, opinto• -stO: aineisto, arkisto, eläimistö, kalusto, opisto• -tAr: hengetär, jumalatar, kaunotar, runotar
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New elements for word formation
• -logi << kr. –logos ’talking about X’, e.g. astrologi < < astrológos ”(a person who) talks about stars” ’fortuneteller’; model for hippologi, kosmetologi, ufologi
• - nomi << kr. nomos ’(knowledge of, authority over X)’, esim. astronomi << astronómos ”a person who has knowledge of /authority over stars”; model for restonomi, koiranomi.
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Some new trends of word formation of Standard Finnish
• Abbreviations (luonnonmukainen ’with nature’s requirements’ luomu)
• Hybrids (kurppa + viklo kurppelo)• Language-internal loans (slang, professional
language, terminology of special lines of work)