chromosomes 8-1
DESCRIPTION
CHROMOSOMES 8-1. http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm. DNA. Found in NUCLEUS Carries the genetic code. http://encarta.msn.com/media_461516495/Nucleus_of_a_Cell.html. NUCLEIC ACIDS are built from subunits called ____________________. Image by: Riedell. Changing the - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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CHROMOSOMES8-1
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DNAFound in NUCLEUS
Carries the genetic code
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm
http://encarta.msn.com/media_461516495/Nucleus_of_a_Cell.html
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NUCLEIC ACIDS are built from subunits called
____________________
Image by: Riedell
Changing the _____________and _______________produces different subunits
sugar
nitrogen base
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5 NITROGEN BASES
_____________= A
_____________ = G
_____________ = C
______________ = T (only in DNA)
______________= U (only in RNA)
ADENINEGUANINECYTOSINETHYMINEURACIL
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DNA molecule forms a HELIXor “twisted ladder”
A on one strand always bonds with T opposite it
G on one strand always bonds with C opposite it
Image from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/dna_bases.gif
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SPREAD OUT INNON-DIVIDING CELLS
SCRUNCHED UPIN DIVIDINGCELLS
DNA CAN BE:
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PROTEINS that wrap up DNA
are called __________________
http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol114/Chap01/chrom_struct.html
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PROTEINS
Proteins- Combine with DNA to make chromosomes
Image from: http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch331/dna/chromosome.gif
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Proteins that control the activity of genes are called ________________
http://www.blc.arizona.edu/courses/181summer/14.html
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Cells turn genes on or off as needed (part of differentiation)
Example: Genes for making digestive enzymes are turned off in brain cells
Genes for making neurotransmitters are turned on
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NON-HISTONES are the “on-off” switches for genes
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CELL DIVISION GENES
Some cells divide frequently(some human skin cells divide once/hour)
Some cells divide occasionally (liver cells divide about once/year)
Some cells don’t divide once they form (nerve cells)
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Cancer cells have lost control of their cell division genes
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Cancer cells• Don’t stop dividing• Like a “car with no brakes”• Can spread to new places
(METASTASIS)
• ______________ are substances that can damage DNA
Ex: Radiation, cigarette smoke, chemicals in environment
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DNA in PROKARYOTES
• BACTERIAL DNA is CIRCULAR
• HAVE ONE CHROMOSOME
• ATTACHED TO CELL MEMBRANE
http://www.origin-life.gr.jp/3202/3202121/fig6.jpg
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DNA in EUKARYOTES(Plants & Animals)
• DNA is ROD-SHAPED CHROMOSOMES
• MANY PAIRS
• FOUND IN NUCLEUS
http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/chrom2.jpg
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Chromosome structure• ___________________
2 identical arms
• __________________
constricted area holds chromatids together
•__________________ PAIR
2 of each chromosome(one from mom; one from dad)
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HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES
http://arnica.csustan.edu/biol3020/cell_division/cell_division.htm
• SAME SIZE
• SAME SHAPE
• CARRY GENES for the SAME TRAITS
(Don’t have to have the SAME CHOICES)
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CHROMOSOME NUMBERS• Each species has a
characteristic number of chromosomes
• HUMANS have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
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You can’t judge a critter by its chromosomes
This critter has54 chromosomes
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Corn has 10 pair of chromosomes
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Snails have 18 pairs of
chromosomes
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A mouse has 40 chromosomes
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CHROMOSOME NUMBER DOESN’T CORRESPOND TO SIZE OF ORGANISM
Big animals DON’T have more chromosomes than small animals!
http://www.ocean.udel.edu/extreme2004/genomics/images/chromosomes.gif
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• Chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism = _________________________
• All other chromosomes = _________________
Humans have two sex chromosomes
And _____ autosomes
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A _____________is a picture of an organism’s chromosomes
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A KARYOTYPE can tell the sex of an organism
In humans XY is a male
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In humans XX is a female
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Guess who?
XY
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Karyotypes can also show some genetic problems
http://members.tripod.com/~yenial/chromosome.html
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Eric has Down’s Syndrome
1 in 750 births
Has extra #21 chromosome
Mental retardation
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DIPLOID & HAPLOID Some cells have 2 copies of each
chromosome = _______________
(one from mom; one from dad)
• All BODY cells are diploid
Image from: http://www.ncu.edu.tw/~ls/graph/faculty_pictures/whole_time/SLC/SLC_lab-1.jpg
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DIPLOID & HAPLOID
Some cells have only one copy of each chromosome = ____________________
All sperm and egg cells are haploid
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EGG + SPERM
If egg and sperm had same number of chromosomes as other body cells …. baby would have too many chromosomes!
http://www.angelbabygifts.com/
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CELL DIVISION8-2
Mitosis and Meiosis
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CELL DIVISION in PROKARYOTES
Bacteria
reproduce
using__________________
•DNA is copied•Cell wall forms•Cell splits into two new cells
http://www.tnau.ac.in/notesbscag/agm/UGMicro/AGM151_201/theory_files/image156.jpg
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CELL DIVISION IN
EUKARYOTES
__________ OR __________
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MITOSIS• Makes ____ cells
identical to parent cell
• Makes _____ cells
• Makes _______ cells
• Used to _____________& ____________________________________
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MEIOSIS• Makes ____ cells with
different DNA
• Makes _____ cells
• Makes ____________
• Used ______________
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CELL CYCLE
G0
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CELL CYCLEINTERPHASE – non dividing phase
G1- Grow bigger Cell is “doing its job”
DNA is spread out as chromatin
S - Synthesis (copy DNA)
G2- Grow bigger, make organelles & molecules needed for cell division
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CELL CYCLEMITOSIS – Cell division
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
G0 – cell stops dividing (Ex: nerve cell)
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INTERPHASE (G1 - S - G2)
In between divisionsCells are in this phase most of the timeCan see nucleus DNA spread out as chromatin
Can’t see chromosomes DNA gets copied
Cell gets ready to divide
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PROPHASE1st dividing phase
Spindle fibers form & attach chromosomes
Nuclear membrane & nucleolus disappear
DNA scrunches into chromosomes
Centrosomes containing centrioles appear & move to poles
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METAPHASE
Chromosomes line up in ___________
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ANAPHASE
Centrioles pull chromosomes ________
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TELOPHASE (reverse prophase steps)See ______ nucleiNuclear membrane & nucleolus return
Chromosomes spread out as chromatinCentrioles disappear
Spindle fibers disappear
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CYTOKINESISCytoplasm splits into 2 cells
ANIMAL CELLS pinch cytoplasm in two with a ______________________
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CYTOKINESISCytoplasm splits into 2 cells
PLANT CELLS can’t pinch because they have a ______________
Separate cytoplasm by growing a _________________ down the middle.
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CELL CYCLE
G0