christian europe emerges 600

8/7/2019 Christian Europe Emerges 600

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Christian Europe Emerges 600-1200

The Byzantine Empire 600-1200Byzantine Emperors

Maintained Roman ruling practice/TraditionsImperial law

Differs from provincial law of WestAbsent in Western European kingdoms

Used imperial role/ political dominanceRole of Christian Monarchs

An empire beguiledSingle supreme rulers of politics and religion

Prevented breakup of East empire into principalities

Losses of LandSapped strength of Empire634-650-Arab armies capture Byzantine

Syria, and TunisiaByzantine fell to Muslim conquest 14532/3 of Population in captured areas

IslamCrusaders

Established principalities on east end of

Mediterranean Sea in 11th

centuryHostile toward Byzantines

Byzantine opponentsGermanic MigrationsSlavic/Turkic people of North

Poorly understood Population

Eurasian SteppesTurks in South

Led by SeljuksPoor relations with Popes and Princes in Western

Constantinoples challenge of Territorial powers of

popes/ Latin ChurchSchism between Orthodox and Latin

Slightly resolved todaySociety and Urban lifeEastern Europe

Imperial authority/ urban growthSheltered Byzantines from recessions and

population loss of WestCommon Crisis between E &W

Bubonic plague (plague of Justinian 527-565 )-6th


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7th

Century Social changeCaused by:

spread of diseasesloss of areas to Muslims

Saints NarrativesTransition from portrayal of Educated saints to

beginning as peasantsBarter

Replaced currencyDecline of Population and wealth in some

Near disappearance of urban upperIncrease in status of high ranking

imperial court Aristocrats/ RurallandownersFamily organized power

Rivaled class based officesFamily based Military aristocracy

Emperor Alexius Comnenus-1081-1118Change in womens status

Confined to homesCovered faces in publicSocialized only with family

1026-58- Women ruled Byzantium with husbands

Resembled developments in Islam areasNo established connectEconomics of Byzantine

EmperorsFollowed Roman methods

Set prices on goods, organized grains

capital shipments, monopolized luxury

(Tyrian purple cloth)Slowed economic innovation

Focus on ConstantinopleAttracted much business

Fueled aristoctacys lifstyleNeglect of growth of other citiesUse of outdated technology (carts, plows) by

Byzantine farmersLong surpassed in Western Europe

Cultural achievementsHagia Sophia (sacred Wisdom)- Cathedral in

Built during rule of Justinian


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Influenced design of other places churchesByzantine Religious arts

Stiff images of holy figures against gold backgroundInfluenced painting in Western Europe-13

th

Byzantine musicInfluenced Latin Chanting during Medieval times

Cyril and MethodiusPreached in local language to Slavs in Moravia

Republic)Beginning of Greek/Roman Christianitys

competition for faith of SlavsCyrillic- Russians and SlavsRoman Alphabet- poles, Czech,

Creation of Cyrillic, a writing systemUsed by Slavic orthodox christians

Early Medieval Europe 600-1000Disappearance of W. Roman empire framework

Rise of Kings, nobles and chieftainsChanged politics of W. Europe

Family based traditions replaced emperor

jurisdictionFear and physical insecurity

Led to the hiring of local strongmen by communities for

Idea of weak depending on strong- hallmark of postlife in Western EuropeA time of insecurity

Umayyad attacks711- defeated Visigoths of Spain

couldnt be defeated by separate Europeanspushed Christian chiefs north

attack on franceoccupied S. coast, pushed to Tours in

stopped by Charles Martel-732

(Charlemangnes grandfather)

Carolingian familyRose due to military effectivenessPepin-751-768

Protector of Frankish kingsCharlemagne

EmperorFirst to claim title in over three hundred

years


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Carolingian empire controlled all of Gual +

Germany/ ItalyDeath of Louis the PiousGermanic splitting of land among sons

Treaty of Verdun 843Split Empire into three parts

FrenchWest- FranceMiddle- Burgundy

GermanEast- Germany

Carolingian economic systemBased on landed wealthIntellectual revival

VikingsSea raiders of Scandinavia

Vessels able to navigate N Atlantic and rivers (attack

inland)Began attacking English monastaries-793800-900- settled Iceland, Greenland,1000- settled Vinland (N. Newfoundland)

Varangians (Swedes)Pursued

Raids/TradingBuilding of kingdomsRivers of E. Europe/ Russia

A Self- Sufficient EconomyGermanic Order

Archaeology/ RecordsKept by Christian Monasteries

Economic transformationUrban civilizations

Not as importantDecrease in population of cities

Became villagesRoadsFell into disrepair

BuildingsNo laborers, funds, civic

CoinsReplaced with barter

Trade across Mediterranean


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Didnt stop completely after Muslim ConquestsShipments from Egypt and Syria west

Majority of Western Europe used meager local resourcesUnderwent redistribution\

Roman centralizationWealth and production of empire to Capital

Roman cultural styles to provincesGermanic lords

Replaced Roman GovernorsFound own culture more appealing

Increased importance of local self sufficiencyDecline of literacy

Growth of Germanic cultural traditionsDiet

N. CountriesBeer, lard/butter, bread-barley, rye, or wheat, pork, and

gameS countries

Continued Roman dietsWheat, wine, olive oils

Manors-Self sufficient farming estatesPrimary centers of Agricultural production

Given land by farmers in vulnerable regions fearingexchange for Political/Physical protectionChallenges to landowners

Susceptible to pillagingIsolated by poor communicationsLack of organized government

Created armed forces for protectionAppointments of manors

Had gardens, fields, grazing lands, fish ponds, a mill, a church,

and villages for the workers to live in.Protection

Ranged from ditches and wooden Stockades to stonean keep

Decreased in 12th

century, during presence of

monarchiesSerfs

Agricultural workers who belonged to a manor, tilled fieldsOwed dues and obligations to lord of manor

Permanently bound to manor where born


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Most peasants ofEngland, France and W.Germany= unfree serfs

Free peasantrySurvived in Bordeaux, Saxony

Egalitarian society of Germanic peopleSlavery

Decreased due to increase of Peasant to Serf conversionLess important in warfare

Early Medieval society in the WestReversion to self sufficiency in Europe

Limited personal achievementShare of profit from raids with chieftains during

migrations/ VikingsDifficultyto perform agriculture and share in

bootyBenefited the nobles

Status of mounted warriorWarfare to protect land rights/support claims of a lord

Gradual transformation in mounted warrior statusLandowning closely linked with military service

Invention of stirrupsAbility to absorb recoil from lances

Required grain fed horses rather than grass fed

Larger, heavierKnightsCentral figure in medieval warfare

Wore open helmet, with long linen shirt (hauberk)Century later- visored helmet (head+neck), Hauberk

ChainmailRequired more moneyto afford

Land=wealthNeed of support from land

Given pieces ofroyal land

exchange forservice

Copied by lesserFiefGrant of land traded for pledge of military service

Granted to Vassals temporarilyKings close followers

Could pledge to more than one king/lordIf in a lords service, also in the lords

masters service


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10th

century-could be inherited as long as

descendant continued military serviceMedieval RealmLands owned by King/count

Administered by royal officersMajor Vassals

Administered/held other landsTraded formilitary service

Gave own vassals landLimited finance of king

No local jurisdictionLords of manors supplied laws

ChurchClergy, monasteries, and nunneries

Limited reach/ authority of kingsNoblewomen

Played great roles through marriage/heiressesTreated/guarded as valuablesIssues of power, land and military service took priority

preferenceCould own land

Administered estates in absence of maleWorked alongside men in fields

ArtisansSpun, wove and sew clothingBayeux tapestry

William the conquerors invasion of EnglandThe Western Church

Popesimilar to role of Patriarchs in Constantinople

Missionary trips to British Isles and GermanySpread christianitySimilar to eastern trips to convert Slavs

Papacy

Office of the popeControl lost by W. noblesBecame international office after10

thcentury

Councils of BishopsNormally set rules (canons) to

regulate priests and laypeople (not

part of clergy)


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Became responsive to papal

ruleChallenges facing church unification of standards andLack of clergy, disagreements over regulations, difficult

communications, political disorderChurch problems

Polytheism, lack of enforcement of clergy marriage laws,

simonyPolitics and the Church

Charlemagne+ PepinLarge supporters of papacy

Holy Roman EmpireFirst crowned in by Pope in 962Group of German princes naming one of their own to the

officeLittle influence west of Rhine River

Conflict over ecclesiastical appointmentsHildebrand

Italian monkHad career reorganized church finances

Selected byCardinals(groups of seniorbishops)Became Pope Gregory VII-1073

Extreme idealsS

upreme powerto the popeInvestiture ControversyMedieval struggle between church and lay lords to

ecclesiastical appointmentsConflicts of Popes VS Emperors andKings

Henry IVDefiedGregorys reforms

ExcommunicatedRepented

Deposed1073, forced

Gregory to flee to

SalernoConcordat of WormsHenry V

Refused to choose bishops of abbots to bestow

symbols onAllowed to investbishops and abbots with any

rights/ duties before religious consecrationReduced tensions between groups


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christian europe emerges 600

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