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Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required or reproduction or display.

Chapter !"

Piles and Pile-#ri$ing

%quipment

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ILES

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CLASSIFICATION

OF ILES

Piles can be classified on the basis

of either their use or the materials

from which they are made. On the

basis of use, there are two majorclassifications: (1) sheetand (2) load

bearing.

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SHEET ILES

Sheet piles are used primarily tocreate a riid barrier for earth

and water. !ypical uses include

cutoff walls under dams, and forcofferdams, bul"heads, and

trenchin.

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SHEET

ILES

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LOAD-

BEARING

ILES

#oad$bearin piles, as the name

implies, are used primarily totransmit structural loads.

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L

O

A

D-

B

E

A

RI

N

G

I

L

E

S

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ILE TY ES

!imber

!reated with a preser%ati%e

&ntreated

'oncrete

Precast$prestressed

'ast$in$place with shells

uered cast$in$place

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ILE TY ES

Steel

Hsection

Steel pipe

'omposite

'oncrete and steel Plastic with steel pipe core

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TIMBER

ILES!imber piles are madefrom the trun"s of trees.

Such piles are a%ailablein most sections of thecountry and the world.

Ordinary lenths are 1to * ft.

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'oncrete piles may be either

precast or cast$in$place.

CONCRETE

ILES

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STEEL

ILES

#oad$bearin steel piles can beH

$sections, hollow bo+ or tubularsections, or pipes.

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COM OSITE

ILES

Se%eral types of composite piles area%ailable. !hese are usually

de%eloped and offered to meet thedemands of special situations. !wo ofthe most common situations that

cause problems, when con%entionalpiles are used, are hard dri%inconditions and warm marineen%ironments.

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DRIVING

ILES

'rawler crane

wsinle actinair hammer and

hydraulic leads.-ri%in 12$in.

concrete piles.

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DRIVING ILES

!he forces that enable a pile to

support a load also cause the pile

to resist the efforts made to dri%e

it. !he total resistance of a pile

to penetration will eual the sumof the forces produced by s"in

friction and end bearin.

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DRIVING ILES

-ependin on the si/e of the

project, one or more of the

test piles would be selected

for load testin.

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LOAD TEST

0eaction frame

and hydraulicjac"s used to

load test a *$in.

concrete

cylinder pile.

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ILE

HAMMERS

ariable subsurface conditions

can dictate the use of different

pile hammers. !he function of

a pile hammer is to furnish theenery reuired to dri%e a pile.

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ILE HAMMERS

1. -rop

2. Sinle$actin steam or

compressed air

. -ouble$actin steam or

compressed air*. -ifferential$actin steam or

compressed air

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ILE HAMMERS

. -iesel

3. 4ydraulic

impact and

dri%ers

5. ibratory dri%ers

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DRO

HAMMERS

drop hammer is a hea%y metal

weiht that is lifted by a hoist line,

then released and allowed to fall

onto the top of the pile. 6ecause of

the hih dynamic forces, a pile capis positioned between the hammer

and the pile head.

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SINGLE-ACTING

HAMMERS

!hese hammers rely solely onra%ity actin on the stri"in

weiht to achie%e their dri%in

enery. !he a freely fallinweiht, called a 7ram,8 that is

lifted by steam or compressed air.

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DOUBLE-

ACTING

HAMMERS

9ith double$actin hammers, the

stri"in ram is dri%en by compressed

air or steam both when risin and when

fallin. !hus, with a i%en weiht of

ram, it is possible to attain a desired

amount of enery per blow with a

shorter stro"e than with a loner sinle$

actin hammer.

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DIFFERENTIAL-

ACTING

HAMMERS

differential$actin air is a

modified sinle$actin hammer inthat the air or steam pressure used

to lift the ram is not e+hausted at

the end of the upward stro"e but is%al%ed o%er the piston to accelerate

the ram on the downstro"e.

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DIESEL

HAMMERS

diesel pile dri%in

hammer is a self$

contained dri%in unitthat does not reuire an

e+ternal source of enery

such as an aircompressor or steam

boiler.

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DIESEL

HAMMERS

!he downstro"e of the ram

compresses air and fuel to

inition heat and the resultin

e+plosion dri%es the pile

downward and the ram upwardto repeat its stro"e.

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DIESEL

HAMMERS

-iesel hammers

impartcompression,

impact and

e+plosion enery

to the pile.

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#I%&%'

H(MM%)&1. 0aise the

piston to start.

2. njection of

diesel fuel and

compression.. mpact and

e+plosion.

1

2

3

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#I%&%'

H(MM%)&*. ;+haust ports

e+posed and asesescape.

. -raws fresh airthrouh the

e+haust ports.

4

5

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DIESEL HAMMERS

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HYDRAULIC IM ACT

HAMMERS

!here is a trend toward the use ofhydraulic hammers. hydraulic

hammer operates on the

differential pressure of hydraulicfluid instead of compressed air or

steam.

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HAMMER S ECS

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HAMMER S ECS

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VIBRATORY

ILE DRIVERS

ibratory pile dri%ers

are especially effecti%e

when the piles are dri%en

into water$saturatednoncohesi%e soils.

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VIBRATORY

HAMMERS

ibratory

hammers usee+citin shafts

rotatin in

opposite

directions.

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V

B

R

A

T

O

R

Y

H

AM

M

E

R

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VIBRATORY

HAMMER

'an be dri%enby hydraulic

or electric

motors.

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OSITIONING ILES

DURING DRIVING

9hen dri%in piles, it is necessary

to ha%e a method that will position

the pile in the proper location with

the reuired alinment or batterand that will support the pile

durin dri%in.

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ILE LEADS

ertical

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OSITIONING ILES

DURING DRIVING

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FI#ED

LEADS

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FI#ED

LEADS

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OSITIONING ILES

DURING DRIVING

#eads that are not attached attheir bottom to the crane or

dri%in platform are "nown as

7swin leads.8 !he leads andhammer are usually held by

separate lines from the crane.

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S$ING

LEADS

Steam hammer

used to dri%e *$in.

concrete cylinder

piles, with swinleads.

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ILE LEADS

Stabbin points at the end ofa set of leads.

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OSITIONING ILES

DURING DRIVING

=any times a template is used to

support and hold the pile in the properposition durin dri%in. !emplates are

usually constructed from steel pipe or

beams and may ha%e se%eral le%els offramin to support lon piles or piles

on a batter.

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TEM LATE

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TEM LATE

!hree @ ft

diameter steel

cylinder piles

standin in the

template on abatter ready

for dri%in.

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HANDLING

ILES

'are must be

e+ercised to

pre%ent damae

to the pile fromfle+ural stresses.

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OINTERS

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OINTERS

Position the

craneso itcan reachthe dri%in

position andthe pileswith outtra%elin.

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OINTERS

-ri%in time:

* to ? ft piles normallycan be dri%en in $ 1? min.

6ut in hard material it canta"e * hr.

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ILE-DRIVING

SAFETY