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CHAPTER 1- GUIDANCE & COUNSELING

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LEARNING OUTCOMES• Explain the concept of guidance, counseling and

psychotherapy;• Explain the goals of guidance and counseling;• Elaborate on the principles and philosophy of

guidance and counseling; • Discuss the importance of guidance and counseling;

and• Bridefly elaborate on the development of the

guidance and counseling services in Malaysia.

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Quick Review

• What do you understand by the term “counseling”?

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Quick Review

• What is Counseling?

–According to the American Counseling Association, counseling is:

“The application of mental health, psychological or human development principles, through cognitive, affective, behavioral or systemic interventions, strategies that address wellness, personal growth, or career development, as well as pathology.”

S.O.L.E.R.• When working with a client,

you want to send a message that you are listening.

• This can be done by being attentive both verbally (responding to the client) and nonverbally.

• SOLER is an acronym which serves to remind us how to listen.

• S: Face the client squarely; that is, adopt a posture that indicates involvement.

• O: Adopt an open posture. Sit with both feet on the ground to begin with and with your hands folded, one over the other.

• L: As you face your client, lean toward him or her. Be aware of their space needs.

• E: Maintain eye contact. Looking away or down suggests that you are bored or ashamed of what the client is saying. Looking at the person suggests that you are interested and concerned.

• R: As you incorporate these skills into your attending listening skills, relax.

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Quick Review

• What do you understand by the term “guidance”?

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Quick Review• What is Guidance?

– “Guidance is a process of helping people make important choices that affect their lives, such as choosing a preferred lifestyle” (Gladding, 2000, pg. 4).

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Quick Review

• What do you understand by the term “psychotherapy”?

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Quick Review• What is Psychotherapy?

– Traditionally focuses on serious problems associated with intrapsychic, internal, and personal issues and conflicts. It deals with the “recovery of adequacy” (Casey, 1996).

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CONCEPT

• Guidance – asssistance (knowledge, skills, information)

• Counseling – face-to-face interaction between the counselor and the client(s)

• Psychotherapy – talking ‘treatment’ involving the therapist and a patient

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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING

Approach used• Information-giving, advice

Goals • Encourage exploration problem-

solving

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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COUNSELING & PSYCHOTHERAPY

Approach Training Duration

Focus Setting

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Similarities Between Guidance, Counseling and Psychotherapy

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Differences Between Guidance, Counseling and Psychotherapy

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SUMMARY• Type of client: Guidance and counseling is more

suitable for normal clients experiencing problems that are not too serious. Psychotherapy is more suitable for pattients experiencing more serious problems such as neurosis and mild psychosis

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SUMMARY• Qualifications of service provider: G&C teacher

has the knowledge and basic skills to conduct guidance and counseling sessions. The psychotherapist who conducts therapy has more specialised knowledge and skills such as hypnosis.

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SUMMARY• Individual receiving the service: The individual

undergoing guidance and counseling is known as the client. The individual undergoing psychotherapy is known as the patient who may, sometimes, be given medicinal drugs as additional treatment.

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SUMMARY• Duration: The duration for guidance and

counseling is shorter than psychotherapy which may last from a few months to years

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GOALS OF GUIDANCE & COUNSELING

• Self-adjustment • Mental health Psychological

support

• Understand and accept the consquences of the decision

Responsibility

GOAL GUIDELINES• Goals are mutually agreed on by the client and

counselor.• Goals are specific.• Goals are relevant to behavior.• Goals are achievement & success oriented.• Goals are quantifiable & measurable.• Goals are behavioral & observable.• Goals are understandable & can be re-stated clearly.

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PRINCIPLES OF GUIDANCE & COUNSELING

A planned educational

processFor all children Shared

responsibility

Anymore??

Some Basic Principles• Counseling is centered on the difficulties of the

client.

• Counseling is a learning situation which eventually results in a behavioral change.

• Effectiveness in counseling depends largely on the readiness of the client to make changes and the therapeutic relationship with the counselor.

• The counseling relationship is confidential.

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PHILOSOPY OF G&C Every child has the potential to be optimally transformed

through the guidance and counseling services that is: - efficient, - effective and - etical founded on external and internal sourced in order to

produce children who are intellectually, physically, emotionally, and spiritually well-balanced.

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SAMPLE G&C PHILOSOPHY STATEMENT

IMPORTANCE OF G&C

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Development in the industrial, science and technology sectors

Urbanisation, changes the social and value systems (breakdown in moral and religious values)

Development in the media and educational system

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DEVELOPMENT OF G&C SERVICES IN MALAYSIA

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Watch this video clip…

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REVISION QUESTIONS1. “Every teacher is a guidance teacher.” Discuss this statement in the context of

primary schools in this country.2. Your classmates are still confused about the

basic concepts of guidance, counseling and psychotherapy. Uisng relevant examples, explain the three concepts to them.

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REVISION QUESTIONS• Mat is a hard-working Year Five student.

However, he seldom achieves excellent results. This affects his motivation to study. State two goals that can be set by both Mat and his guidance and counseling teacher during the individual counseling sessions.

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REVISION QUESTIONS4.Teacher Mila has recently been appointed the guidance

and counseling teacher in SK Sg. Kinta. She has been asked by the school head to set up the Guidance and Counseling Unit. Her first step is to prepare a draft of the philosophy statement of the Unit. However she is not very sure how she can go about this. Based on what you have learned about the principles and philosophy of guidance and counseling, discuss how you can assist teacher Mila do this.