Chordates

• Have a notochord at some stage in life.• Have a dorsal tubular nerve cord

( spinal cord)• Have pharyngeal gill slits at some

stage in life• Ventral Heart & closed circulatory

systems

Chordate subphyla

• Urochordata- Tunicate sea squirt(Amocetes larvae)

• Cephalochordata- Amphioxus or lancelet

• hemichordata - acorn worm

• Vertebrata- animals with at least some vertebrae of bone or cartilage * 8 classes

class skelton heart chambers respiratory body cover limbs

Agnatha notochord 2 open gill smooth, unpaired fins

Chondrichthyescartilage 2 open gill scales,placoid paired fins

Placodermi*** heavy armor plated & jawedOstiechthyes bone 2 covered gill scales, thin paired fins

Amphibia bone 3 gills/lungs/ skin smooth, mucus 4 legs

Reptilia bone 4incomplete lungs scales, thick 4 legs

Aves hollowbone 4 lungs air sacs feather, scales wings legs

Mammalia bone 4 lungs hair 4 limbs

AGNATHA• JAWLESS PARASITE• NOTOCHORD IS PRIMARY SUPPORT • UNPAIRED FINS• POILKIOTHERMIC- UNABLE TO

MAINTAIN CONSTANT BODY TEMPERATURE

• OPEN GILLS• 2 CHAMBERED HEART• ANADROMOUS-RETURN TO FRESH

WATER TO SPAWN

Agnatha cont.

• LATERAL LINE-senses vibrations in water

Open Gill Slits Pineal organ

Pineal Organ

• Senses light –direct migration and mating behavior according to seasonal changes in light

Notochord Gill

Notochord

• Dorsal rod-like support

Curved Horny Teeth

Round Circular Mouth

CHONDRICHTHYES

• OVOVIVIPAROUS-BEAR LIVE YOUNG THAT ARE NOURISHED FROM YOLK

• SHARKS, RAYS, AND SKATES• 2 CH. HEART, Poilkiothermic • SPIRACLE, OPEN GILLS,

• CARTILAGE SKELETON

• RECTAL GLAND- REMOVES SALT

• OIL CONTENT HIGH FOR BUOYANCY

• PLACOID SCALE-TOOTH LIKE

Spiracle Gill Slits

Spiracle

• Takes in water

• Gills are open

• Flap of skin folds back over but does not close as in body fish

Rectal Gland Removes Salt

Gill Raker and Lamellae

• Raker -removes food and dirt

• Lamellae- rremoves oxygen from water and carbon dioxide from bloodgas is exchanged

OSTEICHTHYES• OPERCULUM-GILL COVER

• BONY SKELETON

• SWIM BLADDER-buoyancy

• FLAT CTENOID OR CYCLOID SCALES

• MOST ARE OVIPAROUS-LAY EGGS

Ostiechthyes cont

• 2 CHAMBERED HEART

• LATERAL LINE-senses vibrations in water

• POILKIOTHERMIC

To Gills

Oxygenated and Deoxygenated is mixed

Heart chambers

• Atria- collects and pushes blood into ventricle

• Ventricle- pumps blood to body or lungs

AMPHIBIA• SMOOTH MOIST SKIN, POISON

GLANDS & PIGMENT CELLS

• TETRAPODS ( MOSTLY) LACK CLAWS

• TYMPANUM & VOCAL SACS

• LUNGS, GILLS, & CUTANEOUS (SKIN ) BREATHING

• 3 CHAMBERED HEART

• POIKIOTHERMIC

Tympanum

• External ear drum• Vocalize during courtship and for

establishing a territory

REPTILIA

• Thick, dry keratinized scales with claws, four limbs

• Poilkiotherms( ectotherms)• Amniote eggs- water built inside

or ovoviviparous or oviparous• Lungs • Jacobson’s organ-smell or taste• Infared Pit- heat sensation

Nictitating Membrane

• Second eyelid transparent

Four chambers with incomplete septum

AVES

• Feathers, beak, scales, keeled sternum, hollow bones, synsacrum, fused phalanges- wings, highest metabolism, crop, gizzard, and cloaca.

• Amniote Eggs

• Four heart chambers

• Homeotherm- constant body temp.

• Lungs with air sacs

Mammalia

• Homeothermic

• 4 Complete Heart Chambers

• Hair covers body

• Mammary Glands

• Mostly Viviparous- mostly placental

Adaptations for survival in Terrestrial EnvironmentsSkeletonRespiratory—Gills and cutaneous breathing to Lungs Circulatory– Separation of Heart chambersSensory- lens, tympanum,touch receptors,

Water Conservation- Amniote Egg has it’s own water and protectionMarsupial and Placental Development – protection, Nourishment, and water.

Brain Regions• Anterior to Posterior

• Olfactory-smell

• Cerebrum-thinking, learning

• Optic- vision

• Cerebellum-coordination and balance

• Medulla-breathing and heart beat regulation

Integument- thick keratinized scale, feathers and skinPrevent evaporation

Kidneys- kidneys become better able to conserve water by increasing their abilities to reabsorb water and eliminate increasing concentrated or altered nitrogen waste