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CHOPIN AND LISZT: TWO COMPOSERS AND THEIR RELATION TO THE PARISIAN MUSICAL SCENE Chopin e Liszt: due compositori a confronto nell’universo musicale parigino Chopin et Liszt : deux compositeurs face à face sur la scène musicale parisienne International Conference 02-04 December 2010, Lucca - Palazzo Ducale (Sala Tobino) organized by Centro Studi Opera Omnia Luigi Boccherini, Lucca Palazzeo Bru Zane - Centre de Musique Romantique Française under the auspices of Municipality of Lucca, Province of Lucca, Association Angevine Franz Liszt, Istituto Liszt (Bologna) in collaboration with MAGADIS - International Music Agency Under the Scientific Direction of Luca Sala (Poitiers) Keynote Speakers Cécile Reynaud (Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris) Rohan H. Stewart-MacDonald (Cambridge, UK) Personal Exhibition Federico Marconi Organization Commiee Rosalba Agresta, Paris Andrea Barizza, La Spezia Lorenzo Frassà, Lucca Roberto Illiano, Lucca Fulvia Morabito, Lucca Scientific Commiee Alexandre Dratwicki, Venice Nicolas Dufetel, Weimar-Jena Jean Gribenski, Poitiers Catherine Massip, Paris Michela Niccolai, Montréal David Rowland, Milton Keynes (UK) Massimiliano Sala, Pistoia Renata Suchowiejko, Krakow

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Page 1: CHOPIN AND LISZT - Centro Studi Opera Omnia Luigi … ChopinLiszt.pdf · CHOPIN AND LISZT: TWO COMPOSERS AND THEIR RELATION TO THE PARISIAN MUSICAL SCENE Chopin e Liszt: due compositori

CHOPIN AND LISZT: TWO COMPOSERS AND THEIR RELATION

TO THE PARISIAN MUSICAL SCENE

Chopin e Liszt: due compositori a confronto nell’universo musicale parigino

Chopin et Liszt : deux compositeurs face à face sur la scène musicale parisienne

International Conference

02-04 December 2010, Lucca - Palazzo Ducale (Sala Tobino)

organized byCentro Studi Opera Omnia Luigi Boccherini, Lucca

Palazzetto Bru Zane - Centre de Musique Romantique Française

under the auspices ofMunicipality of Lucca, Province of Lucca,

Association Angevine Franz Liszt, Istituto Liszt (Bologna)

in collaboration withMAGADIS - International Music Agency

Under the Scientific Direction ofLuca Sala (Poitiers)

Keynote SpeakersCécile Reynaud (Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris)

Rohan H. Stewart-MacDonald (Cambridge, UK)

Personal ExhibitionFederico Marconi

Organization CommitteeRosalba Agresta, Paris

Andrea Barizza, La Spezia Lorenzo Frassà, LuccaRoberto Illiano, Lucca Fulvia Morabito, Lucca

Scientific CommitteeAlexandre Dratwicki, VeniceNicolas Dufetel, Weimar-Jena

Jean Gribenski, PoitiersCatherine Massip, Paris

Michela Niccolai, Montréal David Rowland, Milton Keynes (UK)

Massimiliano Sala, Pistoia Renata Suchowiejko, Krakow

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THURSDAY 2 DECEMBER

ore 9.00-9.30: Opening Luca Sala (Scientific Director)Etienne Jardin (Scientific Coordinator, Palazzetto Bru Zane, Venice) Massimiliano Sala (President, Centro Studi Opera Omnia Luigi Boccherini, Lucca) Mauro Favilla (Major of Lucca)Stefano Baccelli (President, Province of Lucca)

9.30-10.30: Session 1: Chopin, Liszt and 19th-Century Parisian Art (I)

(Chair: Catherine Massip)

• David Rowland (Milton Keynes, UK): Piano Notation in Chopin and Liszt’s Paris • Giuseppe Montemagno (Catania): Dans l’Olympe du piano à la mémoire d’un ange

Coffee Break

11.00-12.00: Session 1: Chopin, Liszt and 19th-Century Parisian Art (I)

(Chair: Michela Niccolai)

• Renata Suchowiejko (Krakow): Chopin au Théâtre Italien en 1835. Contexte historique et coulisses de l’organisation du concert• Anne Penesco (Lyon): I violinisti a Pianopolis: Chopin, Liszt e i violinisti nell’ambito musicale parigino

12.00-12.45: Chopin’s Kingdom and Liszt’s Empire – Changing Attitudes and Lingering Perceptions; Explored in two films: Chopin’s Afterlife & Liszt’s Dance with the Devil and presented by the Director Ophra Yerushalmi (New York, NY)

13.00 Lunch

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16.00-17.00: Keynote Speaker 1• Cécile Reynaud (Paris): Frédéric Chopin et Franz Liszt : deux carrières parisiennes

Coffee Break

17.30-19.00 Session 2: Chopin, Liszt and 19th-Century Parisian Art (II)

(Chair: Jean Gribenski)• Małgorzata Gamrat (Krakow/Paris): « Récite-moi un poème » – Liszt et ses idées esthétiques à travers l’enseignement du piano de la première moitié du XIXe siècle à Paris• Laure Schnapper (Paris): Liszt et Chopin face à Henri Herz : des relations qui évoluent• Mariacarla De Giorgi (Lecce): Pauline Viardot-Garcia e “la poesia del sentimento” nelle mazurche di Chopin

20.30 Dinner

FRIDAY 3 DECEMBER

9.30-10.30: Session 3: Chopin, Liszt and Musical Nationalism

(Chair: David Rowland)• Joanne Cormac (Birmingham): Liszt and Language: A Multi-National Chameleon• Ewelina Boczkowska (Youngstown, OH): Chopin’s Ghosts

Coffee Break

11.00-12.00: Session 4: Liszt’s Orchestral Works (Chair: Rossana Dalmonte)

• Céline Carenco (Lyon- Saint-Étienne): De la « Symphonie révolutionnaire » à l’« Héroïde funèbre »• Michael Saffle (Blacksburg, VA): From the Picturesque to the Sublime: The Significance of Liszt’s “Mountain Symphony” to His Development as Man and Artist

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12.15-13.00: Books Presentation • The Correspondence of Muzio Clementi, critical edition by David Rowland, Bologna, Ut Orpheus Edizioni, 2010 (Italian National Edition of the Complete Works of Muzio Clementi, vol. XIV)

Roberto Illiano and David Rowland

• European ‘Fin de siècle’ and Polish Modernism. The Music of Mieczysław Karłowicz, edited by Luca Sala, Bologna, Ut Orpheus Edizioni, 2010 (Ad Parnassum Studies, 4)

Luca Sala and Renata Suchowiejko

13.30 Lunch

15.00-16.00: Keynote Speaker 2• Rohan H. Stewart-MacDonald (Cambridge, UK): Chopin and the Eighteenth Century

16.30-17.30: Session 5: The Contemporary Reception of Chopin’s and Liszt’s Music

(Chair: Massimiliano Sala)• Lucia Navarrini Dell’Atti (Florence)-Annarosa Vannoni (Bologna): Franz Liszt in «Le Ménestrel»• Magdalena Oliferko (Warsaw): Liszt and Chopin in Fontana’s Cuban Episode

Coffee Break

18.00-19.30: Session 5: The Contemporary Reception of Chopin’s and Liszt’s Music

(Chair: Fulvia Morabito)• Inès Guittard (Saint-Étienne): « Aspects de Chopin » d’Alfred Cortot : construction d’une image, perception d’une oeuvre• Marina Esposito (Lecce): Il «nuovo Faust» e il «Raffaello della tastiera»: Liszt, Chopin e le cronache musicali di Heinrich Heine• Antonio Caroccia (Perugia): Chopin e Liszt nella ricezione della scuola pianistica napoletana

20.30 Dinner

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SATURDAY 4 DECEMBER

09.00-10.30: Session 6: Chopin’s and Liszt’s Oeuvre in the Context of the Contemporary Musical Aesthetic (I)

(Chair: Rohan H. Stewart-MacDonald)• Andrew Haringer (New York, NY): «De la situation des artistes» through the Lens of Lamennais: Liszt’s First Essay Reconsidered• Luca Sala (Poitiers): Le regard sur le monde : la tradition lisztienne chez Karłowicz• James Garratt (Manchester): Between Paris and Weimar: Conflicting Currents in Liszt’s Writings and Music Around 1850

Coffee Break

11.00-13.00 Session 6: Chopin’s and Liszt’s Oeuvre in the Context of the Contemporary Musical Aesthetic (I)

(Chair: Renata Suchowiejko)• Andrzej Tuchowski (Zielona Góra): From Lyricism to Ecstasy – Chopin’s ‘Apotheoses’ – Recapitulations, their Impact on Liszt and Other Composers of European Neo-Romanticism• Nicolas Dufetel (Weimar-Jena): La genèse du livre « F. Chopin » de Franz Liszt. Que disent les sources?• Michele Calella (Vienna): Naples in Paris: Liszt, Chopin and the Tarantella• Harrison Gradwell Slater (Boston, MA): Chopin and Liszt and the Vocal Nocturne

13.30 Lunch

15.00-15.30 Book Presentation • Chopin e il suono di Pleyel. Arte e musica nella Parigi romantica / Chopin and the Pleyel Sound. Arts and Music in Romantic Paris /Chopin et le son Pleyel. Art et musique dans le Paris romantique, edited by Florence Gétreau, Briosco (Milan), Villa Medici Giulini, 2010 (Alla ricerca dei suoni perduti –Appendice 3)

Fernanda Giulini

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15.30-17.00 Session 7: Chopin’s and Liszt’s Oeuvre in the Context of the Contemporary Musical Aesthetic (II)

(Chair: Nicolas Dufetel)• Liliana-Isabela Apostu Haider (Nice): Le « natio-nalisme » chez Chopin et Liszt : nouvelles voies ouvertes à la transformation du langage musical savant• Christoph Flamm (Saarbrücken): «…des compositions ont ne peut plus distinguées…»: Liszt Exploring Alkan• Andrew Davis-Corey Tu (Houston, TX): Narrative, Reminiscence, and Fragmentation in Liszt’s B-Minor Sonata

Coffee Break

17.30-19.00 Session 7: Chopin, Liszt: Performers of Different Styles

(Chair: Rosalba Agresta)• Adalberto Riva (Novara): Chopin e Liszt, due differenti figure di esecutori• Andrea Malvano (Turin): Erard ‘versus’ Pleyel. Chopin e Liszt rispecchiati dai loro pianoforti• Elizabeth A. Weinfield (New York, NY): Piano Symbolism: Franz Liszt and the Aesthetic Remnants of Composition

20.00 Dinner

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MOSTRA PERSONALE DI FEDERICO MARCONI

(Palazzo Ducale, Sala Tobino, 2-4 dicembre 2010)

Federico Marconi (1974), architetto, vive e lavora alla Spezia, dove affianca all’attività progettuale la realizzazione di eventi di temporanea modificazione dello spazio pubblico e il lavoro nell’ambito delle arti visive, della scenografia, dell’allestimento e dell’interior-design, riconducibili in ogni caso all’analisi e all’indagine conoscitiva intorno alle dinamiche e ai processi relazionali tra individuo e spazio urbano.

La ricerca che Federico Marconi conduce ormai da quasi dieci anni ha come fil rouge la contaminazione fra i linguaggi espressivi. Nel campo delle arti visive, le sue scelte espressive in questi anni sono state diverse, ma sempre fortemente caratterizzate: pittura figurativa e informale, installazioni, materiali come la carta di cocco, il legno, l’ardesia, le lastre radiografiche, floppy disk, plexiglass…

Punto di partenza di questa ricerca è la riflessione sull’inadeguatezza dei mezzi d’indagine tradizionali al fine di comprendere lo spazio metropolitano contemporaneo: «La ricerca personale nasce proprio dalla difficoltà di qualsiasi indagine conoscitiva nei confronti della metropoli contemporanea solamente attraverso l’utilizzo di quei modelli morfologici, analitici e descrittivi forniti dalle discipline che lavorano sullo spazio, come architettura ed urbanistica».

Una scelta, quella delle arti visive, che non viene dunque dettata solo da urgenze espressive, ma che viene anche intesa

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come personale «strumento di indagine ed interpretazione dei complessi meccanismi relazionali che esistono tra individuo e spazio».

Di lui Lamberto Pignotti scrive: «La sua attività si svolge in un’area inter-mediale (architettonico-progettuale, performance e installazioni, opere plurimateriche) che spesso intende — anche attraverso esplicite titolazioni di sue opere verbo-visive che si avvalgono a tratti di un supporto di lavagna — coinvolgere emblematicamente i cinque sensi nel suo complesso».

Marconi ha collezionato un’intensa partecipazione a manifestazioni di creatività collettiva di differente natura.

Da Febbraio 2008 due delle sue ultime opere (Individualità-Moltitudine 2008 e Limite 2008) entrano a far parte della collezione permanente del CAMeC-Centro Arte Moderna e Contemporanea della Spezia.

Selezionato dal critico Germano Beringheli e inserito nel Dizionario degli artisti liguri 2005-2006 (Ed. De Ferrari, Genova), è stato indicato dal critico e artista visivo Lamberto Pignotti per il Premio Mario Razzano.

Ha ricevuto una segnalazione di merito al “Premio Albero Celeste” 2005 e ha curato GEMINI MUSE 2005 nella città della Spezia.

Ha realizzato esposizioni personali e collettive in Italia, in Cina e in Germania. Ultime personali al CAMeC-Centro Arte Moderna e Contemporanea della Spezia nel 2008 (30 maggio-29 giugno) — all’interno della mostra China new vision - Chinese Contemporary Art Collections from Shanghai Art Museum, rassegna su artisti cinesi ideata da Bruno Corà — e nel 2010 (15-25 luglio 2010) — Orchestra visiva, in occasione della Conferenza internazionale Oltre le Note: L’improvvisazione nella musica occidentale tra Settecento e Ottocento (IX edizione del Festival Paganiniano di Carro).

Ha partecipato al “Festival della Creatività 2010” a Firenze (21-24 ottobre 2010), esponendo per conto di Lu.C.C.A., Lucca Center of Contemporary Art.

Brunetto De Batté, Francesca Mariani, Enrico Formica, Paola Valenti, Germano Beringheli, Lamberto Pignotti, Federica Ratti, testate giornalistiche e molti voci dal web si sono occupati e hanno scritto del suo lavoro.

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Abstracts

Keynote Speakers

Cécile Reynaud (BNF, Paris): Frédéric Chopin et Franz Liszt : deux carrières parisiennesLa comparaison que je mènerai entre les deux pianistes Frédéric Chopin et Franz Liszt, deux virtuoses, en des sens différents, de l’époque romantique, suppose tout d’abord un point de vue biographique et un regard porté sur le parcours de leur carrière. Pour cela, il semble nécessaire de se pencher d’abord sur les biographies contemporaines des deux artistes : je m’intéresserai aux biographies françaises, et essaierai de comprendre aussi quelle réception de l’un et l’autre artiste transparaît dans la littérature française de leur temps. Liszt et Chopin ont également écrit l’un sur l’autre et j’essaierai de donner une synthèse de ces commentaires croisés. Dans un troisième temps, j’envisagerai les points communs de leur inspiration pianistique en partant des œuvres qui renferment des traits stylistiques communs — à commencer par leur pratique de l’étude.

Rohan H. Stewart-MacDonald (Cambridge, UK): Chopin and the Eighteenth CenturyIt is well established that in the later years of his career Chopin became immersed in counterpoint and in the study of eighteenth-century contrapuntal treatises by Cherubini and Kastner. This was part of Chopin’s profound rethinking of his compositional style as well as a ramification of his longer established interest in the music of J. S. Bach. Jeffrey Kallberg has postulated a ‘late style’ in Chopin’s works of the 1840s, and others have explored the influence of J. S. Bach’s Wohltemperierte Klavier on the Preludes of the 1830s. W. Dean Sutcliffe’s analysis of the second movement of the Cello Sonata (1846) pivots on the distinction between «overt contrapuntal textures» of the type most readily associated with late eighteenth-century composers’ (similarly motivated) archaic preoccupations and «a more considered approach to musical syntax», related to what Jim Samson has identified as the «continuously unfolding quality» of Chopin’s later music. Sutcliffe historically situates Chopin’s approach alongside «other individual case histories» that «demonstrate just the same use of counterpoint as a response to perceived stylistic problems or uncertainties», whilst acknowledging and articulating its individualistic traits. The ‘problem’ or ‘uncertainty’ at the bottom of Chopin’s and others’ experimentations might be identified as the maintenance of continuity, or of upholding the conceptually contrapuntal objective of «carrying the listener […] along on a wave of invention». The purpose of this address is to

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explore the different facets of Chopin’s contrapuntal technique, ranging from the short bouts of ‘explicit counterpoint’ seen in compositions like the Ballade in F minor, to the less localised invocations of canon, imitation and fugato that are really inseparable from ‘normal’ — that is contemporary — processes of motivic development and which occur in works dating from the 1820s and 30s. Of central concern, then, are three questions: how much (or little) of Chopin’s contrapuntal technique can plausibly be attributed to eighteenth-century (Bachian) influences? how confined was the contrapuntal element was to his ‘later’ compositional style? To what extent do Chopin’s approaches resemble those of older contemporaries like Muzio Clementi and Johann Nepomuk Hummel whose preoccupation with eighteenth-century contrapuntal techniques was equally pronounced? The ultimate aim is to shed further light on Chopin’s approaches to compositional problems whose roots lay deep in the eighteenth century with the emergence of the Classical idiom and an increasingly intense, if ambivalent, relationship with pre-Classical compositional practice.

Contributors

Liliana-Isabela Apostu Haider (Université de Nice): Le «  nationalisme  » chez Chopin et Liszt  : nouvelles voies ouvertes à la transformation du langage musical savantChopin et Liszt sont deux figures musicales du Romantisme, courant esthétique qui commença à la fin d’une guerre étendue dans toute l’Europe suite à la Révolution française. Bonaparte prend le pouvoir en France, et ses conquêtes politiques vont jouer un grand rôle dans les nouvelles perspectives artistiques. C’est pourquoi Paris devient au début du XIXe siècle une des principales capitales européennes de l’art et de la culture, accueillant des créateurs étrangers importants. D’autre part, une vague de « nationalisme » commence à se faire sentir dans les pays d’Europe centrale et de l’Est, puisque les nations ayant pris du retard dans leur progrès culturel vont essayer de se rattraper par rapport à la culture occidentale, plus particulièrement celle germanique, qui dominait depuis plusieurs siècles l’art européen. Avec le réveil du nationalisme, le folklore musical prend à l’époque romantique une importance nouvelle, à quoi s’ajoute dans une certaine mesure une mobilisation sentimentale qui lui confère une dimension affective. Dans l’œuvre de Chopin, le patriotisme musical se manifeste avec force, tandis que chez Liszt il y a plutôt une forme d’exotisme qui évoque le voyage, le rêve, le lointain, chère aux romantiques. Frantz Liszt, né en Hongrie, est considéré comme un des « pères du nationalisme » ; il est un compositeur qui se dit « hongrois », mais il affirme son côté international  : «  allemand et français de culture et de langue, slave et italien de cœur, moitié tsigane,

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moitié franciscain  », comme le caractérisa plus tard Béla Bartók. Liszt rend hommage à sa patrie en suivant les caprices du hasard, mais il aime évoquer ce « pays étrange dont (il se) constitue le rhapsode », même s’il n’en parle pas la langue. C’est grâce à cette langue musicale hongroise que Liszt se montre un novateur, car il libère l’harmonie des carcans classiques, et, sous prétexte de «  nationalisme  », il brise les règles de la tonalité, les durées encadrées dans les barres de mesure, les formes stéréotypées. En s’appuyant sur les particularités mélodiques, modales, rythmiques des verbunkos (danses hongroises de recrutement pour l’armée), Liszt s’écarte des lois du système tonal et préfigure les conquêtes dans le domaine du langage atonal, abouties tout au long au XXe siècle. Chopin, quand à lui, en quittant sa Pologne natale, est un compositeur chez lequel on ressent la nostalgie d’un « paradis perdu » ; il se consacre sa vie durant au piano, à la recherche d’un langage poétique et inspiré par le parfum du folklore polonais. Le raffinement de sa musique se fait remarquer dans son romantisme sans emphase, dans l’équilibre des formes, dans l’utilisation des traits empruntés à la musique populaire de son pays : par l’utilisation du rubato qui libère les formes de la rigidité métrique, des échelles modales avec des degrés altérés, dans l’ambiguïté tonale créée par l’emploi des voix mélodiques superposées, dans la recherche esthétique de la sonorité et les audaces harmoniques. Nous interrogerons les aspects innovants du langage musical chez les deux compositeurs en rapport avec les emprunts à la musique populaire de leur pays d’origine, et les contributions apportées grâce au folklore au développement de la musique savante occidentale.

Ewelina Boczkowska (Youngstown State University, OH): Chopin’s GhostsChopin’s Stuttgard diary, written in a state of fear for his parents’ lives after the November Uprising of 1830, reveals the exiled composer’s feelings of morbid alienation. His entries display severe emotional distress and suicidal thoughts. References to corpses and allusions to ghosts express profound personal trauma, caused by the uncertainty of his personal situation and awareness of the political crisis. Ghosts are manifestations of this trauma, both in Chopin’s diary and in his compositions. They reveal themselves, I argue, in many musical passages in Chopin’ music. In the “Revolutionary” Etude, from the Stuttgard period, a lyrical melody in sotto voce appears unexpectedly amidst the military rumblings of the left hand before the piece finally resolves in the major key. In the Second Ballade, the first theme is slowly reduced to a haunted memory after being interrupted twice by the reality of a turbulent musical development. In the Preludes, ghosts manifest themselves as disruptions of the musical surface. An awareness of the ghosts and haunting is vital in understanding

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how subjectivity and history are negotiated in Chopin’s works. I theorize the presence of ghosts in Chopin’s music in light of Avery F. Gordon’s groundbreaking Ghostly Matters: Haunting and the Sociological Imagination. Also, building on Jeffrey Kallberg and Karol Berger’s studies on Chopin’s manipulation of genre and musical narrative to convey Polish exiles’ plight for independence, my approach opens a new hermeneutic window on the personal and collective haunting in his music.

Michele Calella (Institut für Musikwissenschaft Universität Wien): Naples in Paris: Liszt, Chopin and the TarantellaIn 1861, in Mainz, Franz Liszt published a group of three piano pieces entitled Venezia e Napoli as a supplement to the Années de pélérinage. The third of these compositions is the Tarantella, today a much loved bravura piece. The first version of it goes back to 1840 (as Tarantelles napolitaines), a time when this dance, thanks to works such as Auber’s La muette de portici or Rossini’s La danza, was very popular as a salon piece in Paris. Liszt’s composition is in fact almost exclusively based on the chamber Neapolitan songs by the publisher and composer Guillaume Cottrau, which the singer Lina Freppa, Cottrau’s sister, used to sing in her salon in Paris, in which Chopin was a frequent guest. It is not certain whether Liszt’s Tarantelles napolitaines inspired Chopin’s Tarantella, but a comparison of the two compositions and of their relationships with their models (Chopin’s composition was also vaguely inspired from Rossini’s La danza), illustrates the different approaches within a pseudopopular Neapolitan tradition, which was in fact a specifically Parisian phenomenon.

Céline Carenco (ENS LSH Lyon-Université Jean Monnet de Saint-Étienne): De la « Symphonie révolutionnaire » à l’« Héroïde funèbre »La genèse du huitième poème symphonique de Franz Liszt est marquée par deux dates importantes dans la vie du compositeur et dans le monde européen  : 1830 et 1849. En effet, l’œuvre est élaborée à partir de la Symphonie révolutionnaire que Liszt avait esquissée en juillet 1830 à Paris, pour être ensuite reprise à Weimar en 1849-50, avant de connaître une deuxième version (définitive) en 1854. Si l’on prend en compte la première ébauche de la Symphonie révolutionnaire dans l’élaboration de l’Héroïde funèbre, la composition s’étale donc sur une période de vingt-quatre ans, qui englobe les révolutions parisiennes et européennes de 1830 et 1848-49. À partir du constat de la transversalité de cette œuvre dans la vie de Liszt, nous voudrions étudier l’évolution des processus de composition lisztiens en fonction du contexte historique (à la fois politique et personnel), des problématiques formelles qui se posent à l’auteur, et des

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influences qu’il peut subir en tant que compositeur. 1) Contexte et matériau musical. Que reste-t-il de 1830 en 1854 ? À partir de l’analyse respective des partitions et ébauches de l’Héroïde funèbre (entre 1849 et 1854) et des esquisses de la Symphonie révolutionnaire (1830), nous essaierons de déterminer à quel point il est pertinent de considérer que la seconde est bien partie prenante du processus de composition de la première. Quelle est la part de matériau musical conservé ? Quel degré de nouveauté est apporté en 1849-50 ? La réponse à cette question nous permettra d’envisager l’importance du contexte historique dans la genèse de l’œuvre  : le déclenchement de chacune des deux principales étapes de la composition (en 1830 et 1849) se situe au moment d’une révolution romantique, et l’année 1849 est marquée, pour Liszt, à la fois par la mort de Chopin et la répression d’un soulèvement populaire en Hongrie qui fait de nombreuses victimes. Dans quelle mesure ces événements contribuent-ils au désir de Liszt de reprendre la partition de sa Symphonie révolutionnaire  ? Quel rôle occupent-ils dans l’élaboration du caractère funèbre de l’œuvre finale  ? Nous traquerons les éléments musicaux objectifs qui pourraient relier l’œuvre à tel ou tel fait historique  : les thèmes sont-ils «  révolutionnaires  »  ? hongrois  ? Trouve-t-on dans l’écriture des emprunts à Chopin ? 2) Problématique formelle (hésitation entre symphonie et poème symphonique). Entre 1830 et 1849, l’histoire des genres et des formes a aussi beaucoup évolué, et Liszt est sur le point de produire, d’un côté, toute la série des poèmes symphoniques, et de l’autre, ses deux symphonies à programme (Faust et Dante-Symphonie). De ce point de vue, l’hésitation formelle de l’œuvre, au cours de sa genèse, entre symphonie et poème symphonique, est significative : selon Alan Walker, la Symphonie révolutionnaire aurait été conçue au départ comme un morceau à programme, sur le modèle de la Bataille de Vittoria de Beethoven, puis, en 1849, l’œuvre aurait dû prendre la forme d’une « véritable » symphonie en cinq mouvements. Finalement, Liszt n’achève que le premier mouvement, qui devient de fait le poème symphonique Héroïde funèbre. Mais où s’arrête la Symphonie révolutionnaire et où commence exactement le poème symphonique, c’est ce que nous essaierons d’éclaircir. 3) Influences et orchestration. L’importance des années 1830 et 1840 est décisive dans l’apprentissage, par Liszt, de l’art de la composition et de l’orchestration. Par l’analyse génétique de l’Héroïde funèbre, nous montrerons l’importance, non seulement des diverses collaborations de Liszt et de ses essais au pupitre en tant que chef d’orchestre à son arrivée à Weimar, mais surtout de modèles comme Berlioz pour l’orchestration de ses premières œuvres symphoniques. Cet hymne à la mémoire des morts de tous les pays qu’est le huitième poème symphonique de Liszt ne peut-il pas être comparé, dans une certaine mesure, à la Symphonie funèbre et triomphale de Berlioz ?

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Antonio Caroccia (Università di Perugia): Chopin e Liszt nella ricezione della scuola pianistica napoletanaNell’Art du chant appliqué au piano Thalberg postulò le ricerche dei mezzi strumentali intesi non solo come velocità e bravura, ma soprattutto come bellezza di suono e cantabilità. Beniamino Cesi, suo allievo, fondò su queste teorie la famosa “scuola pianistica napoletana”, che ebbe fra i tanti esponenti: Palumbo, Rendano, Rossomandi, Longo e Martucci. Nell’Art du chant appliqué au piano è possibile riconoscere il principale programma della scuola pianistica napoletana, che Thalberg applicò alle sue composizioni. Non vi è dubbio che con il suo virtuosismo Liszt offuscò le dolci melodie di Thalberg, che rimasero pur sempre testimoni di un’intensa stagione melodrammatica. Pertanto, il contributo intende esaminare e analizzare la trasmissione e la ricezione delle opere di autori come Chopin e Liszt, nonché della scuola pianistica francese, nella didattica napoletana attraverso, anche, la diffusione di questo repertorio nei salotti e nelle sale da concerto della Napoli dell’Ottocento.

Joanne Cormac (University of Birmingham): Liszt and Language: A Multi-National ChameleonLanguage is intimately related to identity. Although several studies have investigated Liszt’s complex multi-national identity, none have considered linguistics. This paper uses contemporary linguistic theory to unravel Liszt’s fluctuating perception of his national affiliations, and to trace the relationship between his spoken and musical language. First, the paper uses the process identified in linguistics studies as ‘mother tongue shift’ to examine the conflicted issue of Liszt’s two “mother” tongues: a ‘lower class’ dialect of Viennese German, and French, the language that he spoke from the age of twelve. ‘Mother tongue shift’ is the process by which immigrant children lose their original mother tongue and adopt the ‘total behaviour pattern’ of the new culture, not just the language itself. If the language is learned before puberty the child is more likely to speak with a native accent than an adult learner. The paper applies this process to Liszt, arguing that he did not project himself as ‘Hungarian’ during his early years in France, that his behaviour was often perceived as ‘French’, and that there is little evidence that he spoke French with a foreign accent. Liszt, therefore, fully assimilated his new ‘French’ identity. The paper analyses this identity in relation to the early development of his French compositional preoccupations, such as Vallée d’Obermann with its inspiration from Senancour, and Lyon, stemming from the workers’ uprisings of 1834. The paper then investigates Liszt’s relatively late ‘rediscovery’ of his Hungarian roots. Liszt would have been conscious of the perception of Chopin in France as fascinatingly ‘Polish’, and no doubt the appeal of the ‘exotic’ influenced his desire for others

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to perceive him as ‘foreign’. Yet he was genuinely moved by the 1848 Hungarian revolutions, and often showed a sincere preference for his Hungarian identity in the latter half of his life. A crucial dimension of national identification, however, is the extent to which group members can communicate in a unique language, and this paper demonstrates that language was one of the main obstacles coming between Liszt and his Hungarian identity. Liszt’s later attempts to remedy this were unsuccessful, but he did increasingly incorporate Hungarian nuances into his compositional language; the mid-1840s to ‘50s saw the publication of his Hungarian Rhapsodies. The final part of this paper demonstrates that age prevented Liszt from fully participating in a German national identity. Recent linguistics research has shown that there is a ‘critical period’ in childhood that is the optimum time to learn a new language. On moving to Weimar in 1848 Liszt found language acquisition much more difficult than when he had moved to Paris as a boy. He eventually became fluent in standard German, and his German musical influences are most apparent in the music of this period. Yet Liszt’s French and Hungarian identities also remained strikingly present. Héroïde Funèbre is a typically cosmopolitan concoction, evoking images of French nationalism with its use of La Marseillaise, but also including music of a distinct Hungarian character. Ultimately, Liszt shifted nationalities in chameleon-like fashion, but was never entirely assimilated into any of them — a mirror of his complex linguistic roots.

Andrew Davis-Corey Tu (University of Houston, TX): Narrative, Reminiscence, and Fragmentation in Liszt’s B-Minor SonataRecent studies of musical meaning recognize two types of time in music: lyric time and narrative time (the latter also called progressive time or passage time). Lyric time is time that does not progress; narrative time is time that moves. Lyric time in music is cued in sections of a work that foreground melody and stabilize harmonic and phrase structures: tight-knit formal units such as phrases, periods, or others that A. B. Marx called Sätze. Narrative time emerges in sections of increased rhythmic activity and destabilized harmonic and phrase structures: sections, like transitions, that Marx called Gänge. This temporal opposition in Romantic music has the potential to produce narrativity, interpretations of which have the potential to inform how we place a work in the context of nineteenth-century aesthetics. Specifically, we find that in Liszt’s music the expressive narrative often suggests trajectories that shift freely in and out of lyric and narrative time, such that the music becomes, on the surface, destabilized and fragmentary. Such works are also fragmentary at their largest structural levels: their openings are unstable and their endings deny or undermine

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any resolution or reconciliation that might have been achieved temporarily, in more local-level narrative trajectories. Liszt’s B-minor sonata (S. 178, 1852-53) is one such work: this is an example of what Ramon Satyendra has called a “dominant based work,” in which we find an expressive ambiguity between open versus closed, fragmented versus complete. The piece contains several recurring musical strategies for shifting from narrative time - time in motion — and lyric time — time suspended; one example is in the middle of the Andante sostenuto (the second movement of the multi-movement form long acknowledged to be embedded in the piece), at the Quasi adagio and the authentic cadence in C# major, where musically marked changes in topic, register, and musical gestures signal a temporal shift perceived as backward looking, a move to a reminiscent space in which the music longs for an idealized, unattainable past. Another is in the coda, which undercuts the expected tonal goal and destabilizes the structure (the tonic B that appears at the very end is but an ironic reference to tonal closure rather than closure itself). The work as a whole can be understood as incomplete and in ruins — “torn from a larger context,” such that it lies solidly within the Romantic aesthetic of fragmentation and suggests it is but a piece of a larger whole, the longing for which relieves one from the struggle and toil of the mundane tedium of life in the present. The paper will conclude with a short comparison of Liszt’s narrative and aesthetic strategies with Chopin’s, using excerpts from the latter’s own B-minor sonata (Op. 58, 1844) as examples. The paper is jointly authored by a musicologist and a pianist and will consider implications of the expressive interpretation for performance. If a piano is available, we will include live demonstration.

Mariacarla De Giorgi (Università del Salento, Lecce): Pauline Viardot-Garcia e “la poesia del sentimento” nelle mazurche di ChopinIl presente contributo cercherà di ricostruire la tipologia dell’approccio di Pauline Viardot Garcia, una tra le figure di inteprete e compositrice più rappresentative della vita musicale parigina dell’Ottocento, alla musica di Chopin, suo maestro e amico, con particolare riferimento alla mazurca, un genere centrale nell’opera pianistica del compositore polacco. L’analisi delle 12 mazurche, scelte dalla Viardot per essere riadattate all’esecuzione di voce e pianoforte, mostrano non solo l’intento della compositrice a evidenziare tutte le potenzialità poetico-espressive di questa forma di danza popolare polacca, ma rivelano anche gli ideali estetici del suo straordinario virtuosismo vocale, finalizzato all’esaltazione del lirismo nelle mazurche chopiniane o meglio a una “Stylerhöhung” di tale genere di composizione, secondo la definizione data da Liszt, suo maestro, in un famoso articolo sulla compositrice,

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pubblicato nel 1859 sulla rivista Neue Zeitschrift für Musik. Di grande interesse è inoltre la ricostruzione storica dell’iter seguito dalla Viardot non solo nella scelta delle mazurche, iniziata molto presto nel 1831 e conclusasi solo dopo il 1848, ma anche nella ricerca dei testi poetici, adattati prima nella sua lingua originaria, lo spagnolo, come si deduce dagli epistolari di Chopin, e solo dopo in francese, grazie alle liriche scritte da Louis Pomey.

Nicolas Dufetel (Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung/Institut für Musikwissenschaft Weimar-Jena): La genèse du livre « F. Chopin » de Franz Liszt. Que disent les sources?Le livre de Franz Liszt sur Frédéric Chopin (F. Chopin) est une source privilégiée des chercheurs qui s’intéressent soit à l’un des deux compositeurs, soit à leurs rapports. De nombreuses études l’utilisent et le citent pour nourrir leurs argumentations et leurs démonstrations. Or, ce livre pose un certain nombre de problèmes. Publié à l’origine comme feuilleton dans La France musicale en 1851, il est très rapidement édité sous forme de livre, toujours en français (Paris, Escudier/Leipzig, Breitkopf & Härtel, 1852). En 1879, une édition révisée voit le jour, et, l’année suivante, il est traduit en allemand. Du vivant de Liszt, on ne compte pas moins de sept éditions dans les deux langues. Mis à part un fragment manuscrit, la source la plus ancienne est la version de La France musicale. Les écrits de Liszt sont un des sujets les plus polémiques de la recherche lisztienne. De nombreux débats ont eu lieu pour savoir quel crédit leur accorder lorsqu’on sait que pour la plupart d’entre eux, le compositeur s’est fait aider par la comtesse d’Agoult et la princesse Wittgenstein. L’étude des sources permet d’apporter des éléments de réponse, et on dispose désormais d’une vue assez précise du phénomène de co-écriture de l’œuvre littéraire de Liszt. La présente communication propose d’étudier la genèse du livre F. Chopin pour notamment savoir s’il est possible de discerner ce qui vient de Liszt de ce qui vient de la princesse Wittgenstein. En effet, Liszt s’est fait aider par cette dernière, qui, pendant le travail de rédaction, a séjourné plusieurs mois à Bad Eilsen, où elle était en cure. C’est donc en grande partie dans cette ville d’eau que le livre sur Chopin a vu le jour (ainsi que d’autres écrits de Liszt). L’avantage, pour le chercheur, c’est que le compositeur et la princesse ont été souvent séparés pendant cette période, le premier devant rester à Weimar pour y accomplir ses tâches musicales. Leur correspondance est intégralement conservée au Goethe- und Schiller-Archiv de Weimar. Des lettres de Liszt, seulement quelques-unes sont connues grâce à l’édition de La Mara [voir notamment Franz Liszt’s Briefe, éd. La Mara, 8 vol., Leipzig, Breitkopf & Härtel, 1893-1905] ; mais beaucoup n’ont pas été éditées, et celles qui l’ont été doivent être confrontées aux originaux tant la

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musicographe les a réécrites et parfois censurées. Les lettres de la princesse Wittgenstein sont, quant à elles, toujours inédites. Leur correspondance permet donc de trouver un grand nombre de renseignements, parfois quotidiens, sur leurs échanges intellectuels, en l’occurrence sur le livre F. Chopin. La Mara ayant eu l’habitude de censurer précisément dans les lettres de Liszt les passages concernant la rédaction de ses écrits — car il y apparaît très dépendant de la princesse —, l’étude des lettres inédites fournit des renseignements de première main sur leur collaboration et la genèse du livre sur Chopin. Ces sources seront notamment complétées par le feuilleton de La France musicale et la première édition du livre, qui seront mis en parallèle, afin de reconstituer les conditions et les motifs d’écriture de ce livre tellement cité, mais dont on connaît finalement si peu l’histoire.

Marina Esposito (Università del Salento, Lecce): Il «nuovo Faust» e il «Raffaello della tastiera»: Liszt, Chopin e le cronache musicali di Heinrich HeineHeinrich Heine (1797-1856), poeta tedesco la cui opera è pervasa di sentimenti liberali e accenti democratici e giacobini, giunge a Parigi nel 1831 e da allora si stabilisce in Francia. Nella capitale francese è vicino ai circoli socialisti dei saintsimoniani e frequenta Balzac, Hugo, de Musset e George Sand. Intellettuale dai molteplici interessi, Heine traccia un affresco vivido e intenso della società e della cultura del suo tempo, con acume e tinte ironiche, slanci ed entusiasmi non privi di contraddizioni. Nella sua vasta produzione letteraria, le pagine di critica musicale detengono un posto di notevole interesse: i suoi giudizi, infatti, si rivelano densi e incisivi, intuitivi e pregnanti, puntando spesso a superare le fredde esegesi analitiche per privilegiare un linguaggio suggestivo e metaforico, che non di rado giunge alle medesime conclusioni delle analisi minuziose evitandone l’aridità della forma letteraria. La presente relazione esaminerà i giudizi critici espressi da Heine sull’opera di Liszt e di Chopin, compositori che ebbe modo di conoscere e frequentare nelle sale da concerto e nei salotti parigini. In particolare verranno prese in esame le cronache musicali pubblicate sull’Allgemeine Theater-Revue e sull’Allgemeine Zeitung, mettendo in luce le peculiarità individuate da Heine nell’opera di Chopin e di Liszt, sia da un punto di vista compositivo sia da un punto di vista più specificamente legato al concertismo nella Parigi degli anni Trenta e Quaranta dell’Ottocento. Emergeranno due profili nitidi e incisivamente tratteggiati: da una parte Liszt, come genio travolgente, incarnazione del momento faustiano e demoniaco dell’atto creativo, che con il suo virtuosismo trascende le difficoltà tecniche ed entusiasma le platee; dall’altra parte Chopin, come musicista raffinato, intimamente lirico, ammirato da un’élite aristocratica ed elegante. Verrà, in seguito, rilevato che i giudizi critici e le riflessioni estetiche di Heine si inseriscono

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in un filone critico riconducibile a Wackenroder, Hoffmann e Jean Paul Richter, dunque a una tradizione ben consolidata che concepiva il discorso sulla musica come intuizione immediata e suggestiva, ricca di implicazioni sociali e culturali della civiltà coeva. Verranno inoltre evidenziati i caratteri che qualificano le categorie estetiche adottate da Heine, intellettuale attento ai mutamenti profondi che si profilavano nella società del tempo e che ben presto si sarebbero imposti.

Christoph Flamm (Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken): «…des compositions ont ne peut plus distinguées…»: Liszt Exploring AlkanWhen reviewing Charles-Valentin Alkan’s Trois Morceaux dans le genre pathétique Op. 15 for the Revue et Gazette Musicale de Paris in 1837 (No. 43, 22. October 1837), Liszt made clear how deeply impressed he was by Alkan’s three caprices. At the same time, he was working on the second version of his own études, namely the 12 Grandes Études, which were finished in late 1837 and published in 1838. While the influence of Paganini, Berlioz and Chopin on Liszt’s music of these years has been identified and described, the impact of Alkan on Liszt has seldom or never been discussed in detail. Whereas some features of Alkan’s music reappeared in Liszt’s études of 1838, others came to the fore only in the revised edition of 1851, for instance the chaotic pan-chromaticism of Chasse-Neige that has a direct predecessor in Le Vent Op. 15, no. 2. I will try to show in which ways Alkan affected Liszt’s piano writing (especially on his études) and, more generally, consider the wider aesthetic consequences of Alkan’s influence, beyond questions of playing technique or pianistic style.

Małgorzata Gamrat (Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków / École Pratique des Hautes Études, Paris): « Récite-moi un poème » – Liszt et ses idées esthétiques à travers l’enseignement du piano de la première moitié du XIXe siècle à Paris L’objet de cette communication montre comment les idées esthétiques de Franz Liszt et sa façon d’enseigner du piano ont fonctionné dans le milieu des pédagogues parisiens. Pendant l’hiver de 1831-1832 Mme Auguste Boissier assiste aux leçons de piano données par Franz Liszt à sa fille Valérie en les notant. Son témoignage précieux nous montre que le jeune virtuose hongrois très souvent commençait ses cours du piano par le récit d’un poème, lisant quelques passages de ses auteurs favoris (e. g. Hugo, Lamartine) qui, selon lui, correspondaient à l’ambiance du morceau élaboré. C’est la littérature qui lui permettrait de mieux expliquer la musique. Il a su déjà que « des fictions, des phrases, des couleurs, des sons sont prédestinés aussi bien aux poètes, aux écrivains, aux peintres, aux musiciens, aux artistes en un mot » (De la situation des artistes et de leur condition

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dans la société, 30 août 1835). Quand les autres professeurs de piano (du Conservatoire et privés) enseignaient de la simple technique pianistique et de la simple expression, Liszt a enseigné comment comprendre l’œuvre musicale, comment vraiment la maîtriser. Son enseignement a été fait dans l’esprit de l’unité des arts, ce qui a rendu ses leçons exceptionnelles. Trois ans plus tard, en 1835, il écrit lui-même dans la Gazette musicale qu’une connaissance de l’histoire de la littérature et de la philosophie de la musique est nécessaire pour bien former la personnalité artistique d’un musicien (Du Conservatoire, 30 août 1835). Il a resté fidèle à ses idées jusqu’à la fin de sa vie et il les a développé successivement. Des témoignages plus tardifs de ses élèves, tel qu’Agnes Klindworth, Marie Jaëll, August Stradal ou August Göllerich, montrent qu’une réalisation de ces postulats a été une des sources de son succès pédagogique et aussi de son jeu pianistique fascinant tant ses contemporains.

James Garratt (University of Manchester): Between Paris and Weimar: Conflicting Currents in Liszt’s Writings and Music Around 1850For modern musicologists, just as for their forebears, Liszt’s move to Weimar in 1849 marks a decisive reorientation in his activities and output. A key aspect of this shift in outlook was Liszt’s embracing of his great Weimar predecessors, Goethe and Schiller, an allegiance proclaimed in his De la Fondation-Goethe à Weimar (1849) and affirmed in a series of works from the following decade. This new allegiance had a crucial impact on Liszt’s aesthetic views and, in particular, his conception of the social function of music. Rather than signifying a process of self-reinvention, however, Liszt’s new commitment to the values of Weimar classicism interacts in a complex manner with his earlier aesthetic standpoints: the tension between the social Romanticism of his Parisian years and his new viewpoints is arguably fundamental to his creativity in this period. This paper traces this tension within Liszt’s output of the early Weimar years, focusing in particular on texts and works, such as the symphonic poem Héroïde funèbre, in which the composer reengaged with earlier ideas and material.

Harrison Gradwell Slater (Boston, MA): Chopin and Liszt and the Vocal NocturneFor two centuries the piano works of Chopin and Liszt have evoked vocal qualities to listeners. Consequently, scholars have looked towards the vocal genres that may have influenced their oeuvres. The rich tradition of the vocal nocturne, lasting over a century, is documented in my own article in Mozart-Jahrbuch (1993) and is the subject of an upcoming monograph The Vocal Nocturne in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century. Cultivated by well over one hundred composers, the vocal nocturne tradition

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plays an important part in the transition of Italian and French vocal music to the newly developing style of the piano. The vocal nocturne tradition was widespread throughout Europe for the six decades preceding the arrival of Liszt and Chopin in Paris. Audiences of the time would have had no difficulty recognizing allusions to vocal duets and trios, for example, those of Blangini who wrote over one hundred and seventy, and whose nocturnes «made the tour of the world […] in Paris, London, Vienna, Berlin, Naples, Milan, Munich and Saint Petersburg». Metastasian poetry from the Strofe per musica inspired the Italian eighteenth-century vocal nocturne. The translation to French in the nineteenth-century Duo Nocturne was a critical transition, not only for vocal music, but also for the piano. In the music of Liszt and Chopin, a relatively short passage taken from the vocal tradition infuses the work with the nostalgia of Italian song, so it is not surprising to find them in works like Venezia e Napoli (c1840). No. 3 provides the clearest example of a vocal nocturne texture (usually two sopranos) with the suggestion of a harp accompaniment. The evocation of two women’s voices is less apparent than in the works of Chopin, because of Liszt’s pianistic “overlay” of a shimmering accompaniment and additional voice doublings, which often masks the vocal nocturne structure. Significant examples in Chopin’s nocturnes include Op. 27, No. 1 (mm. 19-26, 94-98), Op. 27, No. 2 (mm. 10-17), Opus posth. 72, No. 1 (mm. 12-26), KK IVa No. 16 (mm. 21-23, 25-27) and Op. 62, No. 1 (mm. 11-21). The influence of the vocal nocturne can also be seen in sections of Liszt’s Consolation in D Flat, marked «Lento placido» (mm. 30-35, 38-43, 57-61), and in the Apparitions, composed in 1834 when Liszt was in Paris. One of the predominant textures of No. 1 is the vocal duet theme (mm. 11-15, 39-49, 70-74). No. 2 (marked dolce amabile) reveals this texture in the middle section, «Maggiore». Other works with vocal nocturne passages include the Impromptu (Nocturne), Tränen, En rêve (Nocturne), Berceuse in F Sharp Major and Les Cloches de G…. Both Liszt and Chopin end works with a poignant evocation of sopranos singing in thirds or sixths: Liszt in the Sonetto 104 di Petrarca (S. 161, mm. 87-93), Consolation in D Flat (mm. 57-61) and in Apparitions, No. 1 (mm. 90-93); Chopin in the Nocturne in C Sharp Minor, Op. 27, No. 1 and in the Nocturne in D Flat Major, Op. 27, No. 2.

Inès Guittard (Université Jean Monnet de Saint-Étienne): « Aspects de Chopin » d’Alfred Cortot : construction d’une image, perception d’une oeuvre« Et tout d’abord l’aspect physique » : tel est l’incipit de l’ouvrage d’Alfred Cortot Aspects de Chopin. On conviendra du caractère peu orthodoxe de cette entrée en matière. Le lecteur qui s’attendrait à lire le récit chronologique des événements

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considérés comme « importants » dans la vie du compositeur est rapidement détrompé, car l’ouvrage ne se définit pas a priori comme une monographie à caractère purement biographique. Cortot ne cherche pas seulement à appréhender une vérité fondée sur l’objectivité des sources historiques mais à transmettre une vision éminemment subjective de Chopin. Les faits tangibles, les témoignages de ses contemporains, les documents historiques, sont les vecteurs d’une réflexion personnelle sur des éléments aussi disparates que la physionomie de Chopin, sa main, son métier de pédagogue, son œuvre, « ce qu’il doit à la France », ses concerts ou son caractère. Ces sept éléments, qui font l’objet de sept chapitres, rendent comptent aux yeux de Cortot de l’ensemble des « aspects » de Chopin, de sa vie matérielle, spirituelle et musicale. Aspects de Chopin doit donc être appréhendé non pas comme une simple biographie, mais comme un objet littéraire hybride, composite, dans lequel se mêlent histoire et fiction. La référence à des sources précises — la correspondance de Chopin éditée par Opienski, les esquisses de la méthode de piano de Chopin — la reproduction en facsimile de certains manuscrits ou documents iconographiques, participent d’une volonté d’authenticité scientifique. Cependant, Cortot ne cherche pas seulement à effectuer une synthèse historique ou à reconstituer les faits en tant que tels. Sa prétention à l’exhaustivité dans l’appréhension de « l’homme » Chopin induit un travail herméneutique qui dépasse très largement l’analyse historique. En définitive, Aspects de Chopin est une « critique de la critique », critique de points de vue — ceux des contemporains de Chopin notamment — grâce auxquels Cortot étaye et nourrit sa réflexion. Chopin semble donc être l’objet d’une construction a posteriori ; le compositeur devient ainsi personnage, représentation imaginaire. Dans ce jeu entre spéculation et analyse, la musique occupe une place singulière : perçue comme point de focalisation des divers « aspects » de Chopin, elle les explique et les induit et en accentue peut-être les paradoxes ou les dualismes. Ainsi, l’opposition entre le « Chopin-Ariel », sylphe immatériel et « sans densité physique », et le Chopin doté d’une « ardeur » et d’une « vitalité » souvent proches de la sensualité, révèle une des caractéristiques les plus significatives de l’interprétation pianistique de Cortot. Alors que le XIXe siècle insiste sur la féminité de « Mademoiselle Chopin », sur la légèreté et le caractère vaporeux de son jeu, Cortot fait comprendre par son discours et entendre par son interprétation une dualité intrinsèque et éminemment romantique : sensible et suprasensible, matière et esprit, sont les deux pôles d’une même réalité musicale. En définitive, Aspects de Chopin met en jeu un processus cognitif fondé sur la validité des sources historiques, mais aussi une démarche herméneutique qui tend à élucider un style musical et à construire une figure singulière au sein de l’esthétique romantique.

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Andrew Haringer (Columbia University, New York, NY): «De la situation des artistes» through the Lens of Lamennais: Liszt’s First Essay ReconsideredScholars in recent years have shown greater interest in Liszt’s published literary efforts, most notably with the complete edition of his writings completed in 2000 (Sämtliche Schriften, 1989-2000). Liszt’s first published essay of 1835, «De la situation des artistes, et de leur condition dans la société», has received particular attention, most notably via Ralph Locke’s partial translation and commentary included in Liszt and his World (2006). Less well known amongst musicologists is Arthur McCalla’s «Liszt Bricoleur: poetics and providentialism in early July monarchy France», published in the Journal of the History of European Ideas in 1998. McCalla argues that Liszt’s essay represents a synthesis of three philosophies: Saint-Simonianism, the palingenesis of Pierre-Simon Ballanche, and the liberal Catholicism of Abbé Félicité de Lamennais. Locke and McCalla have written definitive books on the first two of these worldviews (Locke, Music, Musicians, and the Saint-Simonians, 1986; McCalla, A Romantic Historiosophy: The Philosophy of History of Pierre-Simon Ballanche, 1998), so it is not surprising that they gravitate towards their respective areas of expertise. What is conspicuously lacking is a similar level of attention devoted to Lamennais, whose powerful influence on Liszt has yet to be fully explored. In this paper I seek to redress this imbalance, lending greater weight to Lamennais’ role in determining the content of Liszt’s essay. It is my contention that Lamennais alone fulfilled Liszt’s need for a worldview that reconciled his lifelong Catholicism with a spirit of radical reform and progress. While McCalla and others claim that Lamennais disapproved of Liszt’s artistic elitism, I argue that Lamennais’ concerns instead stemmed from growing suspicions that Liszt had compromised his artistic and spiritual ideals in favor of worldly success. The missing piece to this puzzle is Joseph d’Ortigue, who introduced Liszt and Lamennais in 1834. While Lamennais only publicly expressed his aesthetics in his Esquisse d’une philosophie of 1840, the evidence suggests that he had shaped his views on music with d’Ortigue’s counsel a decade earlier. To illustrate this, I note the obvious parallels between d’Ortigue’s views on art in his 1834 novel La Sainte-Baume and those found in Lamennais’ Esquisse d’une philosophie. I conclude by weighing these views against those expressed by Liszt in his essay, and against his artistic activities during this period. In so doing, I contend that the affinity between Liszt and Lamennais’ artistic ideals is far stronger than has previously been acknowledged.

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Andrea Malvano (Università di Torino): Erard ‘versus’ Pleyel. Chopin e Liszt rispecchiati dai loro pianofortiTra gli anni Venti e Quaranta dell’Ottocento Parigi era una fucina di innovazioni tecniche applicabili al pianoforte. I principali costruttori impegnati nella ricerca organologica erano Jean-Henry Pape, Guillaume Petzold, Jean-Baptiste Thory, Jean-Louis Bosselot. L’evoluzione riguardava i materiali delle corde, la solidità della cavigliera, la varietà di effetti prodotti da pedali e ginocchiere, l’ampliamento delle ottave senza incidere sulle dimensioni dello strumento. C’era però una soluzione nel meccanismo dei martelletti che divideva i costruttori in due scuole: il doppio scappamento, vale a dire il congegno che, tramite le presenza di un pistoncino e di un martelletto aggiuntivo, consente una rapida esecuzione dei ribattuti. Pierre Erard, titolare del brevetto, applicava il sistema a tutti i suoi grand pianos; mentre Camille Pleyel perseverava nella fabbricazione dei suoi strumenti, perfezionando la meccanica senza doppio scappamento. La differente scelta tecnica produsse una concorrenza serrata tra le due industrie, favorendo la nascita di due schieramenti opposti. Tale rivalità commerciale si rifletteva anche nelle scelte di Chopin e Liszt: il primo riteneva che i pianoforti Pleyel fossero il «non plus ultra», mentre il secondo non sapeva proprio rinunciare a portarsi uno strumento Erard in giro per il mondo. Ma quali erano i veri motivi di questa divergenza? Le recensioni e le testimonianze dei contemporanei, commisurate alle differenze organologiche tra i due strumenti, permettono di rispondere alla domanda tenendo in considerazione molteplici punti di vista: consuetudini esecutive, legami di amicizia con i titolari delle due case di produzione, tecniche di approccio alla tastiera, anatomia e fisiologia della mano, modi di comunicare con il pubblico. Tutti aspetti che non si possono ricondurre esclusivamente alla questione del doppio scappamento (sono molti altri i dettagli che spiegano le differenze tra strumenti Pleyel ed Erard), e che rispecchiano due personalità artistiche e umane completamente diverse: da una parte il timido Chopin che centellinava le sue apparizioni in pubblico e si era guadagnato l’epiteto di «Ariel della tastiera» per la leggerezza sognante delle sue esecuzioni; dall’altra il leone del pianoforte che divorava qualsiasi platea privilegiando sistematicamente la nozione di spettacolarità.

Giuseppe Montemagno (Università di Catania): Dans l’Olympe du piano à la mémoire d’un angeLe soir du 31 mars 1837 la princesse Cristina Trivulzio organisa un concert « au bénéfice d’Italiens démunis », auquel participèrent Sigismund Thalberg et Franz Liszt. Patriote fervente, mariée au prince di Belgiojoso, la riche aristocrate italienne s’était réfugiée dès 1831 à Paris, où elle

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avait animé un salon rue d’Anjou, devenu bientôt célèbre grâce aux fréquentations, entre autres, d’Alfred de Musset et Prosper Mérimée, René de Chateaubriand et Alexandre Dumas, Victor Hugo et Honoré de Balzac, Heinrich Heine et François Mignet, Augustin Thierry et Adolphe Thiers, Giacomo Meyerbeer et Vincenzo Bellini. Au cours de la soirée eut lieu un mémorable défi entre les deux pianistes, qui s’engagèrent dans une série de variations d’après Moïse de Rossini et Niobe de Pacini. Longuement exalté par la presse ( Jules Janin la qualifiera de « joute admirable » sur le Journal des débats), le concert aura une suite, conçue non seulement en hommage à la maîtresse de maison, mais surtout à la mémoire de Vincenzo Bellini, prématurément décédé en septembre 1835, et dont la mort avait suscité une émotion intarissable dans le milieu musical parisien. À la princesse de Belgiojoso sera dédié Hexameron. Morceau de concert. Grandes variations de bravoure sur la Marche des Puritains, composé au printemps de 1837 et achevé au début de l’été. À cet ouvrage collaboreront trois autres virtuoses du piano, Johann Peter Pixis, Henri Herz et Carl Czerny, mais surtout Frédéric Chopin, auteur de la cinquième Variation : tous coordonnés par Liszt, qui écrit l’Introduction, le Thème, la deuxième Variation, le Finale et les interludes entre les variations. Plusieurs questions tournent autour de la composition de l’Hexameron, à partir de l’identification des participants et de l’activité du salon de la princesse Belgiojoso, qui aidait les patriotes du Risorgimento financièrement mais aussi moralement — brodant les drapeaux des insurgés, par exemple. À partir de cette reconstitution, le choix du thème peut s’avérer non sans importance : l’auteur lui-même des Puritani, Bellini, le considérait « d’un libéral qui fait peur », et en effet le duo des basses « Suoni la tromba, e intrepido » avait enflammé les esprits des communautés d’émigrés réfugiés à Paris — entre autres, celles des Polonais et des Hongrois. Profitant de l’émotion suscitée par la mort de Bellini, l’Hexameron assurait la circulation de cet hymne à la liberté non seulement dans les salles de concert — Liszt lui-même le proposera plusieurs fois, notamment à Vienne en 1838, à Trieste en 1839, à Brno en 1840 — mais aussi dans la dimension domestique, où ces morceaux étaient favoris. Mais le choix des auteurs invités et la disposition même des variations sont aussi symptomatiques : car on peut y lire, en filigrane, une indication des préférences du public parisien, ainsi qu’une classification des virtuoses appréciés dans les salons de musique. Non seulement l’Hexameron représente la seule et unique occasion de collaboration entre Chopin et Liszt, mais en même temps fait état du milieu qui tourne autour du piano à la fin des années Trente.

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Lucia Navarrini Dell’Atti (Firenze)-Annarosa Vannoni (Conservatorio di Bologna): Franz Liszt in «Le Ménestrel»Si intende presentare alla comunità scientifica i primi risultati di una ricerca incentrata sulla presenza di Franz Liszt nel periodico parigino «Le Ménestrel» nelle annate a lui coeve e posteriori. Lo studio prende in esame quale sia stata la ricezione di Liszt, musicista dalla personalità poliedrica, da un punto di vista estetico sia nella società parigina durante il suo soggiorno nella capitale francese sia in epoca posteriore, viste le varie rubriche del periodico. In particolare, si offrirà una campionatura dei risultati conseguiti attraverso la lettura, l’analisi e il commento di recensioni — a cura di vari critici del tempo — e cronache musicali relative ai seguenti aspetti del musicista che emergono più frequentemente nei numeri del periodico: come interprete dei suoi lavori, in particolare in Francia; come interprete (pianista e/o direttore d’orchestra) di opere di altri musicisti generalmente coevi; come compositore.

Magdalena Oliferko (Warsaw University): Liszt and Chopin in Fontana’s Cuban EpisodeJulian Fontana, pianist and composer, friend of long standing as well as a copyist, was a companion to Chopin since his youthful years. They went together to the Warsaw’s Liceum and then to the Conservatory. When they emigrated they were close to each other for many years in Paris, where Fontana resided from 1835. In the mid-1830s, Fontana made Liszt’s acquaintance and from that time onwards, with Chopin, they enjoyed many evenings together. Fontana was a wanderer type, his restless soul continually drove him to into the unknown, and wherever he performed in public, he presented the works of Chopin and Liszt, which were often either little known or completely unfamiliar (this applied to Chopin in particular). In 1844 Fontatna was off on his spectacular travels to Cuba and became the Director of the Cuba Philharmonic Society. While in Cuba, he presented hitherto unknown works by Chopin and Liszt. He was, therefore, a populariser of their output, at first on the Europen Continent and then also on the Southern hemisphere (the Caribbean, New York city). In Cuba, Fontana composed his La Havanne. Based on the Caribbean and Spanish motifs, the phantasy corresponds with the works of Liszt which contain Spanish leitmotifs. In many respects this work approached the aesthetics of Liszt, in contrast with Fontana’s earlier works, preceding his departure from Europe; these remained subject to the strong influence of Chopin. On the one hand, Fontana performed the compositions of Chopin and Liszt (presenting their composer silhouettes in extenso); on the other hand he presented himself as a pianist and composer, formed by the works of these two titans of the keyboard, that is to say he

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presented the resonance of their aesthetics. In Cuba, Fontana described himself as ‘a disciple of the famous Chopin’. As a piano teacher in Cuba he passed on the pedagogic ideals of his master to Cuban musicians. One of his students was N. R. Espadero, later recognized as one of the most outstanding Cuban composers and pianists in the nineteenth century. Thus Fontana’s stay in Cuba is of significance to various matters concerning Liszt and Chopin: the introduction of ‘new’ works to the Havana audience; the dissemination of (Chopin’s) pedagogic ideals and Fontana’s own compositional output embodying a synthesis of the influence of Chopin, Liszt as well as Cuban motifs.

Anne Penesco (Université Lyon2): Les violonistes à Pianopolis  : Chopin, Liszt et les violonistes dans l’univers musical parisien Cette communication se propose d’étudier de manière approfondie les divers aspects de la collaboration de Chopin et de Liszt avec les grands violonistes de l’époque, sur les scènes et dans les salons parisiens. Nous chercherons des éléments d’analyse en premier lieu dans la presse : les comptes rendus de concerts dont on ne retient fréquemment que ce qui concerne les prestations des deux grands pianistes, en négligeant les autres parties des programmes. Nous nous attacherons à donner une idée précise de l’interprétation des œuvres jouées aux concerts de Liszt avec Massart, Haumann, Lafont ou Urhan, par exemple, et à ceux de Chopin avec Alard, Baillot, Ernst et le même Chrétien Urhan (ce dernier souvent mentionné pour son activité d’altiste, son intérêt pour la viole d’amour, ou encore les particularités de son caractère, mais dont on oublie le talent et l’importance en tant que violoniste). Nous utiliserons d’autres sources telles que les correspondances, les éditions établies avec la collaboration de ces musiciens, les méthodes pour violon et les compositions des violonistes qui nous permettront de bien cerner leur conception de l’instrument à archet, leur style d’interprétation et l’écriture violonistique de leurs œuvres. Nous essaierons de montrer comment se réalise la jonction artistique entre certains des plus grands représentants de l’école de violon franco-belge — ou allemande — et les pianistes de génie que sont Chopin et Liszt. Nous nous interrogerons également sur la répercussion que ces collaborations — ou cette révélation, en ce qui concerne Paganini — ont eue sur la créativité d’un Chopin et d’un Liszt, et sur une conception enrichie et renouvelée de l’instrument à clavier, voire de l’orchestre. Nous nous pencherons par ailleurs sur les similitudes et divergences dans les liens que Chopin et Liszt ont respectivement tissés avec les violonistes, et sur leurs conséquences. Ce travail se veut un complément des travaux déjà existants sur Chopin et Liszt et souhaite d’une part projeter un éclairage nouveau, loin des clichés, sur le rôle de Paganini,

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d’autre part mettre en lumière la place d’autres violonistes. Nous conclurons sur l’importance que revêtent les scènes et salons parisiens — par rapport à d’autres pays — dans les rapports de Chopin et de Liszt avec l’univers violonistique.

Adalberto Riva (Conservatorio di Novara): Chopin e Liszt, due differenti figure di esecutoriDal confronto di alcune opere per pianoforte come per esempio alcuni tra gli Studi Opp. 10 e 25, gli Studi Trascendentali e da Paganini, la Fantasia Op. 49, la Berceuse Op. 57, la Barcarola Op. 60, la Sonata n. 2 di Chopin, la Sonata in Si minore, Vallée d’Obermann, la Sonata Dante di Liszt, si evidenzieranno dapprima le evidenti discrepanze a livello di stile, di coordinate estetiche e pianistiche presenti tra il linguaggio dei due pianisti compositori. Tuttavia, ad un più approfondito esame, si evidenzierà come l’opera dei due artisti in realtà presenti anche numerosi punti di contatto, sia per quanto riguarda il loro approccio tecnico allo strumento, come ben dimostrano gli Studi, sia, soprattutto, quando i due musicisti si prefiggono come obiettivo la ricerca di nuove soluzioni formali. Questo aspetto emerge chiaramente con lampante evidenza soprattutto nell’opera di Liszt, in cui egli esplicitamente dichiara la propria volontà di creare una nuova forma musicale di ampio respiro, come il poema sinfonico o le composizioni per pianoforte indicate sopra, che al medesimo principio della trasformazione tematica si riallacciano e di cui il compositore ungherese viene considerato il paladino. Eppure, in modo più sottile e velato, anche Chopin, che preferibilmente opta per schemi formali in apparenza e dal nome più legati alla tradizione, dimostra di essere uno straordinario e rivoluzionario innovatore, introducendo nelle sue architetture geniali intuizioni a livello pianistico, timbrico e soprattutto armonico, tutti espedienti utilizzati per rinnovare profondamente i vecchi schemi a cui si riferisce. Già Schumann aveva notato questa ambiguità, tipicamente chopininana, nel “contrabbandare quattro creature diverse sotto il nome di Sonata” a proposito della struttura interna della Sonata Op. 35, la quale presenta evidenti corrispondenze strutturali tra i vari temi dei differenti movimenti. Dunque Chopin, forse più ancora di Liszt, gioca sull’ambiguità e sull’ambivalenza delle sue scelte sia ritmiche, come dimostra la famosa querelle sul “rubato” in particolare nelle Mazurke, che soprattutto armoniche e strutturali. Un dato, questo che emerge con evidenza in tutte le sue composizioni di ampio respiro, come le Ballate, i Preludi e le già citate Berceuse, Fantasia e Barcarola. In ognuna di esse una straordinaria ricchezza e varietà di soluzioni formali porta alla scoperta di mondi nuovi che si svelano con incredibile naturalezza, celando egregiamente, ma solo in apparenza, il magistrale lavorio di ricerca sintattica e strutturale che sta a monte. Liszt perviene al medesimo risultato, in modo forse più

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immediato, facendo derivare tutti i differenti stadi espressivi che si alternano nelle sue composizioni dal medesimo materiale musicale, sottoposto al principio della variazione continua. In definitiva, Chopin e Liszt costituiscono le due facce della medesima medaglia, quella che vede nell’intrinseca capacità che il linguaggio musicale possiede di esprimere l’inesprimibile il suo punto di forza: una visione quasi utopica e tipicamente romantica, che porta, a metà Ottocento, a scoprire e sviluppare, per differenti percorsi espressivi, nuove soluzioni sia pianistiche che strutturali.

David Rowland (Open University, Milton Keynes, UK): Piano Notation in Chopin and Liszt’s ParisThe amount and type of performance detail used in the notation of music used by composers for the piano varies, not only from composer to composer, but also between works by the same composer. The reasons are, in part, because of the difficulty of the notation itself to indicate adequately what is required. The nuances of pedalling, for example, are rarely expressed with sufficient detail in the notation, despite various attempts to introduce symbols intended to show with greater precision when the pedal is to be depressed and released. Similarly, the need to express in notation the refinements of tempo fluctuation led to some experimentation. Most of these innovations led to higher publication costs, which possibly explains why they appear in only a limited number of published scores. They were also controversial; some of the issues were debated in the musical press of the time. Two fundamental questions lay behind the inconsistencies of notation for the piano at this time. Firstly, to what extent was it desirable, or even possible, for composers to develop notations designed to restrict the range of ‘interpretation’ of their works? Secondly, and perhaps more fundamentally, what is it that the notation itself represents? Is it designed to show what a performer does with his or her hands and feet, or does it represent what is actually heard by the listeners? In reality, composers never managed to develop an entirely logical notational system, but an examination of these issues explains some of the apparent inconsistencies in scores of the period.

Michael Saffle (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA): From the Picturesque to the Sublime: The Significance of Liszt’s “Mountain Symphony” to His Development as Man and ArtistAlthough widely associated with early twentieth-century European musical Romanticism, Franz Liszt (1811-1886) in fact abandoned aspects of that style and culture before the first half of his life was over. He lived much longer than many of his contemporaries: Felix Mendelssohn, for

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example, died in 1847, Chopin in 1849, Robert Schumann in 1856. Longevity alone, however, does not explain why Liszt mostly turned away from such comparatively conventional “picturesque” compositions as Le Lac de Wallenstadt from the Album d’un voyageur in order mostly to devote himself to such “abstract” masterpieces as the Sonata in B minor, such “social” works as Die Legende von der heiligen Elisabeth (with its depictions of aid to the poor), such liturgically “useful” works as the Missa choralis, and such stylistically “experimental” works as the late piano pieces. It is difficult to generalize, of course, about any of Liszt’s complex compositional decisions. Nevertheless, the fact remains that he mostly turned his back on the descriptive piano pieces he composed during the 1830s and early 1840s in order to master orchestral composition and address grander and more historical or mythical — albeit equally descriptive — subjects: the legend of Faust, for example, or the career of Torquato Tasso, or the “Battle of the Huns.” One exceptional work, the so-called “Mountain Symphony”, begun during the 1840s and originally published as Ce qu’on entend sur la montagne, bridges the gap between Liszt’s career as a picturesque composer and as a composer of symphonic poems. It embodies elements of its creator’s early, nature-oriented piano pieces (including both versions of the “Vallée d’Obermann) as well as his later, more historical, mythical, or practical compositions. At the same time, the “Mountain Symphony” remains strikingly French-Romantic in its close “sound-painterly” association with Victor Hugo’s poem Ce qu’on entend sur la montagne and Hugo’s own brand of sublimity in verse. Hugo’s poetry has often been mentioned in association with Liszt’s songs, but it is in his “Mountain Symphony” that Liszt presents his own, most important musical investigation of a French-Romantic poetic principle: that of the Sublime, as interpreted in terms of Hugo’s vision. In its orchestration as well as its formal organization and “tone-painterly” qualities it suggest answers to many of the questions about its creator’s overall output posed above.

Luca Sala (Université de Poitiers): Le regard sur le monde : la tradition lisztienne chez Karłowicz« Du reste, malgré toutes le bêtises dites et imprimées sur le compte de mes Poèmes symphoniques, ces œuvres font leur chemin étonnement… ». De ces mots on apprend clairement l’inclination lisztienne de traiter ses œuvres symphoniques à la fois d’une production considérable dans le contexte qui se déroule tout le long son parcours musical, et qui bien relève une vraie déclaration d’intentes qui va accompagner sa production des dernières années. Ce qui vient se définir comme une nouvelle pensée d’exploration musicale,

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qui méritait bien que l’on aille à comprendre, c’est par conséquence la recherche d’une intégration entre les autres arts, de la littérature à la peinture, qui viennent se mélanger dans une unité musicale ainsi que dans l’idéation d’une opéra fortement ‘descriptive’, sur la voie d’une vraie fascination philosophique. Si l’artiste romantique aspire à l’infini, sous le signe d’un inachèvement de l’art comme œuvre forcement actualisée, c’est la sacralisation de la pensée musicale comme totalité qu’ira transformer le genre du poème symphonique, cela étant devenu forcement une système organique qui pose ses bases, bien que fragmentaires, sur une idée de l’œuvre ‘tragiquement’ mythique. Cela dit, cette dépendance forte des relations extramusicales révèle chez Karłowicz des propositions symboliques qui rendent l’essentiel des ses ouvrages et de la poétique musicale, dont la prolifération des poèmes symphoniques se pose comme une accentuation de la fonction esthétique, ouvrant des perspectives nouvelles à la forme et au genre orchestral fin de siècle, par rapport à la tradition du XIXe siècle.

Laure Schnapper (EHESS, Paris): Liszt et Chopin face à Henri Herz : des relations qui évoluentLorsque le jeune Liszt et Chopin arrivent à Paris, respectivement en décembre 1823 et en septembre 1831, deux pianistes-compositeurs, qui les y ont précédés, jouissent particulièrement de la faveur du public : Frédéric Kalkbrenner, né sous l’ancien-régime en 1785, que Chopin est impatient de rencontrer et auquel il dédie son Concerto en mi mineur, et surtout la nouvelle étoile, le jeune Henri Herz, né en 1803, qui s’est fait connaître dès sa sortie du Conservatoire en 1818. Si ce dernier est aujourd’hui oublié, il connut pourtant, notamment en 1823, quelques mois avant l’arrivée de Liszt, un succès sans précédent avec les Variations brillantes sur Ma Fanchette est charmante Op. 10, dédiées à la duchesse d’Orléans, qui signaient les débuts de la nouvelle virtuosité pianistique. En 1827, entre l’arrivée de Liszt et celle de Chopin, il est promu Pianiste du roi par Charles X. Je propose de montrer comment, lors de leurs débuts parisiens, Liszt et Chopin doivent ainsi compter avec Herz, avant de lui ravir définitivement son sceptre. Quels compromis doivent-ils d’abord faire et jusqu’à quand ? Dans quelle mesure la nouvelle école virtuose parisienne exerce-t-elle une influence sur leur langage musical ? Comment se démarquent-ils en même temps de ce langage et le font-ils évoluer ? On essaiera ainsi, à l’inverse, de mesurer l’influence — directe et indirecte — qu’exercent ensuite Liszt et Chopin sur les autres pianistes-compositeurs. Si les deux musiciens se démarquent de leurs prédécesseurs, tant par le renouvellement du jeu pianistique que par leurs

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compositions, les autres pianistes sont également obligés de se renouveler, à la fois en les prenant pour modèle et comme repoussoir. Herz constitue un bon exemple de ce point de vue : contrairement à Kalkbrenner, qui meurt du choléra en 1849, il traverse le siècle et compose pratiquement jusqu’à sa mort en 1888. Une telle longévité l’oblige à renouveler à la fois son jeu pianistique, son répertoire et le langage de ses compositions. Quelle est sa réaction à l’arrivée de Chopin ? Quelle stratégie adopte-t-il pour continuer à exister face à ses concurrents ? En étudiant l’évolution des rapports entre Herz et les deux compositeurs, on pourra ainsi, non seulement mesurer la faveur croissante dont Liszt et Chopin jouissent auprès du public — et la perception qu’eux-mêmes en ont — , mais aussi, plus généralement, contribuer à évaluer leur impact sur le langage pianistique du temps.

Renata Suchowiejko (Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków): Chopin au Théâtre Italien en 1835. Contexte historique et coulisses de l’organisation du concertLe concert donné par Chopin au Théâtre Italien en 1835 est bien connu de ses biographes, dûment décrit par les connaisseurs du pianiste et précisément analysé du point de vue de la réception de son oeuvre. On connaît néanmoins beaucoup moins bien les coulisses de l’organisation de cet événement qui, profitant d’un effet d’annonce, fut conçu dans le contexte d’une situation socio-politique déterminée et rapporta une bonne somme d’argent. Il s’agissait d’une initiative de Towarzystwo Dobroczynności Dam Polskich [la Société de secours pour les Polonais indigents], fondée en 1834 par la princesse Anna de Sapieha Czartoryska pour aider les émigrés polonais. Après l’échec de l’Insurrection de Novembre 1831, un grand nombre de réfugiés, souvent sans ressource, arrivèrent en France. La princesse Anna entreprit de nombreuses actions pour réunir des fonds et leur assurer un soutien financier. Chopin entretenait des relations d’amitié très proches avec la maison des Czartoryski et n’hésita pas à prendre part au projet musical organisé au Théâtre Italien, manifestant par ce biais son engagement pour la cause nationale polonaise et sa volonté d’aider ses compatriotes. La bibliothèque des princes Czartoryski à Cracovie contient un riche dossier contenant les détails de l’organisation du concert. Cette documentation — correspondances, invitations, programme du concert, factures, liste des personnes ayant acheté un billet, comptes précis de l’événement — constitue la source principale de ma conférence. Elle illustre de manière exemplaire l’étendue des actions caritatives entreprises par la famille Czartoryski et dévoile le rôle social de la musique à cette époque.

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Andrzej Tuchowski (Uniwersytet Zielonogórski, Poland): From Lyricism to Ecstasy – Chopin’s ‘Apotheoses’ – Recapitulations, their Impact on Liszt and Other Composers of European Neo-RomanticismThe practice of thematic metamorphoses as an alternative to Classical developmental procedures and structural transformations appears to be rooted in the early Romantic tradition. Anticipated by Mozart (Piano Concerto in C minor KV 497) and — more conspicuously — by Beethoven (9th Symphony – Finale), this compositional practice has been given an innovative, full-fledged manifestation in Chopin’s Ballades. Apparently, the tendency to enhance the dramatic impact of the metamorphoses of originally lyrical themes into their expressive alter ego has led Chopin to develop a kind of ecstatic, final recapitulation which has been described in the literature as ‘apotheosis’ and which he firstly introduced in his third Ballade in A flat-major (1841). At the last stage of Chopin’s stylistic transformation this tendency evolved into a formal/expressive scenario which has brought in a ‘finalecstatic’ recapitulation of reminiscences of all main themes. This type of recapitulation can be discerned in the Polonaise-Fantasie A flat major Op. 61 and Barcarole F sharp major Op. 60, both written around 1845-1846 and strikingly similar as far as their structural/formal designs are concerned. It seems that this type of ‘great apotheosis’ anticipated Liszt’s sublime syntheses — recapitulations characteristic of his musical dramaturgy in his Piano Concerto in E flat major (1849), Les Preludes (1848) and other works. The reception history of the works by Chopin under discussion — works labeled by Emile Bosquet as ‘poemes pianistique’ and by Mieczysław Tomaszewski as ‘Romantic narrative-dramatic genres’ — demonstrates that they have generated exceptionally frequent literary associations, especially within Polish émigré literary circles in Paris as well as, sometimes, with respect to Polish romantic nationalist ideology. All of this seems to confirm formale and expressive affinities between Chopin and Liszt as far as musical dramaturgy is concerned. It seems that the concept of Chopin’s ‘apotheosis’ recapitulation which was developed and magnified by Liszt turned out to be extremely influential and attractive to many composers and had an impact stretching to Grieg, Tchaikovsky, Rachmaninov, Scriabin and Debussy.

Elizabeth A. Weinfield (Metropolitan Museum of Art and C.U.N.Y., New York, NY): Piano Symbolism: Franz Liszt and the Aesthetic Remnants of CompositionFranz Liszt dramatically heightened the level of difficulty associated with the piano repertoire during his lifetime. No longer merely the talented artisan or the employed apprentice

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of the Classical era and the Enlightenment, Liszt was part of an evolving cult of artists touched by a truer insight into the human condition. He is heir to a wealth of ideology making a hero of the individual, and is the intellectual descendent of Goethe’s wanderings and Rousseau’s joie de vivre. Because of his very public histrionics, his love of attention, and his frank and deliberate subversion of genial grooming, Liszt is a fitting prototype of how the greater gifts of creativity can be translated into representation, and thus makes a convenient, if not engaging, model for an iconographical study. An inspection of contemporary imagery depicting Liszt shall reveal that he borrowed from the Romantic ideal in order to manufacture a personality that appealed to the tastes of his time, while acquiring the effects that would later translate into caricature. The manifestations of Liszt’s caricatured celebrity exist to this day as physical remnants embedded in the details of his instrument, his own 1862 Érard grand piano. By analyzing the piano as an art historian might read a painting, I establish a cultural lineage and basis for its role as objet d’art, in conjunction with Liszt’s position in a musical-cultural pedigree. The piano thus becomes a tool that aides in the reconstruction of this narrative and provides an ideological pathway that grants the scholar the mobility to navigate between past and present, instrument and performance, object and idea.

Ophra Yerushalmi (New York, NY): Chopin’s Kingdom and Liszt’s Empire: Changing Attitudes and Lingering PerceptionsFor pianist Ophra Yerushalmi turning to film is an occasion for new interpretation. Chopin and Liszt, two composers both opposite and complementary and for whom the piano was at the very centre, were of great consequence. In Chopin’s Afterlife the director seeks to show on the one hand, that Frederic Chopin’s music benefits from today’s pianists examining the Etudes or the Mazurkas, that he is ever present. We have come a long way from “The picture of Dorian Gray” (prelude No. 24) to Ingmar Bergman’s “Autumn’s Sonata” (prelude No. 2); on the other hand, Chopin is a source of inspiration to many in unexpected places, for dancers, poets, filmmakers and artists. The focus for this Symposium is Mikhail Kobakhidze, an exiled filmmaker living in Paris, in interview and represented by a segment from his silent film En Chemin (‘on the road’, 2002), in Black and White, to the accompaniment of two Chopin Waltzes and a Polonaise; the second figure is Emilio Isgro, a Sicilian artist and poet, whose principle is cancellatura (erasing); his application of it to Chopin will be discussed, together with his comments that are to some delightful, to others provocative. Chopin’s Afterlife ends with Isgro’s installation, entitled: Chopin: Score for Fifteen Pianos, filmed in Palermo. Liszt’s Dance with the Devil

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focuses on the ‘unknown’ Franz Liszt. Along with Paganini the violin virtuoso and Berlioz the virtuoso conductor, Liszt suffered from accusations of superficiality even charlatanism. Addressed by this film, as implied by its very title ‘Liszt’s Dance with the Devil’, is the question of Liszt’s own identity: was the devil in the public’s eye, within Liszt himself or both? Music from The First Mass, filmed in Budapest, and from the Oratorio St. Elisabeth, conducted by Carl St. Clair in Weimar introduces the viewer to rarely heard compositions. The film also focuses on Transcriptions: half of Liszt’s work comprises of transcriptions; for the director they are a key to understanding Liszt the composer. This segment of in-depth discussions will be presented along with musical examples from pianists and writers.

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CHOPIN AND LISZT: TWO COMPOSERS AND THEIR RELATION

TO THE PARISIAN MUSICAL SCENE

Chopin e Liszt: due compositori a confronto nell’universo musicale parigino

Chopin et Liszt : deux compositeurs face à face sur la scène musicale parisienne

International Conference

02-04 December 2010, Lucca - Palazzo Ducale (Sala Tobino)

Centro Studi opera omnia Luigi BoCCherini

(LuCCa)

www.luigiboccherini.org

Palazzetto Bru Zane - Centre de Musique Romantique Française

www.bru-zane.com