Cholinergic agonists and antagonists

Synapses are specialized junctions through which neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands

Cholinergic nervous fibres are:1) preganglionic (sympoathetic and

parasypmathetic);2) all postgnglionic parasympathetic;3) postganglionic sympathetic which supply sweat

glands and vessels of skeletal muscles;4) somatic nerves;5) nerves which supply adrenal medulla and

carotic sinuses;6) neurons of CNS

Adrenergic nervous fibres are: 1) postganglionic sympathetic, except those which

supply sweat glands and vessels of skeletal muscles;2) neurons of CNS

Cholinergic drugs

1) M-, N-cholinomimetics (acetylcholine, carbacholine);2) Anticholinesterase drugs – cholinesterase inhibitors

(proserin, galanthamine hydrobromide, pirydostygmine bromide, armine);

3) M-, N- cholinoblockers (amisyl, cyclodol); 4) M-cholinomimetics (pilocarpin, aceclidyn);5) M-cholinoblockers (atropine sulphate, platyphyllin

hydrotartrate, scopolamine hydrobromide, metacinum);6) N-cholinomimetics (cytyton, lobelin);7) N-cholinoblockers: а) ganglionblockers

(benzohexonium, pentamin, hygronium, arphonade); б) myorelaxants (tubocurarinum chloride, dytylinum, melliktin)

M-, N-cholinomimetics

AcetylcholineCarbacholine

Carbacholine

0,5-1 % solutions of carbacholine - eye drops for treatment of glaucoma

The drug is never used orally and with injections because of its consideralbe toxicity !

M-, N-cholinoblockers

Amizyl Cyclodol

Amizyl

Indications for administration neurotic disorders, Parkinson disease and other

extrapyramidal disorders, for premedication before narcosis, for diseases which are accompanied with spasm of smooth muscles, for dilation of pupil in ophtalmology

The drug is administered orally 0,001-0,002 g 3-4 times per day,

as eye dropps - 1-2 % solution is used Side effects : dryness of mucous membranes,

tachycardia, dilation of pupils, disturbances of accomodation.

The drug is contraindicated in case of glaucoma!

Cyclodol

Anticholinergic drug, mainly blocks central N-cholinoreceptors and peripheral M-

cholinoreceptors

Usage Parkіnson disease,

medicamental parkinsonism

Anticholinesterase drugs

Proserinum,Galanthamini hydrobromidum,Armin,Pirydostygmini bromidum

Proserinum

Proserin is an anticholinesterase drug of reverse action, its effect lasts for 2,5-4 hours.

Indications for administration• Impairment of nerve conduction

after polyomyelitis, paralysis, neurities, traumas

• overdosing with M-cholinoblockers

Galanthamini hydrobromidumDuration of action of Galanthamini

hydrobromidum is longer than of Proserinum, that’s why it can be administered 1-2 times

during the day

Indications for administrationImpairment of nerve conduction after

polyomyelitis, paralyses, neuritis, traumas, overdosing with M-cholinoblockers

Pirydostigmini bromide (calimin)

Usage

• myastenia gravis

• after traumas, neuritis, paralyses

• in a period of recovery after polyomyelitis, encephalitis

myastenia gravis

Anticholinesterase drugs are

contraindicated in cases of epilepsia,

hyperkinesias, bronchial asthma, stenocardia,

bradycardia

Acute poisoning with anticholinesterase drugs (POC)

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain quick contraction of pupils, disturbance of

visus (spasm of accomodation) increasing of salivation and sweating bronchospasm tachy- or bradicardia seizures, excitement, loss of consciousness,

coma

Death is caused by breath insufficiency, bronchospasm and lungs edema

Treatment of acute poisoning•Treatment should be started immediately (WHO)•stomach lavage with solution of Sodium hydrocarbonate salt laxatives, enterosorbents siphon enema• the poison should be carefully washed away from the skin• forced diuresis, in complicated cases - hemosorbtion,

hemodialysis Indication of antagonist is necessary!!! – atropine

sulphate. It should be introduced intravenously repeatedly, 2-4 ml of 0,1 % solution with the interval of 5-10 minutes. Appearance of tachycardia, dilation of pupils, dryness in the mouth are the criteria of sufficiency of atropine sulfate dose.

Also reactivators of cholinesterase which renew activity of this enzyme are administered – dipyroxym, alloxym, isonitrosyn

Treatment of acute poisoningDepending on severity of poisoning

dipyroxym is introduced once or a few times. An average dose of the drug in heavy cases is 3-4 ml of 15 % solution. The total dose of alloxym is 0,4-1,6 g (0,075 g every 1-3 hours). If necessary - artificial ventilation should be performed to a patient. And after symptomatic treatment is carried on.

M-cholinergic drugs

M-cholinomimetics

M-cholinoblockers

M-cholinomimetics

Pilocarpini hydrochloridum Aceclidinum

Рilocarpini hydrochloridumPharmacodinamics

Contraction of pupil, improvement of outflow of intraocular liquid and relief intraocular pressureDilation of eye vessels

Usage Treatment of glaucomaImprovement of eye nutrition in a case of thrombosis of retinal central vein, acute obstruction of retinal arteries, optic nerve atrophy

Systemic (resorbtive) action of the drug is not used because of its high toxicity. The most dangerous manifestation of poisoning with pilocarpinum is edema of lungs

AceclidinumPharmacodinamics

• Miosis, decrease of intraocular pressure, spasm of accomodation• Increase of tonus and peristalsis of smooth muscles of

digestive tract organs, urinary bladder• Increase of tonus of uterus and bronchial muscles

Usage• treatment of glaucoma• prophylaxis and treatment of postoperative atony of

stomach, intestines, urinary bladder • stopping of post delivery uterus bleedings

The drug is contraindicated in case of bronchial asthma, pregnancy, stenocardia

Acute poisoning with substances of M-cholinomimetic action

(overdosing of drugs, consumption of mushrooms of Inocibe family)

Clinical signes• diarrhea, stomachache• contraction of pupils, disorders of accomodation• increasing of salivation, vomiting• disorders of breathing because of bronchial spasm• confusion, consciousness, seizures, coma

Treatment• measures for organism purifying form poison• intravenous introduction of 0,1 % Atropine sulfate solution – 2 ml every 10 min. (until appearance of dryness in mouth and dilation of pupils)• symptomatic treatment

M-cholinoblockers

Atropine sulfate Scopolamine hydrobromide Platyphyllin hydrotartrate

Metacinum Dry extract of Belladonna

Pharmacokinetics and usage of M-cholinoblockers

Influence on an eyeDilation of a pupil (midriasis)

Increasing of intraocular pressureParalysis of accomodation (cycloplegia)

Midriasis and cycloplegia stay for: atropine – 7-11 days, gomatropine – 1-2 days, platyphyllin – 5-6 hours,

scopolamine – 4-5 days

UsageInvestigation of orbital fundum (posterior chamber of eye)

Prevention of synechia (comissures) in case of trauma and operations on eye

Contraindicationglaucoma

Pharmacodynamics and usage of M-cholinoblockers

Pharmacodynamics• Decreasing of function of excretory glands, except mammal glands• Decreasing of tonus and peristalsis of smooth muscles of digestive tract,

bronchi, urinary tracts

Usage• Ulcer disease of stomach and duodenum (gastrocepin)

• Liver, renal, intestinal colics• Dyskinesias of gastrointestinal tract, enteritis, colitis

• Cystitis• Bronchial spasm (Ipratropii bromide - atrovent)

Other cases of M-cholinoblockers administration

• Holding of atropine test in case of atrioventricular blockade (atropine)

• In anesthesiologia for premedicatoin – for prevention of bronchial and laryngeal spasm, syncope, limitation of salivary and bronchial glands secretion (atropine, scopolamine, metacinum)

• Poisoning with M-cholinomimetics and POC (atropine)

• Sea, air disease (scopolamine, aeronum)

GastrozepinGastrozepin (Gastrocepinum) (Gastrocepinum)

Side effects of M-chlinoblockers

• Dryness of mucous membranes, dysphagia, dysphonia• Tachycardia• Increasing of intraocular pressure, glaucoma attack• Constipation, retention of urine (ischuria)• Formation of bronchial plugs in patients with bronchial

asthma• Overheating

M-cholinoblockers are absolutely contraindicated in patients with glaucoma

Acute poisoning with substances of M-cholinoblocking action

Causes

• Overdosing with drugs of M-cholinoblockers group

• Consumption of plants, which include alcaloids of this group

BelladonnaBelladonna

Datura stramonium L

Symptoms of acute poisoning with M-cholinoblockers

• “Atropine psychosis”: delirium, hallucinations, disorientation, psychomotor excitement • Redness and dryness of skin, increasing of body temperature• Dryness of mucous membranes causes disorders of swallowing (dysphagia), speech (dysartria, raleness of voice)• Thirst • Quick dilation of pupils (midriasis)• Photophobia• Visus disorders (Paralysis of accomodation)• Tachycardia• Atony of intestines• Retention of urine

Death is caused by paralysis of breath center

TREATMENT OF ACUTE POISONING WITH M-CHOLINOBLOCKERS

• wash out of stomach with 0,5 % Tannin solution, laxative agents, sorbents, forced diuresis

•Specific antagonists – anticholinesterase drugs: repeated introduction of proserinum, galantaminum, hydrobromidum until symptoms of disappearance of M-cholinoblockers blockade

• removal of psychomotor excitement - aminasinum, sybazon, barbiturates

•removal of tachycardia – anapryline• for relief of photophobia patient is transferred to a dark room• for decreasing of body temperature ice-cube bottles are placed

around the patient• In case of considerable depressing of breathing - artificial

ventilation with oxygen inhalation

N-cholinergic drugs

N-cholinomimetics

CytitoneLobeline hydrochloride

Cytitone

Pharmacodynamics• increases tone of respiratory center of medulla oblongata reflectively• increases arterial pressure due to reflective excitation of vascular-motor center

Usage• respiratory arrest due to inhalation of irritative substances,• traumas, electro-shock, surgical operations• morphine and CO poisoning • shock and collapse conditions, depression of blood circulation and breathing in patients with infectious diseases

Lobeline is a natural alkaloid found in "Indian tobacco" (Lobelia inflata)

Usage Breath stop of reflex origin

Lobeline has been used as a smoking cessation aid, and may have application in the treatment of other drug addictions such as addiction to amphetamines,

cocaine or alcohol.

Acute poisoning with nicotineClinical picture

nausea, vomiting, salivation, abdominal pain, diarrhea, dizziness, headache, cold sweat, weakness, loosing of consciousness, tachy- or bradycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, seizures, breathing depression

Death is caused by acute depression of respiratory center and paralysis of breathing musculature

Chronic poisoning with nicotine

Chronic diseases of respiratory system, Lung cancer,Malignant tumors of other etiology,Ischemic heart disease,Obliterating endarteritis, Gastric and duodenal ulcer disease

• WomenDepression of female sex hormones production, yellow face, early wrinkles, damaging of teeth, harsh voice, sometimes male type hair growth

• MenDeep, irreversible changes of spermatozoids

N-cholinoblockers

Ganglionblockers Benzohexonium, pentamin,

hygronium, arphonad

Myorelaxants Tubocurarine chloride, dithylin,

mellictin

Ganglionblockers

PHARMACODYNAMICS

• Dilation of peripheral vessels• Decreasing of blood pressure• Decreasing of smooth muscle tone of inner organs (bronchi, GI tract, urinary and bile tracts)

• Decreasing of gland secretion: bronchial, gastric, salivary

BenzohexoniumDoes nor penetrate through blood-brain barrierDuration of action varies from 3 to 6 hours

UsageHypertensive crisisObliterating endarteritis Spasm of peripheral vessels Intestinal, hepatic, kidney colicGastric ulcerBronchial asthma, lung emphysema, lung edema

PentaminumDuration of action– 2-4 hours

Usage

Hypertensive crisisObliterating endarteritis Spasm of peripheral vessels Intestinal, hepatic, kidney colicGastric ulcerBronchial asthma, lung emphysema

HygroniumEffect develops after 2-3 min, and lasts for 10-15 min after stopping of infusion

UsageFor controlled hypotonicFor treatment of nephropathy and eclampsiaFor complex therapy of hypertensive crisis, brain edema, lung edema

PirilenumPenetrates through blood-brain barrier and

blocks central N-cholinergic systems Effect is observed after 1-2 hours and lasts

for 6-8 hours if administered orally

UsageHeavy form of arterial hypertensionTrophic disorders

Side effects and complications of ganglionblockers

Orthostatic collapse (postural hypotension)Dryness of mucous membranes

Disturbance of accommodationGeneral weakness

DizzinessTachycardia

Atonia of urinary bladder, intestines (paralytic ileus)

Myorelaxants

Antidepolarizing type of action (pachicurare)

Tubocurarine chloride, anatruxonium, pipecuronium bromide, mellictin

Depolarizing type of action (leptocurare)

dithylinum

Skeletal muscles relax in such turn

Small muscles of fingers,toes, ears, eyes, head, neck, muscles of extremities,

trunk,Intercostals muscles and diaphragm

Restoring of tone is performed in reversed sequence

1

1

2

3

4 4

4 4

5

6

7

Tubocurarine chlorideRelaxation begins after 1-1,5 min after introduction and

lasts for 25-40 min

Usage• For prolonged relaxation of striped muscles during surgical operations • For relaxation of muscles while repositioning fractured bones and complicated dislocations• For prevention of traumatic injuries during seizure therapy of schizophrenia, during epileptic status, seizures of other etiology

PROSERINE is introduced to overcome action of the drug

Dithylinum (suxamethonium, succinilcholin, listenon)

Miorelaxation develops after 40-60 sec. Total reviving of muscle tone comes after 5-10 min.

Usage• before such manipulations as tracheal

intubation, broncho- and esophagoscopia, cystoscopia

• for reposition of fractures bones, dislocations

Insufficiency of buthyrilcholinesterase

(genetic pathology)

In this pathology action of dithylinum can last for several hours, and all this time the patient should be connected to artificial respiration

device

TREATMENT• Introduction of fresh-citrate blood • Direct blood infusion from donnor

• Introduction of buthyrilcholinesterase

MellictineUsage

For disease and syndrome of Parkinson, postencephalitic parkinsonism, spinal arachnoiditis, arachnoencephalitis

All myorelaxants are contraindicated for patients with myasthenia