chisholm institute department of health & community care diploma of remedial massage hlt50307...

Chisholm InstituteDepartment of Health & Community Care

Diploma of Remedial Massage HLT50307

Anatomy & Physiology 2

Lesson 1: Bony landmarks, planes & sections,

Chisholm Institute – Diploma of Remedial Massage & Myotherapy Version 1.11 1

Introduction to advanced anatomyA&P LAP 2011Discussion regarding each region of the

musculoskeletal system to be coveredFormat/structure for each regional lectureWet Lab sessionsAssessment tasks for A&P 2011Introduction to terminology & definitions


Definitionsorigin n. (in anatomy)

1. the point of attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during contraction of the muscle (compare insertion).

2. the point at which a nerve or blood vessel branches from a main nerve or blood vessel.’

insertion n. (in anatomy) ‘the point of attachment of a muscle (eg. to a bone) that is relatively movable when the muscle contracts (compare origin).’


Bone surface markings• The surfaces of bones have various structural features

adapted to specific functions.

• These features are called bone surface markings, more commonly referred to as bony landmarks.

• Examples of bony landmarks include….


Bony landmarks1. Depressions and openings:

A foramen (meaning ‘hole’) is an openingthrough which blood vessels, nerves orligaments pass. Eg. Foramen magnum of the occipital bone.



A meatus (meaning “passage”) is a tubelike channel extending within a bone.Eg. the external auditory meatus of the temporal bone



A fossa (meaning ‘ditch’ or ‘trench’) is a shallow depression in or on a bone.

Eg. the infraspinous fossa of the scapula

Infraspinous

fossa


Bony landmarks2. Processes that form joints:

A condyle (meaning ‘knuckle-like’ process) is a large, rounded prominence that forms a joint, such as the medial condyle of the femur.

Condyle



A head is a rounded projection forming a joint and is supported on the constricted portion (neck) of a bone.

Eg. head of the femur.

Head of the femur

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A facet is a smooth, flat articular surface.

Eg. facet on a vertebra


Bony landmarks3. Processes to which tendons, ligaments, and other

connective tissues attach :

A tuberosity is a large,

rounded projection, usually

with a rough surface.

Eg. deltoid tuberosity

of the humerus.




A spinous process or spine is a sharp, slender projection.

Eg. spinous processes of the vertebra

Vertebral spinous

process




A trochanter is a large,

blunt projection found

only on the femur

(greater trochanter)

greater trochanter



connective tissues attach:

A crest is a prominent border or ridge.

Eg. iliac crest of the pelvis

iliac crest


Bony landmarks4. Other bony landmarks:

A trochlea is a ‘pulley-like’ end of bone that is smooth and grooved.

Eg. the trochlea on the distal humerus



A sulcus is a narrow groove.

Eg. the central sulcus of the brain



A ramus is an extension of a

bone that makes an angle to

the rest of the structure.

Eg. inferior pubic ramus of

the pelvis.

inferior pubic ramus


Planes of movementSagittal plane:Is a vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into

right and left sides.

More specifically, when such a plane passes through the midline of the body or organ, dividing it into equal right and left sides it is called a midsagittal plane.

If the sagittal plane does not pass through the midline, and divides the body into unequal right and left sides, the term parasagittal plane (meaning ‘near-sagittal’) is used.


Planes of movementFrontal/coronal plane:• is any vertical plane dividing the body or organ into front

and back (anterior and posterior) parts.


Planes of movementTransverse plane:• divides the body or organ into upper and lower (superior

and inferior) parts. Also known as a ‘cross-sectional’ or horizontal plane.


Planes of movementSagittal, frontal and transverse planes are all at right angles to each other


Planes of movementOblique plane:passes through the body or an organ at an angle

between the transverse and sagittal planes OR between the transverse and frontal planes.


Axes of movementSagittal axis:the sagittal axis is a point passing horizontally through

the body antero-posteriorly. It is also known as the antero-posterior (a/p) axis. Movement occurring around this axis takes place in the frontal or coronal plane.

ie movements that occur in this plane are abduction & adduction


Axes of movementFrontal/coronal axis:the frontal/coronal axis is a point passing horizontally

through the body from one side to the other. Movement occurring around this axis takes place in the sagittal plane.

ie movements that occur in this plane are flexion & extension


Axes of movementLongitudinal axis:also known as the vertical axis, the

longitudinal axis passes through the

body, superiorly to inferiorly. Movement

occurring around this axis takes place

in the transverse plane.

ie movements that occur in this plane

are internal & external rotation

(pronation & supination in the forearm)


chisholm institute department of health & community care diploma of remedial massage hlt50307...

Documents

examples of bony landmarks

bone surface markings

occipital bone

muscle compare insertion

rounded projection

rough surface

muscle contracts

point of attachment