Chinese/American Scientists:Chinese/American Scientists:A Transnational HistoryA Transnational History

Zuoyue Wang Zuoyue Wang 王作跃王作跃zywang@csupomona.eduzywang@csupomona.edu

Cal. State Polytechnic University, PomonaCal. State Polytechnic University, PomonaAmerican Physical Society, Dallas, March 24, 2011American Physical Society, Dallas, March 24, 2011

(See last slide for photo info)(See last slide for photo info)

Main ArgumentMain Argument

The history of Chinese American The history of Chinese American scientists and their migrations illustrated scientists and their migrations illustrated both:both: the extent and limit of the the extent and limit of the

“Americanization” of international “Americanization” of international science and science and

the “transnationalization” of American the “transnationalization” of American science, especially in the post-WWII science, especially in the post-WWII period.period.

Background on This ProjectBackground on This Project Initially as part of study on US-China scientific Initially as part of study on US-China scientific

relationsrelations Dissertation on US President’s Science Advisory Dissertation on US President’s Science Advisory

CommitteeCommittee Book in 2008 Book in 2008 In Sputnik’s ShadowIn Sputnik’s Shadow Obama on China: “Our Own Sputnik Moment”?Obama on China: “Our Own Sputnik Moment”? Post-Tiananmen difficulties but now easier access to Post-Tiananmen difficulties but now easier access to

materials in Chinamaterials in China More materials on Chinese American scientists in More materials on Chinese American scientists in

China than in the USChina than in the US 2010 NSF grant on Chinese/American Scientists2010 NSF grant on Chinese/American Scientists

Four Generations of Chinese/American scientists Four Generations of Chinese/American scientists (clockwise from top left): Qian Xuesen (H. S. Tsien), (clockwise from top left): Qian Xuesen (H. S. Tsien),

Wu/Lee/Yang, Wen Ho Lee, Xiaodong WangWu/Lee/Yang, Wen Ho Lee, Xiaodong Wang

““Native” Chinese American Native” Chinese American Scientists: Steven ChuScientists: Steven Chu

Chinese Students/Scientists in the US Chinese Students/Scientists in the US before 1949before 1949

1850s: First Known Chinese Student 1850s: First Known Chinese Student Graduating from YaleGraduating from Yale

1870s: State-sponsored study abroad in the US 1870s: State-sponsored study abroad in the US by the Qing governmentby the Qing government

1910s-1940s: Boxer Fellowship Students1910s-1940s: Boxer Fellowship Students Most Students Studied Science and Most Students Studied Science and

Engineering and Returned to China Following Engineering and Returned to China Following Their StudiesTheir Studies

1870s Chinese Students at Yale1870s Chinese Students at Yale

1910 Boxer Fellows1910 Boxer Fellows

1914 Science Society of China1914 Science Society of China

Science Society Annual Meeting, Beijing, 1929Science Society Annual Meeting, Beijing, 1929

1930s Qinghua Boxer Fellows1930s Qinghua Boxer Fellows

The Mao Years, 1949-1971The Mao Years, 1949-1971

Dilemma of Chinese American scientists—to Dilemma of Chinese American scientists—to return or to stayreturn or to stay

About 1,000 returned and about 4-5,000 About 1,000 returned and about 4-5,000 remained in USremained in US

Those who stayed in the US came to Those who stayed in the US came to professional prominence in the 1950s and professional prominence in the 1950s and 1960s1960s

T. D. Lee, C. N. Yang, and Zhu T. D. Lee, C. N. Yang, and Zhu Guangya, 1947Guangya, 1947

The Yangs and Deng Jiaxian,1949The Yangs and Deng Jiaxian,1949

US Government AmbivalentUS Government Ambivalent

US State Department, 10/1949:US State Department, 10/1949: ““There seems to be some general area of There seems to be some general area of

agreement that it will be desirable both for the agreement that it will be desirable both for the peoples of China and the peoples of United States peoples of China and the peoples of United States that as many of these students as possible will in that as many of these students as possible will in fact return to China to interpret the skills that they fact return to China to interpret the skills that they have learned when they have been in this country.”have learned when they have been in this country.”

Chinese Students/Scientists Who Chinese Students/Scientists Who Want to ReturnWant to Return

Indeed, several hundreds of Chinese students and Indeed, several hundreds of Chinese students and scientists returned to China from late 1949 to fall scientists returned to China from late 1949 to fall 1951. 1951.

Why return?Why return? Chinese nationalismChinese nationalism Idealistic perception of Chinese CommunistsIdealistic perception of Chinese Communists Disaffection with corruptive Nationalist governmentDisaffection with corruptive Nationalist government Disaffection with racial and immigration discriminations in Disaffection with racial and immigration discriminations in

the USthe US Family connections in China (parents, spouses, children)Family connections in China (parents, spouses, children)

Chinese Students Christian Association, 1949Chinese Students Christian Association, 1949

Association of Chinese Scientific Workers, Association of Chinese Scientific Workers, 19501950

Satire on NationalistsSatire on Nationalists

Liang Sili group of returnees, 9/1949Liang Sili group of returnees, 9/1949

Hua Luogeng Return to China, 1950Hua Luogeng Return to China, 1950

Tsien Being Interrogated 1950sTsien Being Interrogated 1950s

Returnees on Returnees on WilsonWilson, 8/31/50, 8/31/50

Shen Shanjong, Luo Shijun, Zhao ZhongyaoShen Shanjong, Luo Shijun, Zhao Zhongyao, , 11/195011/1950

American Iron Curtain?American Iron Curtain?

September 20, 1951: Nine Chinese students, September 20, 1951: Nine Chinese students, including particle physicist Xie Jialin, were forbidden including particle physicist Xie Jialin, were forbidden from re-boarding ship at Honolulu on their journey from re-boarding ship at Honolulu on their journey homehome

Xie built one of the early medical Xie built one of the early medical linear accelerators in Chicago in the linear accelerators in Chicago in the

1950s1950s

Ellis IslandEllis Island

Chinese Students Drafting LetterChinese Students Drafting Letter

Chinese Students’ Appeal to Ike, 1954Chinese Students’ Appeal to Ike, 1954

““We would respectfully point out that the technical We would respectfully point out that the technical training we have received here involved no codes of training we have received here involved no codes of secrecy,” secrecy,”

““indeed the spreading of scientific knowledge and indeed the spreading of scientific knowledge and technical know-how has been the very spirit of a technical know-how has been the very spirit of a great tradition of this country ever since its great tradition of this country ever since its establishment.”establishment.”

““We sincerely appeal to you, Mr. President, to make We sincerely appeal to you, Mr. President, to make it possible for any Chinese student to leave the United it possible for any Chinese student to leave the United States whenever he chooses and we petition you to States whenever he chooses and we petition you to revoke this restraining order.” revoke this restraining order.”

For more on the impact of 1949For more on the impact of 1949 Zuoyue Wang, “Transnational Science during the Zuoyue Wang, “Transnational Science during the

Cold War: The Case of Chinese/American Cold War: The Case of Chinese/American Scientists,” Scientists,” Isis Isis 101, no. 2 (June 2010): 367-377101, no. 2 (June 2010): 367-377..

Benjamin Zulueta, “Master of the Master Gland: Choh Hao Li, the University of California, and Science, Migration, and Race,” Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 39, no. 2 (2009): 129-170.

Benjamin Zulueta, “Benjamin Zulueta, “Forging the Model Minority: Chinese Immigrant Intellectuals, American Science, and the Cold War,” PhD thesis, UC Santa Barbara, 2003.

What Happened to What Happened to Those Who ReturnedThose Who Returned

Half of the leaders of the Chinese nuclear weapons Half of the leaders of the Chinese nuclear weapons projects were those who returned from the USprojects were those who returned from the US

Nuclear weapons projects in the end probably Nuclear weapons projects in the end probably contributed to the Sino-Soviet split and arguably contributed to the Sino-Soviet split and arguably benefited the US in the Cold Warbenefited the US in the Cold War

Persecution during Cultural Revolution but force for Persecution during Cultural Revolution but force for US-China scientific exchange after Nixon US-China scientific exchange after Nixon

Americanization of Chinese science but also Soviet Americanization of Chinese science but also Soviet influence and Chinese local conditionsinfluence and Chinese local conditions

Tops Six Foreign Countries Where Leading Chinese Tops Six Foreign Countries Where Leading Chinese Scientists Studied, ca. 1900-1985Scientists Studied, ca. 1900-1985

Source: Source: 李佩珊，“李佩珊，“ l949l949年以后归国留学生在中国科学、技术发展中的地位和作用年以后归国留学生在中国科学、技术发展中的地位和作用”，”，《《自然辩证法通讯自然辩证法通讯》》 19891989 年第年第 44 期期，， Country\Number No. of Chinese

Scientists TrainedPercentage of 622 Who Studied Abroad

USA 393 59.4%

Great Britain 91 13.7%

Germany 54 8.2%

France 35 5.3%

Japan 34 5.1%

Soviet Union 28 4.2%

What Happened to What Happened to Those Who Stayed Those Who Stayed

Anti-Communism drove them to avoid politics and Anti-Communism drove them to avoid politics and pursue professional developmentpursue professional development

Lee, Yang, and Wu as the first success stories but Lee, Yang, and Wu as the first success stories but also large numbers of professionalsalso large numbers of professionals

Model MinorityModel Minority Anti-Vietnam War and Civil Rights movementsAnti-Vietnam War and Civil Rights movements Defending Diaoyudao movement in the early 1970sDefending Diaoyudao movement in the early 1970s Nixon visit in 1972 marked a turning pointNixon visit in 1972 marked a turning point Community formation and reconnecting with ChinaCommunity formation and reconnecting with China

Yang, Lee, and Other Nobel Laureates, 1960Yang, Lee, and Other Nobel Laureates, 1960

The Nixonian Exchange, 1971-1978The Nixonian Exchange, 1971-1978 1972 Shanghai Communiqué highlighted science and 1972 Shanghai Communiqué highlighted science and

technologytechnology Chinese American scientists visited China in large Chinese American scientists visited China in large

numbers in groups and individually in the 1970s.numbers in groups and individually in the 1970s. Emotional trips and expression of Chinese cultural Emotional trips and expression of Chinese cultural

nationalismnationalism They received extensive, positive, but superficial They received extensive, positive, but superficial

press coverage in Chinapress coverage in China Through private interactions with Mao Zedong and Through private interactions with Mao Zedong and

Zhou Enlai, they helped improve the political status Zhou Enlai, they helped improve the political status of Chinese scientists and basic research in China of Chinese scientists and basic research in China during the late Cultural Revolutionduring the late Cultural Revolution

Mao and Yang, 1972Mao and Yang, 1972

Mao, Zhou, and Yang, 1972Mao, Zhou, and Yang, 1972

Yang and Chinese Scientists, 1971Yang and Chinese Scientists, 1971

Chi Kong Jen Delegation, 1973Chi Kong Jen Delegation, 1973

The Wus and Zhou Enlai, 1973The Wus and Zhou Enlai, 1973

1978: Turning Point1978: Turning Point 1976: Mao’s Death and the end of the Cultural 1976: Mao’s Death and the end of the Cultural

RevolutionRevolution 1978: Rise of Deng Xiaoping and the 31978: Rise of Deng Xiaoping and the 3rdrd Plenum of Plenum of

the 11the 11thth Congress of the Chinese Communist Party Congress of the Chinese Communist Party Launching of Reform and Opening Up to Outside Launching of Reform and Opening Up to Outside

WorldWorld 1978/1979 China-US Diplomatic Relations and 1978/1979 China-US Diplomatic Relations and

Deng’s Trip to the USDeng’s Trip to the US Start of the Sending of Chinese Students to the USStart of the Sending of Chinese Students to the US Chinese American Scientists Advocated Diplomatic Chinese American Scientists Advocated Diplomatic

Relations, Facilitated Scientific Exchange, and Relations, Facilitated Scientific Exchange, and Sponsored the Coming of StudentsSponsored the Coming of Students

Yang Welcoming Deng, Washington DC, 1979Yang Welcoming Deng, Washington DC, 1979

Deng and Chinese American Scientists, 1984Deng and Chinese American Scientists, 1984

Chinese students in the USChinese students in the US

T. D. Lee started China-US T. D. Lee started China-US Physics Examination and Physics Examination and Admission (CUSPEA) Admission (CUSPEA) program that brought about program that brought about 1000 physics graduate 1000 physics graduate students to the US in 1979-students to the US in 1979-19891989

Overall, more than 40,000 Overall, more than 40,000 US S7E PhDs from US S7E PhDs from mainland China in 1985-mainland China in 1985-2005 (see pdf)2005 (see pdf)

Edited by Chinese American Scientist and Edited by Chinese American Scientist and Influential in China in the 1980sInfluential in China in the 1980s

History of JournalHistory of Journal

Editorial group founded in 1980 by about 40 Editorial group founded in 1980 by about 40 Chinese American (and Canadian) scientists, Chinese American (and Canadian) scientists, including Chen Ning Yangincluding Chen Ning Yang

First issue in 1980, followed by two in 1981First issue in 1980, followed by two in 1981 100,000 copies of each issue100,000 copies of each issue Covering economics, management, Covering economics, management,

engineering, science, and educationengineering, science, and education

Sample Article Titles in First IssueSample Article Titles in First Issue Economic Systems—A Comparative Overview (Japan, Economic Systems—A Comparative Overview (Japan,

Yugoslavia, USSR) by Tzu-I Chiang of Georgia TechYugoslavia, USSR) by Tzu-I Chiang of Georgia Tech From Scientific Management to Management Science by From Scientific Management to Management Science by

Gorden Chen of U Mass AmherstGorden Chen of U Mass Amherst Introduction to Microprocessors by R. Hsiang, an electronic Introduction to Microprocessors by R. Hsiang, an electronic

engineerengineer The Frontier of Modern Physics by the editorial staffThe Frontier of Modern Physics by the editorial staff Sociology and Modernization of China by C. K. Yang of the Sociology and Modernization of China by C. K. Yang of the

University of PittsburghUniversity of Pittsburgh Research and Development System in [the] US by E. Huang, Research and Development System in [the] US by E. Huang,

an oceanographeran oceanographer Graduate Admissions in American Universities by Y. K. Pan Graduate Admissions in American Universities by Y. K. Pan

of Boston Collegeof Boston College

Impact of TiananmenImpact of Tiananmen

Chinese American scientists divided over Chinese American scientists divided over proper response to Chinese government’s proper response to Chinese government’s repression of student protest in June 1989repression of student protest in June 1989

James Wang: Need to speak out to effect James Wang: Need to speak out to effect fundamental positive changes in the long runfundamental positive changes in the long run

T. D. Lee: Only continued contact and T. D. Lee: Only continued contact and exchange will help Chinese colleaguesexchange will help Chinese colleagues

Fang Lizhi, 1980sFang Lizhi, 1980s

Lee and Bush, 1989Lee and Bush, 1989

Post-Tiananmen Development:Post-Tiananmen Development:The Making of a Transnational The Making of a Transnational

Chinese Scientific NetworkChinese Scientific Network Chinese American Scientists Took Lead in Chinese American Scientists Took Lead in

Forming Subnational/Transnational Scientific Forming Subnational/Transnational Scientific Community influential in Chinese science Community influential in Chinese science policypolicy

New students and scientists from China New students and scientists from China infused new vitality to the communityinfused new vitality to the community

Overseas Chinese Physics Association (1990)Overseas Chinese Physics Association (1990) Perceived political significance: model and Perceived political significance: model and

precursor to a cultural and perhaps eventually precursor to a cultural and perhaps eventually political unification of the greater China political unification of the greater China (mainland, Taiwan, and Hong Kong)(mainland, Taiwan, and Hong Kong)

Lee, Yang, and Zhou at Guangzhou Conf, 1980Lee, Yang, and Zhou at Guangzhou Conf, 1980

Xie Jialin and Pief Panofsky, BEPC, 1982Xie Jialin and Pief Panofsky, BEPC, 1982

Lee and Deng at Collider Site, 1980sLee and Deng at Collider Site, 1980s

Yang and Lee at All Chinese Physics Conference, 1996Yang and Lee at All Chinese Physics Conference, 1996

Chang-Lin Tien, 1990sChang-Lin Tien, 1990s

Tien and Hong Kong OfficialsTien and Hong Kong Officials

Recent DevelopmentsRecent Developments

China’s Economic RiseChina’s Economic Rise Political Stability and Improved Funding for Political Stability and Improved Funding for

ScienceScience Return of Prominent 1940s Generation of Return of Prominent 1940s Generation of

Chinese American Scientists to ChinaChinese American Scientists to China Return of Post-1978 Chinese American Return of Post-1978 Chinese American

Scientists as Leaders of Chinese Science and Scientists as Leaders of Chinese Science and EducationEducation

From Brain Drain to Brain CirculationFrom Brain Drain to Brain Circulation

Resurgent Chinese NationalismResurgent Chinese Nationalism

Chinese cultural nationalism more strongly felt by Chinese cultural nationalism more strongly felt by 1940s generation than post-1978 generation until 1940s generation than post-1978 generation until recentlyrecently

Changes: growing pride in Chinese economic and Changes: growing pride in Chinese economic and social progress (“This is the best time in the five social progress (“This is the best time in the five thousand years of Chinese history!”)thousand years of Chinese history!”)

Olympics, Earthquake, and Global Financial Crisis Olympics, Earthquake, and Global Financial Crisis may have increased attraction of research positions in may have increased attraction of research positions in ChinaChina

Chinese leader Jia Qinglin with Chinese leader Jia Qinglin with Charles Wang of Computer Charles Wang of Computer Associates, October 2008 Associates, October 2008

To Build a Nation of InnovationTo Build a Nation of Innovation

Steve ChuSteve Chuand US-China collaboration on global warmingand US-China collaboration on global warming

Influence and Limitations in ChinaInfluence and Limitations in China

Growing influence but also limitation of Chinese Growing influence but also limitation of Chinese American scientists in ChinaAmerican scientists in China

Agents of change or accommodationAgents of change or accommodation Cultural nationalism vs. scientific professionalism Cultural nationalism vs. scientific professionalism

and global outlookand global outlook Inherent tensions within modernity and scientific Inherent tensions within modernity and scientific

nationalismnationalism Hard power vs. soft power; natural sciences and Hard power vs. soft power; natural sciences and

social sciencessocial sciences A Nation of innovation has to be built on the A Nation of innovation has to be built on the

foundation of not just nationalism, but democracy, foundation of not just nationalism, but democracy, freedom (including academic and press), and rule of freedom (including academic and press), and rule of lawlaw

Chinese American Scientists in USChinese American Scientists in US

Prominent part of the diversity and Prominent part of the diversity and “transnationalization” of American scientific “transnationalization” of American scientific communitycommunity

Fluidity and mobilityFluidity and mobility Agents of Americanization of science in China and Agents of Americanization of science in China and

elsewhereelsewhere Recurring suspicion and questioning of loyalty and Recurring suspicion and questioning of loyalty and

allegiance, as exemplified by the 1999 Wen Ho Lee allegiance, as exemplified by the 1999 Wen Ho Lee case and Cox reportcase and Cox report

But also increasing importance in US-China scientific But also increasing importance in US-China scientific exchange and in solving common problems such as exchange and in solving common problems such as climate change and alternative energy technologies.climate change and alternative energy technologies.

Info and Credits on PhotosInfo and Credits on Photos (Unless noted otherwise, photos from the web were all accessed in March 2011):(Unless noted otherwise, photos from the web were all accessed in March 2011): Slide 1: ZHU Guangya, ZHANG Wenyu, C. N. YANG, T. D. LEE, 1947, from Slide 1: ZHU Guangya, ZHANG Wenyu, C. N. YANG, T. D. LEE, 1947, from http://www.wxrb.com/node/kandian/2011-3-6/E76EJ8IBE118134.htmlhttp://www.wxrb.com/node/kandian/2011-3-6/E76EJ8IBE118134.html.. Slide 4: QIAN Xuesen (H. S. Tsien), C. S. WU-T. D. LEE-C. N. YANG, Wen Ho LEE, and Xiaodong WANG, clockwise from top left, available from Slide 4: QIAN Xuesen (H. S. Tsien), C. S. WU-T. D. LEE-C. N. YANG, Wen Ho LEE, and Xiaodong WANG, clockwise from top left, available from

http://scitech.people.com.cn/GB/6628300http://scitech.people.com.cn/GB/6628300, , http://universe-review.ca/I15-16-LeeYang.jpghttp://universe-review.ca/I15-16-LeeYang.jpg, , http://www.asianweek.com/2009/01/01/no-redemption-for-bill-richardson/http://www.asianweek.com/2009/01/01/no-redemption-for-bill-richardson/, , http://img.tvb.com/p/shawprize.org/gallary/2006/ceremony/SYF_11.jpghttp://img.tvb.com/p/shawprize.org/gallary/2006/ceremony/SYF_11.jpg. .

Slide 5: Steven Chu, accessed from Slide 5: Steven Chu, accessed from http://http://www.energy.gov/images/Secretary_Chu_Original.jpgwww.energy.gov/images/Secretary_Chu_Original.jpg in March 2011 in March 2011.. Slide 7: Chinese students at Yale in 1870s, accessed from Slide 7: Chinese students at Yale in 1870s, accessed from http://21ccom.net/articles/read/article_2011030931272.htmlhttp://21ccom.net/articles/read/article_2011030931272.html.. Slides 8: Boxer fellows of 1910, available from Slides 8: Boxer fellows of 1910, available from http://upload.wikimedia.7val.com/img/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Boxer_Rebellion_Indemnity_Scholarship_recipients_1910.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.7val.com/img/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Boxer_Rebellion_Indemnity_Scholarship_recipients_1910.jpg. . Slide 9: Leaders of the Science Society of China, 1914, available from http://114.255.205.162/gb/exhibition/review/images/lxs05.JPG.Slide 9: Leaders of the Science Society of China, 1914, available from http://114.255.205.162/gb/exhibition/review/images/lxs05.JPG. Slide 10: Science Society of China annual meeting in Beijing, 1929, from Slide 10: Science Society of China annual meeting in Beijing, 1929, from KexueKexue (science), no. 3 (1929). (science), no. 3 (1929). Slide 11: Qian and classmates on their way to the US, 1935, from Iris Chang, Slide 11: Qian and classmates on their way to the US, 1935, from Iris Chang, Thread of the SilkwormThread of the Silkworm.. Slide 13: T. D. Lee, C. N. Yang, and ZHU Guangya, 1947, available from http://www.wxrb.com/node/kandian/2011-3-6/E76EJ8IBE118134.html.Slide 13: T. D. Lee, C. N. Yang, and ZHU Guangya, 1947, available from http://www.wxrb.com/node/kandian/2011-3-6/E76EJ8IBE118134.html. Slide 14: C. N. Yang, DENG Jiaxian, and C. P. YANG, 1949, courtesy of C. N. Yang.Slide 14: C. N. Yang, DENG Jiaxian, and C. P. YANG, 1949, courtesy of C. N. Yang. Slides 17-20: Chinese students in the US in the 1940s and 1950s, from Slides 17-20: Chinese students in the US in the 1940s and 1950s, from Jianguo chuqi liuxuesheng guiguo jishiJianguo chuqi liuxuesheng guiguo jishi [chronicles of journeys home by students studying abroad during the early [chronicles of journeys home by students studying abroad during the early

years of the People’s Republic of China] (Beijing: China Culture and History Press, 1999).years of the People’s Republic of China] (Beijing: China Culture and History Press, 1999). Slide 21: HUA Luogeng and others on their way back to China, 1950, available from http://www.cas.cn/spzb1/JNHLGSS25ZN/HLG25LZP/201006/t20100610_2879149.html.Slide 21: HUA Luogeng and others on their way back to China, 1950, available from http://www.cas.cn/spzb1/JNHLGSS25ZN/HLG25LZP/201006/t20100610_2879149.html. Slide 22: Qian at hearing, from Chang, Slide 22: Qian at hearing, from Chang, Thread of the Silkworm.Thread of the Silkworm. Slide 23: Returnees on Slide 23: Returnees on WilsonWilson, 1950, from , 1950, from Jianguo chuqiJianguo chuqi.. Slide 24: Shen Shanjiong, Luo Shijun, and Zhao Zhongyao in Tokyo, 1950, from Shen, Slide 24: Shen Shanjiong, Luo Shijun, and Zhao Zhongyao in Tokyo, 1950, from Shen, Wode kexue shengyaWode kexue shengya (my scientific career) (Beijing: Zhongguo Shuji Press, 2001). (my scientific career) (Beijing: Zhongguo Shuji Press, 2001). Slide 25: XIE Jialin at Stanford, 1950, available from http://pic.ihep.cas.cn/tpk/rwzt/xjl-pic/201007/W020100713521076111632.jpg.Slide 25: XIE Jialin at Stanford, 1950, available from http://pic.ihep.cas.cn/tpk/rwzt/xjl-pic/201007/W020100713521076111632.jpg. Slide 26: INS Letter prohibiting Chinese students returning home, 1951, from Slide 26: INS Letter prohibiting Chinese students returning home, 1951, from Jianguo chuqi.Jianguo chuqi. Slide 27: Xie working on medical accelerator in Chicago in the 1950s, available from http://pic.ihep.cas.cn/tpk/rwzt/xjl-pic/201007/t20100713_2901891.html.Slide 27: Xie working on medical accelerator in Chicago in the 1950s, available from http://pic.ihep.cas.cn/tpk/rwzt/xjl-pic/201007/t20100713_2901891.html. Slide 28-29, 31: Chinese students in the US in the 1950s, from Slide 28-29, 31: Chinese students in the US in the 1950s, from Jianguo chuqiJianguo chuqi.. Slide 36: Lee, Yang, and others, 1960, available from http://www.sciencephoto.com/images/download_lo_res.html?id=724000117.Slide 36: Lee, Yang, and others, 1960, available from http://www.sciencephoto.com/images/download_lo_res.html?id=724000117. Slide 38: Mao and Yang, 1972, available from http://www.chinanews.com/cul/news/2009/01-21/1536181.shtml.Slide 38: Mao and Yang, 1972, available from http://www.chinanews.com/cul/news/2009/01-21/1536181.shtml. Slide 39: ZHOU Enlai, ZHOU Peiyuan, Mao, and Yang, 1972, available from http://www.siwenzaizi.com/ss/?action-viewnews-itemid-58.Slide 39: ZHOU Enlai, ZHOU Peiyuan, Mao, and Yang, 1972, available from http://www.siwenzaizi.com/ss/?action-viewnews-itemid-58. Slide 40: WANG Chengshu, ZHANG Wenyu, C. N. Yang, DENG Jiaxian, and ZHOU Guangzhao, 1971, from Yang, Slide 40: WANG Chengshu, ZHANG Wenyu, C. N. Yang, DENG Jiaxian, and ZHOU Guangzhao, 1971, from Yang, Dushu jiaoxue sishi nianDushu jiaoxue sishi nian.. Slide 41: Chinese American scholars delegation led by Chi Kong Jen at the Great Wall, 1973, from Jen, Slide 41: Chinese American scholars delegation led by Chi Kong Jen at the Great Wall, 1973, from Jen, Recollections of a Chinese PhysicistRecollections of a Chinese Physicist.. Slide 42: C. S. Wu, Luke Yuan, and ZHOU Enlai, 1973, available from http://www.picturechina.com.cn/bbs/thread-7429-19-1.html.Slide 42: C. S. Wu, Luke Yuan, and ZHOU Enlai, 1973, available from http://www.picturechina.com.cn/bbs/thread-7429-19-1.html. Slide 44: C. N. Yang and DENG Xiaoping, 1979, available from http://blog1.poco.cn/myBlogDetail-htx-id-2642692-userid-45626881-pri--n-0.xhtml.Slide 44: C. N. Yang and DENG Xiaoping, 1979, available from http://blog1.poco.cn/myBlogDetail-htx-id-2642692-userid-45626881-pri--n-0.xhtml. Slide 45: DENG Xiaoping with C. S. Wu and others, 1984, available from http://www.lifeall.com/mem/3688/photo-detail-13625.ahtml.Slide 45: DENG Xiaoping with C. S. Wu and others, 1984, available from http://www.lifeall.com/mem/3688/photo-detail-13625.ahtml. Slide 46: T. D. Lee and CUSPEA delegation at Caltech, 1985, from Slide 46: T. D. Lee and CUSPEA delegation at Caltech, 1985, from A Decade of CUSPEAA Decade of CUSPEA.. Slide 51: FANG Lizhi giving a talk at Peking University, 1988, from Slide 51: FANG Lizhi giving a talk at Peking University, 1988, from New York Review of BooksNew York Review of Books, July 20, 1989., July 20, 1989. Slide 52: T. D. Lee and George H. W. Bush, 1989, available from http://www.sciencephoto.com/images/download_lo_res.html?id=724120365.Slide 52: T. D. Lee and George H. W. Bush, 1989, available from http://www.sciencephoto.com/images/download_lo_res.html?id=724120365. Slide 54: PENG Huanwu, T. D. Lee, ZHOU Peiyuan, C. N. Yang, and ZHU Hongyuan, 1980, available from Slide 54: PENG Huanwu, T. D. Lee, ZHOU Peiyuan, C. N. Yang, and ZHU Hongyuan, 1980, available from

http://news.tsinghua.edu.cn/publish/news/4209/2011/20110225231307734432166/20110225231307734432166_.html.http://news.tsinghua.edu.cn/publish/news/4209/2011/20110225231307734432166/20110225231307734432166_.html. Slide 55: XIE Jialin, Pief Panofsky and others, 1982, available from http://pic.ihep.cas.cn/tpk/rwzt/xjl-pic/201007/t20100730_2915686.html.Slide 55: XIE Jialin, Pief Panofsky and others, 1982, available from http://pic.ihep.cas.cn/tpk/rwzt/xjl-pic/201007/t20100730_2915686.html. Slide 56: Lee and Deng at BEPC, 1984, available from http://www.honggushi.com/Article/gjlx/200901/4777_3.html.Slide 56: Lee and Deng at BEPC, 1984, available from http://www.honggushi.com/Article/gjlx/200901/4777_3.html. Slide 57: T. D. Lee and C. N. Yang at the Overseas Chinese Physics Association meeting in Shantou, 1995, from Slide 57: T. D. Lee and C. N. Yang at the Overseas Chinese Physics Association meeting in Shantou, 1995, from ScienceScience 269 (August 18, 1995): 916. 269 (August 18, 1995): 916. Slide 58: Chang-lin Tien, available from http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~lancecai/HOME.htm.Slide 58: Chang-lin Tien, available from http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~lancecai/HOME.htm. Slide 62: JIA Qinglin meeting with Chinese scientists from overseas, 2008, available from http://125.70.226.254:8000/Article/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=1145.Slide 62: JIA Qinglin meeting with Chinese scientists from overseas, 2008, available from http://125.70.226.254:8000/Article/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=1145. Slide 63: The Fifth Overseas Chinese Forum Worldwide, 2008, available from http://www.palcan-china.com/shown.asp?id=279.Slide 63: The Fifth Overseas Chinese Forum Worldwide, 2008, available from http://www.palcan-china.com/shown.asp?id=279. Slide 64: Steven Chu meeting with WEN Jiabao, 2007, available from http://www.gov.cn/ldhd/2007-10/11/content_774315.htm.Slide 64: Steven Chu meeting with WEN Jiabao, 2007, available from http://www.gov.cn/ldhd/2007-10/11/content_774315.htm.