chinese romanization

7/27/2019 Chinese Romanization

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9. Particles, Interjections andOnomatopoeic Words9.1 S t r u ~ t u r a l Particles .

Structural particles are function words used to 'express thestructural or grammatical relationship between components of as e n t e n c e ~ The three most common;; structural particles inPutonghua are a9, i&, and ti- - all pronounced de, in the neu-tral tone.

Looking at structural particles from the point of view ofHPorthography, two' points require consideration: 1) the question ofseparation in writing, which is treated -m'the following section;and 2) the question o f w h e t h ~ r t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e t h e t h r e e ~ de's inwriting. These three homophonous particles are represented bythreedifferent characters:in w r i t i n ~ ; w o u l d it perhaps be useful tocreate three different HP forms to differentiate them in Hp1writing? The basic principle of HP orthography :is to take the language's sound system as the basis for spelling,and.by this standard the three particles ng , :l& , and ~ should all be writtenidentically as "de." But it may be desirable in certain, situations(such as Chinese-language word processing and other computerapplications, and in machine translation) to differentiate thethree. In this case, they may be assigned different written forms:'

~ , t h e most commonly used, as "dn; it!! as "din (an alternate pronunciation of this character); and the third, ~ ,as "de."

Below follows a discussio.n of the usage and written forms of~ 2 o -

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the three de's and other common structural particles of Putonghua. , '.

1) , d e ~This particle. occurs with higher frequency than any otherin Putonghua, and its usages aremore varied and complex thanthose of any other. According to sta,tistical data, de ~ has a fre-quency of occurrence of 60/0. in written 'Putonghua; that is, d e , ~appears on an average ofonce in every' 17-18 words.

The principal function of de.IW is to link attributivewords.orphrases with their head words or phrases. The attributive preceding de ~ m a y be a noun" pronoun,: v e r Q ~ ' Qr adjective or aphrase functioning aSjany of these, .a: numeral-measure wordphrase, prepositional.phrase, or, a 'number of. other .possibilities.The head word or phrase is a l w ~ y s a noun or noun p h r a s e ~ Therelationship between attributive and.head word can be possessive,modifying, restrictive, or other. l ' ,

Researchers ofHP orthography have in the past set up rulesto govemwhen de,a9should be written together, with the attributive preceding!and when the two should be written separately;.years ofpractical application, however, have proved these rules tobe needlessly complex"and ultimately unnece,ssary. For this reason, to the. basic, rules of HP orthography has been added. onethat states: when de ago functions as a structural particle, it is al-ways written separately from the words that precede and followit. (There area verysmaU number of exceptions to this rule; thesewill be discussed below.) In the' following sectiQn, 'the variouskinds of attributive constructions in which de a9 appears are considered one by one;' according' to the' nature o( their attributive

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component.a. Noun or noun phrase + deAttributive constructions of this type may be posse'ssive,' re-strictive, or modifying in nature..Some examples of usage:

dldi de.shObClo ~ ~ t J P = J : S (younger brother's bookbag); .renmin de quanti ~ ~ A : J t t ~ J (rights of the people);gou dejioosheng ~ A : J 1 I 4 p . i (the barking ofa d o ~ ) ;huClr de xiClngwei ~ A : J . w ~ (fragrance of flowers);mama de oi ~ ~ A : J ~ {mother'slove);zumu de sl .t!i ~ A . 9 ~ {death ora grandmother}; ;huli de weiba ~ ~ ~ J ! B (foxtail);diondengde gUClng ~ ~ ~ J ' t ' ( I a m p l i g h t } ;xln de neir6ng f f i ~ ~ ? ( J . . (contents of a letter);zhoopion de beimian mut a91rMf (back of a photograph);tie.de:langan ~ B P ~ f f (iron: railings);suliao de wanju ~ ~ B P m A (plastic toy,s);Ilshi dejrngyan ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (the experience of history);'

.dongbian de shuUn ~ ~ ~ ~ * (the forest to the east); ,tianshang de fengzheng ~ + A . 9 J X t ~ . (kites in the.sky);jrnnian de jlhua - t ~ ~ l t t t l (this.years program);bangwan de x i a m ~ a 9 1 ! t (evening clouds);XiaoWang de rnO / J \ . ' a p ~ (Xiao Wang's mother); ILi Ming de lunwen ~ ~ ~ ~ ) ( (Li Ming's dissertation);Huang Hedeshui ~ ~ ~ 7 j ( (the:waters of the Yellow River);Beijing Shl de shlzhang ~ . ~ J f . : r p ~ r n * (the.mayor ofBeijing);chuan shang. de chengke RP+aJJ *$ (the passengers on theboat); .dlqiushang de shengwu ~ + ~ ~ ! J m {the living creatures:of- 422 -


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the earth);damen woi de shishlzi ~ rJ ~ ~ ~ E JIjT (the .stone' lions out-side the gate);wugui dionche de chepioo ~ $]L t:{! !f= BJJ$ ~ (trolley busticket); .gaoshe jiguanqiang de zTdan ~ ~ f!L ~ ~ ap =t , . (bullets ofthe antiaircraft machine gun);Zhonghua Renmin Gonghegu6 de zhuxi s f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a p fIG (Chairman of the People's Republic ofChina);Honzu he Zongzu de yuyan y a n j i o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a p i ~ l i J f ~ ( l i n -guistic research of the Han and Tibetan nationalities);xTn xio de 16ufang de yangtai ~ f ~ tf.9 ~ ~ BJJ fJa fl (the balco-nies of the newly constructed building).

de ~ is written separately from a preceding noun or nounphrase even when the head word following is omitted: '

We yoo moi Zhongwen de, bu moi woiwen de.fJG ~ ~ sf ~tIJ1, /F ~ ~ r ~ ap 0 (I want to buy it in Chinese, not in a foreignlanguage.).

Below are. a few more examples of "noun + de" construc-tions. These are relatively unusual usages, as can be seen from thefact that the English translations give no suggestion of the pres-ence of the particle de ~ in the original. Here again, de- ~ iswritten separately:

Dajia dou koi Lao Wang de wanxioo. :* ~ tIS 7f ~ "* BJJm~ o (Everybody's making fun ofLao Wang.);

Jfntion wanshang, qu kon geju Baimaono, Xioo Liu ,deXi'er, Xioo Zhang de DochOn. ~ x f ! ! t L ~ ~ l I X i t J 8 ~ j ( , IJ\~ J ap ~ JL, ~ ap:* # 0 {We're going to see the opera The

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White-Haired Girl tonight, with Xiao Liu as Xi'er and XiaoZhang as Dachun.).'

b) Pronoun or pronoun phrase + deAttributive constructions' of this type are very close in formto noun or noun phrase+ de constructions. A few examples:

wo'demuqtn ~ ~ - H J : ~ (my mother);ni de yusan { ~ a J J f : f f i ~ (your umbrella);to de qushi 1 l ! B ~ ~ 1 i t (her death);women dezugu6 ~ i ( J ~ m l E {our country};shui de qionbi i f t t 9 m ~ ( w h o s e pencil);zlji de shir I J . ~ ~ $ (one's own affairs);zheyang derso ) $ ~ ~ A (people of that sort);zemeyang de xingge ~ ~ * f a ~ J i 1 : ~ (what sort of a tempera-ment);to zlji de cubwu f ~ ~ 9 ~ m ~ (his o w n m i s t a k ~ ) ;women dajio de k a n f a ~ i ( l ~ ~ ~ ; j ~ (our opinion);to he wo de laoshi 1 1 h f : J l ~ a p ~ V i 1 i (his and my teacher; or pos-sibly, he and my teacher);buguOn ni WQ de shir l ' 3.C { ~ ~ tIP (no affair of yours ormine).de ~ is written separately from a preceding pronoun or pro-

noun phrase even when the head word following is omitted:W6 de huai Ie, jie ni de ybngyong. ~ aJJ ~ 7, f f i ~ tIJ1.ffl m

(Mine's broken; let me borrow yours.).A few examples of less typical "pronoun + de" constructions

(compare them to the "noun + den constructions above):Bie koi ta de wanxiao! J I J * 1 1 B a p m ~ o (Don't make fun of

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JintiOn kaihui shi shur de zhuxr? ~ 7C* ~ ~ . itE ap .3:: J1C 0( W h o ~ s the chairman of the meeting today?);

Yi do dUi po xie, Ion wozi shenme de. - * i j ~ t E ~ ~ T 1 )~ BJJ 0 (a pile ofworn-out shoes, old socks and such).c. Verb or verb phrase + deAttributive constructions of this type are either restrictive or

modifying in nature:chong de ger p ~ apIIX (the song being sung);xuexr de c a i l i o o ~ . 3 ? B J 1 ~ 3 f S I . (materials for study);qianjin de daolu 1 f ! j J ~ H t ~ : i ! t I m (the path of advance);jiloi de xln ~ * a p 1 ~ (the letterthat was sent);chengzhe de san ~ , a p * (the umbrella being carried);dapole de won f J ~ T a p ~ (the bowl thatwas broken); .z6ujlnlai de ren ~ ~ * a p A (the person who came in);zhenglT hoo de sho ~ ~ i o / B : 9 45 (the books that have been ar-ranged);kon huer de r e n ~ ~ ) . L B J 1 A (the person looking at the flow-ers);moi coi de l a o t 6 u r ~ ~ B : 9 ~ ~ ) L (the old man selling vegeta-bles);chi ch6ngzi de zhiwu iJ?:.!!l T B : 9 m ~ (insectivorous plants);do dianbao de feiyong f J ~ t I l B J J J t m (telegraph fee);dasao weisheng de gongzuo renyuan f J ~ ~ $ B J 1 I f ' F A 1 J j , ( s a n -itation personnel).de I.J is written separately from a preceding verb or verb phraseeven when the head words following is omitted:moi huer de ~ ~ B J J (flower seller);do lanqiu de f J ~ B : 9 (basketball player);

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kai ch6uduOnpu de ~ ~ ~ ~ a } J (silk store proprietor);moi b ~ i c o i , lu6bo de ~ $ ~ ~ rap (the person who sells tur:.nips and Chinese cabbage);Chi de, chuOn de, yong de, yangyang dou you. ~ ap , '$f ap ,

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Yanjing doujlnshile,kan sho k6n de.DltnRmJlitJAl,T, ~ ~ ~ ~ o(I'm. nearsighted from too much reading.).d. Adjective or adjective phrase+ deAttributive constructions of this type are modifying or de-

scriptive in nature. A few examples:h6ng de huo ~ ~ ~ (red flowers);10 de yezi ~ ~ ~ T (green leaves);hoo de banfo . 1 l f ~ ~ \ ~ (a good solution);xIn de wenti ~ ~ I'iil:li (a new problem);meili de chengshi ~ B . B ~ J J ! 1 i f (abeautiful city);qiOnxo de ren " , ~ a p A (a modestperson);xingfU de shenghu6 ~ ~ a p ~ m (a happy life);xueboi de zhi ~ $ a p ~ (snow-whitepaper);wanwOn de meimao ~ ' ~ f r j = e (arched eyebrows);huongdengdeng de guzi ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ T (golden.millet); .zui goo de shonfeng l!l iI!'i ~ r1I ~ (highest peak);bu qIngjie de shrwu f ' ~ a p ~ ! J f J . 1 (unsanitary food);shifen kexI de shlr t?t ~ ~ t I P . (a truly unfortunate occurrence);zheyang zhengui de lipin ~ f : F J ~ ~ tIP *L ~ (such preciousgifts);liongjIn zhong de Hyu ~ J T ' ~ M i J . ;(atwo-pound carp);tian er xiOng :de huoshengtong ~ ~ ~ ~ tI:,1:. If (sweet a n < ~tasty peanut brittle);guongr6ng er jionju de renwu 7'ft5f? ~ : i ! l ~ ap if* (a gloriousbut arduous task);you hei you s h o u d e l i a n ) 4 ~ J . Z . ~ ~ ~ (a. thin, dark face); .

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wuguang-shise de hUQWU ~ ~ t ~ aJJ 11t!IWJ (all sorts ofmerchandise);luanqibazoo de dongxi ~ - t J . \ . ~ ( J J J * g g (things in a mess, oddsand ends).(See Chapter 10, Idioms and Classical Elements, for the

written form of idioms like those used as adjectives in the last twoexamples.) .

de ~ is written separately from a p r e ~ d i n g adjective or ad-jective phrase even when the head word following is omitted:

Zher de chenYi hen duo, w6 tiaole yi jian qianh6ng de.; J ! ) L a 1 J # ~ 1 ! ~ , ~ f : ) ~ Y - 1 t J : ~ ~ t J : J 0(They have a lot of shirts here; 1picked a pink one.);V:V6liang ge haizi, da de qf sui, xiao de san sui.J J G p i j - t - ~ - r , ~ t t . < J - J : ; ~ , 1 ~ \ R J 1 ~ ~ 0(I have two children; the older one is seven years old, theyounger three.).e. Adverb + de:

1l1ai de xiguan f ! J ~ R J 1 J3 'm (a tradition of long standing);zanshi de kunnan ' B ~ t J : J m X l .(temporary difficulties);wanyi de jihui Jf-: ~ m ~ (a chance in ten thousand);yfguan de biaoxian - : 1 ; ~ ~ ~ (a persistent manifestatiori).f. Onomatopoeic word+de

In writing, onomatopoeic words are sometimes enclosed inquotation marks for visual effect:"hu" deyi sheng " ~ " ~ - p r (with a whistling sound);huahua de liushui " " n p ~ 7 j ( (a burbling stream);dida didade naozhOng , ~ , ~ n p l i 1 i J ; f t ( a ticking alarm clock).- 4 28 -

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g. Numeral-measure word phrase + deyT zhue de cai - : - ~ 8 J J ~ (a table covered with food);yiJian de hanshuJ ~ ~ B J 1 f f J 1 < (a face covered with sweat);yi paipai de 16ufang -:- ~ ~ ~ f ! J ~ m (row after row of buildings).h. Prepositional phrase+de:

dul gu6jia de gongxian ~ ~ . B J 1 :9t ~ (devotion to one'scountry); .guanyu dlzhen de z h T S h i ~ f ~ ~ 8JJ ~ iJt (knowledge aboutearthquakes).i. S u b j ~ c t - p r e d i c a t e construction +de:

we xihuan de xiezi ~ ' ~ B J 1 1 i ! E T (the shoes llike);to fobiao de wenzhong f 1 B ~ ~ a J L ) ( -= (the article he published);binghao chI de f a n ~ " p ? a p t l i (the patient's diet);gongye fazhan de sudu ~ ~ ~ R!! ap i f I t (the speed withwhich industry develops);Li Mingjingxin shejl de tu'an f ~ ' J ~ ' ~ i ) 8 J J O O ~ (the de-sign Li Ming painstakingly worked up). .

de Il9 is written separately from a preceding subject-predicate construction even when the head word following is omitted:To shuO de we tTng bu qTngchu. ft& ~ ap ~ I!JT ~ ~ 1l 0 (Icouldn't hear clearlywhat he was saying .).

de ~ is written together with the component it follows onlyin the following cases:

yeude 1 f ~ (some): Yeude ren tanxl, youde ren l i u l e i . ~ ! J Af!)t ~ B!J A jRtm (Some people were sighing, while otherswept.).

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shide ~ ~ (yes, certainly): Shlde, w6 jiu quo ~ aJJ, ~ i N t ~ 0(Certainly, I'll 'go right away.).

s h l d e 1 P l ~ (like, as): Xiang h6uzishlde, tiaolai tiaoqu. f l ~rftuB:J, 1 l f J E * ~ E " * 0 (Jumping around, just like a monkey.).2) de!&The principal function of this particle is to link an adverbial

modifier to "the verb or adjective it modifies. de Jtk is alwayswritten separately from the e l e ~ e n t s preceding and following it.The various kinds of de construction are d i s ~ u s s e d oneby one be-low, according to the nature of the adverbial' modifier.

8. Noun or noun phrase+de'This construction is only seldom used:

kexue de lunzheng f f ~ ~ ~ i i E (scientifically demonstrate);bufen de jiejue ~ 5 t ~ f f R t } c (partially solve);xfngshlzhuyl de kon wentf ~ ~ $ ~ : l t f ! ~ f o J I ] i (look at issuesfrom a formalistic viewpoint);yi ge zi yi ge zl de nian - : t ~ -:l 'T ~ ~ (read word byword);yi jia yi hu de soucho - : ~ - : ~ ~ t I ~ (conduct a house-byhouse search).

b. Verb or verb phrase + de: ..This construction too is seldom used:

laihufde benpao 3 { E ~ ~ ~ 1 M ! ! (run back and forth);zhu6zhong de jiangjiang _ ~ ! ! f ! i j H j t : (discuss emphatically);bu Hng de !ill 1 ' ~ ~ t m (flow ceaselessly);shuo bu choloi de gaoxlng ~ ~ t!13fE ~ jWj ~ (happy thoughunable to express it in words).

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c. Adjective or,adjective phrase +deThis is the most common deconstruction by far:

su(bian de kan. ~ 1 ! ! ~ * (look over casually);zixi de y a n j i 0 1 f ~ ~ l i 1 f ~ (consider carefully);m6hu de tingjian ' ~ ~ P J f .9i!: (hear indistinctly);manman de zou ~ ' ~ ~ ) E (walk slowly); .qrngqrng de q i C l o ~ ~ ~ i f a (knock gently);,hen kuai de x u e h u l ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ (master rapidly);geng hoo de gan ~ ! l f : l ! f ! - = f (do (something) even better);bu da yukuai de zou .Ie ~ ~ il1tr ' ~ ~ JE 7 (left ratherunhappily);feichang xiangxi de jieshao ~ f 1 ! t i ; f ~ ! ! f ! 1r!B (present in greatdetail).

d. Adverb + deThis form is. only seldom used:

gewai de gaoxing ~ ~ ~ ~ i W i ~ (especially happy);feichang de renzhen ~ . f : : 1 ! t ~ l A 1 i (extremely conscientious);ouran de xiongqi ~ f 0 ~ ~ j J g (recall by chance);zaisCln de zhufu ..f!J.:- ~ 1 Y M P f ; j (exhort r ~ p e a t e d l y ) ;jingchang de taolun ~ ' j ! f ! i ' f i t (discuss often);jianjian de liang Ie ~ ~ j ! f ! l i j ( 7 (slowly cooled om.'e. Onomatopoeic word + de"peng" de xiong Ie f ' ~ " ~ I l I i ! J T ( b a n g e d ) ;

(thong,'" de zhakai l e " ~ " : t ! ~ J 1 = J f 7 (exploded with a boom);"gege" de xiao " ~ ~ " ~ ~ (chuckle);huahua de liu " ~ V f L ofwater) gurgle).

f. Numeral-measure word phrase + deyi keu yr kou de chI -:- ~ -:-8 ~ 1 l Z : .(eat bite by bite); - 431 -


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yT tang yT tang de pao - : - _ - : - i ~ U " ! f ~ ~ (make, trip after trip);yT do pian yl do pian de. kOiken - : - . ~ JJ"7' ~ 1) ~ 3f ~ (openup filed after field for cultivation).g. Set phrase or idiom+dejujlng-hulshen de Ung ~ * P - i ~ ~ ~ J ! J f (listen with rapt attention);dianson-daosl de shuo ~ -: ~ J f 1 : Q ~ - m (talk disconnectedly);you kuoi you hao de wancheng ~ ~ . ~ Yf!!f! ~ .mt (completequickly and well);yue lai yue zhong de wang xia ya ~ ? I E ~ _ :l!I! fi: r ffi. (pressdown harder and harder).h Subject-predicate construction + :de:

shengyTn chondou de shun ~ ~ ~ 1 ! 1 - ~ ~ (say in a tremblingvoice);liang shou y6ngjln de boi ~ f J T J ~ ~ 1 N (break apart with thehands, using all onels strength).

3) de ~ ~The principal function of this particle is to link a verb or ad

jective with its complement. The complement expressespossibility, degree, or result, and may he composed of a singleword or a phrase. The verb or adjective preceetmg de may onlybe a single word, never a phrase.de ~ is in principle writtenseparately from the elements 'preceding and following it. The bu

~ that negates a de 1fJ.. expressing possibility is also writtenseparately from the elements around it. A few examples of de ~(and bu /f' ) in use:

a. Verb+ de:Complement expressing possibility:

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no de dong * ~ ~ (can. move);no bu dong * / f ~ (can/t budge);ting de dong / ! f f ~ ~ 1 i ( u n d e r s t a ~ d what one hears);Ung bu dong P-8If1i (fail to understand what one hears);chi de bao p ? ~ ~ m (get enough to eat);chr bu bao p ? ~ ' t f Y . (not get enough to eat);zhl de hoo * ~ j ( f .cure);

bu hoo ~ / f 1 l f (fail to cure).Complement expressing result:

j i de ko ~ ~ ~ (worried to tears);do de temg f J ~ ~ (beaten sore);xiaode cho y o n 1 e i ~ ~ l U f l i ~ (laugh so hard one cries);chui de WQ t6u fayOn ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . . (blew'until I felt dizzy).

Complement expressing degree:pao de kuai iJ!l{,"'/:k (run fast);shul de xiong n ~ ~ ~ w (sleep well);dasao de gangon-jingjing fJ 1:=1 ~ T T ~ ~ (clean up spickand span);xie de feichang hao ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 t J ( t (written extemely well);kan de rule mi ' { ~ A T ~ (watch entranced);Ung gushi Hng dewolion fan ye wangle chi 1 Y T 1 & . P - ! f ~ ~ ~ 1 1 i

- m ~ T Pi:Oistened so absorbedly to the story that I forgot to eatmy meal).

b. Adjective + deConstructions of this type always express degree:hao de hen % ~ ~ l (very good);duO de duo % 1 ~ $ (much more);leng de yaomlng ~ 1 ~ ~ . (freezing cold);

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z h i d e U l ~ (to be worth);babude B ~ ~ ' (to be very eager to);guaibude ' t : ~ ~ . { } (no wonder);laibude * ~ ~ (impermissible);liaobude T ~ ~ (terrific);mianbude ~ ~ ~ (unavoidable);shebude ~ ~ 4 ~ (to be reluctant);shibude 1 Y ! ~ ~ (cannot);yuanbude ~ ~ ~ (no wonder).

(2) In certain trisyllabic verb-complement ~ o n s t r u c t i o n s inwhich de ~ ~ (or the negative marker bu ~ ) forms the middlesyl.:lable, the meaning of the complement has altered and the wholehas come to express a single concept. In this c a s ~ , : all three syllables should be written as one unit. Some of the more common examples of this construction are listed below:

ji: laideji * ~ , ~ (there's still time; to be in time);laibuji * ~ ~ (there's no time; to be too late);kai: .chTdekai n z ~ i j . 7 . f (to be popular);

chTbukai n z : ~ 7 . f (be unpopular);qi: duideqi X i f ~ ' ~ ( n o t let somebody down); .

duibuqi ~ ~ ~ (let somebody down; also, "exbuse me");qu: guOdequ : I : t ~ i j . * (feel at ease); .

guobuqu : I : t ~ ~ (feel sorry, apologetic);shang: gandeshang iH'-!: (keep up with, catch up with);

. ganbushang J a ~ J . : : .(fall behind);xiao: chidexiao n z : ~ t H ~ (be able to bear);

chibuxiao n z : = 1 ' 1 ~ (be unable to bear);zhao: shudezhao ~ ~ i ' (be considered as);

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shubuzhao I t ~ , (not be considered as, not c


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eryone has asked);WQ suo renshi de pengyou ~ f 9 f i A - J . , R I . J J 1 i j 1 . (all my friends);ju we suo zhi i i ~ F ! T ~ ( a s far asI know);you.suo tigao ~ JJ!fmiWi (has enjoyed some improvement);bei biaomian xianxiang suo mihuQ i f ~ 00 ~ ~ f!!T ~ ,

(misled by appearances).suo JYf. is written as one unit with a following verb ina limit

ed number of words. The following are the most common wordsof this type:suowei JYfiP=1 (so-called);su6y6u JYf1i (all, every);suoshu efiH4 (that one is affiliated with);su6zaiFJf:t (place, location).

9.2 .Tense:-Marking ParticlesTense-marking particles have already been discussed in

some detail in Chapter 5,.Verbs. I t was noted there that the tensemarkers zhe ff (indicating an action in progress) and guo :i::t (indicating a past experience) are always written as a single unit withthe verb they follow. The particle Ie 7 (indicating a completedaction) is sometimes, but not always, written as a single unit withits verb. This is because Ie T ,unlike zhe fI and guo :it , may beseparated from its verb by other elements; and also because Ie 7itself can act as a mood particle as well as ,a tense particle., (Fordetails on Ie 7 as a mood particle, see Section 3 of chapter.)

This section is devoted to a discussion of orthographyspecificallyas.it relates to the tense particle Ie Y . Three rules arelaid out to help the student master the written forms of ~ t h i s parti

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This is an excerpt from Chinese Romanization:Pronunciation and Orthography, by YinBinyong, translated and edited by Mary Felley.

1990, Sinolingua

Yn Bnyng,Hny Pnyn h Zhngcf

,,This PDF version was made by www.pinyin.info,where it appears with the kind permission ofSinolingua.
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