Chinese Nationalism

Mao Zedong

China

• When last we left China they were

• In the mist of World War II.

• The Japanese had invaded China.

• Things did not look good for China!

China

• Remember prior to 1790’s China rejected western influence.

• China was self-sufficient and did not need anything from the west.

China

• However….The West wanted what

China had… TeaThe British tried to

force their way in and usedopium to control China.

Soon Chinese were addicted to opium and the Chinese Gov’t did not like it.

China

• China wanted the British out.

• The British wanted what China had and this lead to the Opium Wars.

China loses and Britain has a sphere of influence with trade in China.

China

• The U.S. becomes involved and wants to opening up trading in China for all countries.

• The U.S. started the Open Door Policy.

• It kept China from being colonized and gave the U.S. rights to trade with China.

• HOWEVER….

China

• The Chinese did not like the foreigners involved in China.

• This lead to the Boxer Rebellion.

• The Boxers tried to expel the foreign nations.

• However this failed!

China

• By 1911 the students workers and warlords over threw the Chinese monarchy and China became a republic.

Sun Yixian

• In 1912 Sun Yixian and the Nationalist Party overthrows the last emperor of the Qing dynasty.

• Sun becomes President of the new Republic of China

• Sun bases his government on three principles• Nationalism-end to foregin domination• Democracy-people’s right to govern• Economics-economic security for all people.

The Long March

• Mao Zedong• Becomes the leader

of the Communist in China.

• In the 1930’s he flees the Nationalist Government with 100,000 followers in 1934.

• This was known as the Long March.

The Long March

• The marchers traveled 6,000 miles.

• They ended up in Northern China.

• Only about 20,000 survived.

• The Communist began battling the nationalist for power of China

UNTIL….

Chinese Civil War

• The Civil War lasted from 1945 to 1949.

• At first the Nationalist had a larger army.

• However, the Nationalist lost the support of the people.

• By 1949 many Nationalist went over to the Communist.

• In 1949 the Communist won control of China.

Winner

Mao

Loser

Kai-shek

Taiwan

• When the Nationalist lost the civil war they fled to the island of Taiwan.

• There they set up a democratic government called the Republic of China.

• They were supported by the western nations (U.S.) during the Cold War.

Communist China and Mao• After the

Communist took over China they re-named it • The People’s

Republic of China (PRC).

Mao the Dictator

• Mao sets up a dictatorship and a one party system of government.

• Mao denies basic human rights.

Mao

• He and the Communist had taken over China.

• The Nationalist had fled to Taiwan.• He was creating reforms by educating,

giving land to and health care to the peasants.

• He changes the roles of women.• He set up a one party, dictatorship.• He had social, political and economic

problems to fix.

Mao the Dictator

• Mao set up the national government and was seen as head of state.

• Mao also set up the Communist Party as the only political party. Mao was the chairman of the party.

Mao’s Socialism

• 80% of China was agriculture• Problem because for Marxism to work must

be industrialized.

• 10% of the population owned 70% of the land.• Problem because the landlord controlled the

land and wealth while the peasants remained poor.

• Mao’s solution….

Mao’s Socialism

• Take the land away from the landlords.

• Kill 1 million landlords who resist.

• Divide the land among the peasants.

• Ok, so the peasants are happy or are they???

Mao’s Socialism

• Mao forces the peasants to join collective farms.

• 200 households farm the land.

• The peasants like it!

Mao’s Socialism

• Mao also nationalizes or has government take control of all businesses.

• Mao tries 5-year plans.

• The plan works and coal, cement, electricity doubled.

• Steel quadruples.• It works!

Mao

• So the collective farming and 5-year plans work

• What will Mao think of next?

The Great Leap Forward

• In 1958 Mao wants to further increase agricultural and industrial output.

The Great Leap Forward

• Agriculture• Mao creates large

collective farms called communes.

• Life on communes is strictly controlled.

• People live in common dorms, eat in common dining rooms, and own no property.

• Each commune had a high quota to reach for production.

The Great Leap Forward

• Many hate the communes.• The workers receive no pay for their

labor.• Only the state prospers.• No incentive to work for the state.• Agricultural output declined.

• Further between 1958 and 1961 crop failures cause a famine which kills 20 million people.

The Great Leap Forward

• Industrial• People also lived

in communes.• Had high quotas.• Commune based

industry turns out poorly made goods.

The Great Leap Forward

• It is a failure.• The program last from 1958 to

1961.

The Cultural Revolution

• In 1966 Mao wants to renew the people’s loyalty in the revolution and communism.

• Mao also fears the intellectuals are running the country and not the peasants.

• Who is really running the country?

The Cultural Revolution

• Mao shuts down the schools and universities in China.

• Mao forms the Red Guards

The Cultural Revolution

• The Red Guards• These are students,

the young.• They attack the

professors, government workers, factory managers, and either exile or execute them.

• (Sounds like Stalin’s Purges)

The Cultural Revolution

• There is chaos in China.• The country is divided.• There is almost a civil war.• In 1976 Mao stops the revolution

and gets rid of the Red Guards.• Most of the artistic and intellectual

community is wiped out in China.

Mao

• The Little Red Book• A series of quotes by

Mao on how China should run.

• Known as the bible of Communist China.

• Used by the Red Guard to create a cult for Mao and Mao was seen as god-like

• The quotes were often unclear, and did not follow any pattern and after the Cultural Revolution the book was used less often.

China

• In 1971 the People’s Republic of China is admitted into the U.N.

• In 1972 President Nixon opens relations with China.

• In 1979 the U.S. recognizes the People’s Republic of China.

Mao

• In 1976 Mao dies.• Deng Xiaoping

takes control.• Deng has brought

economic freedom but not political freedom to China.

Economic Reforms

• To make China modern • Promoted foreign trade with the west• Created the Four Modernizations

• Farming-modernize and mechanized.• Industry-upgrade and expand.• Science and technology were promoted.• Defense-military forces were improved.

Economic Reforms

• Ended the unpopular communes.• Land lease to farmers.• Farmers had a say in what they

grew.• Farmers could make some profit.• Some private businesses could

operate.

Human Rights Violations

• China will not give political freedoms• China has been known for human

rights violations.• China’s violations of human rights

has strained relations with western nations and the United States.

• Tiananmen Square

Economic Reforms

• Ended the unpopular communes.• Land lease to farmers.• Farmers had a say in what they

grew.• Farmers could make some profit.• Some private businesses could

operate.

Human Rights Violations

• China will not give political freedoms• China has been known for human

rights violations.• China’s violations of human rights

has strained relations with western nations and the United States.

• Tiananmen Square

Human Rights Violations

• Tiananmen Square• 1989 demonstrators in

Beijing wanted more rights and freedoms.

• The gov’t used tanks and and troops on the demonstrators.

• Thousands were killed.

• The Chinese gov’t showed that they were in control and would offer no political freedoms.