Chinese Local Gazetteers

- Layout and Content

Haihui ZhangUniversity of Pittsburgh

March 19, 2013San Diego

Nature of Chinese Local Gazetteers

Regional ( 区域性 )Continuity ( 连续性 )Primary Source ( 史料性 / 资料性 )

-----------------------------------------------------------Uniqueness ( 独特性 )

Local History, Local Gazetteer and Local Yearbook

In common: regional and historical

Differences:地方史 (local history) - the development of people

and events stated longitudinally地方志 (local gazetteer) - comprehensive records

compiled and written horizontally for a certain time period

地方年鉴 (local yearbook) - yearly reference book including primary, secondary and tertiary sources

Local History, Local Gazetteer and Local Yearbook (Cont.)

《北京史》张任忠著 北京 : 北京大学出版社， 2009. Beijing History

《北京志》北京 : 北京出版社 , 1994-2002. Beijing City Gazetteer

《北京年鉴》 (2006) 北京 : 北京年鉴社 , 2006. Beijing Yearbook

Naming Local Gazetteers

Traditional gazetteers

Mostly used -- 志 Others – 鄉土志、風土記、圖經、地記、乘、書、攷、錄、略、採訪冊。。。 Contemporary gazetteers

Mostly used – 志 Others – 杂记、纪闻、随笔、纪事、琐语、杂志。。。

Naming Local Gazetteers

(Cont.) Title Form of Traditional Gazetteers

compiling time + administrative region + zhi + number of juan/chapter

Samples -[ 乾隆 ] 棗陽縣志十七卷[ 正德 ] 光化縣志六卷末一卷樂清縣鄉土志稿二卷 抄本

Naming Local Gazetteers: Traditional (Cont.)

Special terms -

National gazetteers: 一統志 Gazetteers for more than one provinces: 總志 Gazetteers for more than one counties: 合志 Provincial gazetteers: 通志、總志、省志、其他（大志、典、 紀、輯要… ) Other administrative levels: 府志、州志、廳志、縣志、鎮

志… Special ones: 《元和郡縣圖志》《括地志》《滇史》

《黔記》 。。。

Naming Local Gazetteers

(Cont.)Title Form of Contemporary Gazetteers

1 ） administrative region + zhi ( 志 ) 《阜新蒙古族自治县志》 《旅顺口区志》《北京市西城区志》《二龙路街道志》。。。2 ） administrative region + zhi ( 志 ) + profession/subject + zhi ( 志 ) 《大连市志 · 轻工业志》。。。3 ） subject/institute ( 专题 / 机构 ) + zhi ( 志 ) 《宝钢志》《普陀山志》《十八站林业局志》《协和医院志》 《上海文化艺术志》《华东理工大学志》。。。

Types of Local Gazetteers

Traditional Gazetteers

By Administrative Regions [ 民國 ] 察哈爾省通志 [ 乾隆 ] 宣化府志 [ 道光 ] 蘇州府志 [ 至正 ] 崑山郡志 [ 乾隆 ] 平定州志 [ 康熙 ] 淳化縣志 [ 道光 ]城口廳志 [ 雍正 ] 畿辅通志

Types of Local Gazetteers: Traditional (Cont.)

By Subject:

For Institutes/Agencies/Military fortress岳陽慎修書院志 衡陽紫雲峰佛國禪寺通志 山海關志滸墅關志 盧州衛志 瀏陽敬學堂志。。。For Special contents九華山志 巢湖志 關中勝跡圖記 四鎮三關志黑盐井志 治河圖略 諸城山海物產志 岳陽風土記 。。。

Types of Local Gazetteers

(Contemporary)New Gazetteers

By administrative divisions 河南省志 (Province) 北京市志 (City) 闸北区志 (District) 巴林左旗志 (Qi) 青浦县志 (County) 平山县志 (County) 新平彝族傣族自治县志 (Autonomous County) 万丰村志 (Village) 甘家口街道志 (Township/Neighborhood)

No national level gazetteer Most of gazetteers at provincial/city level have multiple volumes in profession/subject volumes More and more gazetteers at township/neighborhood ( 街道 ) and village ( 村 ) level have been published

Types of Local Gazetteers:

Contemporary (Cont.)By profession

Samples - 河南省志 · 商业志 (Henan Sheng Gazetteer. Business)

北京市志 · 金融志 (Beijing Shi Gazetteer. Finance) 武汉市志 · 工业志 (Wuhan Shi Gazetteer. Industry) 。。。

Types of Local Gazetteers

(Contemporary Cont.) By subjects 哈尔滨市志 · 环境保护志 (Haerbin City Gazetteer. Environmental protection) 河北省志 · 宗教志 (Hebei Province Gazetteer. Religion)河南省志 · 民俗志 (Henan Province Gazetteer. Folk custom) By institutes 马鞍山钢铁公司志 (Maanshan Iron & Steel Company) 华东理工大学志 (East China University of Science and Technology) 上海工商社团志 (Shanghai Industrial and Commercial Societies)

Compiling Features

Traditional gazetteers

compiled officially and privately 官修、私纂no fixed compiling cycle and varies in places 编纂周期不固定、各地不一Samples:《江都縣志》 Gazetteer of Jiangdu County 1599, 1717, 1729, 1743, 1811, 1884, 1926, 1932 《樂清縣志》 Gazetteer of Leqing County 1572, 1685, 1826, 1901

Compiling Features (Cont. )

Contemporary gazetteers

Mainly government action Specialized agencies Designed compiling cycle (two rounds so far) Unified format

Content of Traditional Gazetteers輿圖、圖攷 maps疆域、沿革 boundaries, successive changes山川 topographical features古跡 ancient monuments公署、城池 official buildings and city walls河防、水利、水渠water conservancy職官 officials選舉 examinations戶口 population田賦 land and taxes市鎮 markets and towns物產 local products風俗 local customs人物、列傳 biographies藝文 literature works by local people雜記、雜事 miscellaneous

Special Content Terms of Traditional Local Gazetteers

述 – 總述、綜述、概述 (Overview, Summary) 記 – 大事記、史略、大事年表 (Chronology) 志 – 門類志 (Contents in Categories) 傳 – 人物傳記 (Biographies) 表 – 統計表、家 / 族譜表 (Statistics, Genealogy Table) 圖 – 地圖、圖示、照片 (Maps, Diagrams, Photos) 錄 – 附錄 (Appendixes)

Content Link Up: Traditional

[ 康熙 ] 利津縣新志十卷 (Kangxi) Lijin County Gazetteer

Kangxi 12th Year Edition (1673) [ 乾隆 ] 利津縣志續編十卷 (Qianlong) Lijin County Gazetteer

Qianlong 23rd Year Edition (1758)

Sample citations from 1758 Edition -

沿革 (Successive historical changes) ：康熙癸丑以後與濱州具屬濟南。雍正二年屬直隸濱州，不復屬府。雍正十二年武定陞而為府，與濱州俱屬武定。土產 (Local products)：仍前志。

Content Link Up: Traditional (Cont.) Preface(s) –Most gazetteers include prefaces from earlier editions.

Content – * Basic chapters/categories remain the same with slightly changes * Briefly link up to contents from previous editions * Focus on the time period that was not covered in the previous edition.

Contents of Contemporary Gazetteers

政区 boundary and administrative region大事记 events and chronology自然环境 natural environment居民 resident农业 agriculture水利 water conservation工业 industry城乡建設 towns and villages交通 traffic邮电 post and telecommunication贸易 trade财政金融 finance经济管理 economics and management党派团体 parties, groups and organizations

Contents of Contemporary Gazetteers (cont.)

民政 civil administration劳动人事 labor and personnel政法 politics and law军事 military affairs科技 science and technology教育 education文化 culture体育 sports卫生 hygiene民俗 custom方言 dialect人物 figures

Content Link Up: Contemporary

* First round (第一轮 ) Started in 80s last century and contents

focus on the time period after 1949

* Second round (第二轮 )Started after 2000 and contents cover

the time period of beginning of 80s to end of 20 Century or beginning of 21 Century

Something to Remind…Reference books

- How do I know more knowledge on Yushe County of Shanxi Province in Ming Dynasty?- How could I get comprehensive information on Gutian County of Fujian Province before 1949? - How could I know old names of 懷仁縣 in history?

Informal and unpublished gazetteers - valuable rare and raw materialsGrassroots gazetteers and contents in

different level gazetteers - more detailed information in lower level gazetteers

Something to Remind… (Cont.)

Sample: Gazetteers of Guang’anmen Township (广安门外街道 ) Xuanwu District ( 宣武区 )* Guang’anmenwai Jiedao (Neighborhood) is affiliated with Xuanwu District , Beijing.

A. 广安门外街道资料长编 (Gazetteer of Guang’anmenwai Township) informal publication 2 vols. 1996 油印B. 广安门外街道志 (Gazetteer of Guang’anmenwai Township) informal publication 1 vol. 2002．铅印C. 北京市宣武区志 (Gazetteer of Xuanwu District, Beijing) formal publication by Beijing Chubanshe, 2004 正式出版物

HAIHUIZ@PITT.EDU

Thanks