china’s recent history
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China’s Recent HistoryJune 3, 2014
Orientation for BCFL/VDLC Delegation
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Imperialism in the 19th Century
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1840 British Empire: First Opium War
• Britain wanted Chinese tea, porcelain and silk but China only wanted silver
• So Britain exported Indian opium to China
• Emperor made it illegal but many were addicted
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1840 British Empire: First Opium War
• Result: Hong Kong ceded, opium import legalized
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1860 British Empire: Second Opium War
• Old Summer Palace destroyed (modelled on Palace of Versailles)
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1894-5 Japan Invaded China
China forced to cede Taiwan to Japan
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Boxer Rebellion against foreign oppression, 1898-1900
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Eight Nation Alliance Invaded China
• Eight powers invaded: British, Japanese, Russian, Italian, German, French, US, and Austrian troops, the alliance defeated the Boxers and demanded further concessions from the Qing government such as treaty ports
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End of Qing Empire
• First Chinese Republic in 1911 with Sun Yat-Sen as President
• Followed by warlordism for a few years
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1917 RussiaBolshevik Revolution
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May 4th Movement
• Initiated by students inspired by Russian Revolution of 1917, patriots, nationalists, socialists, democrats and republicans
• Opposed imperialism and feudalism• Became nationwide protest against imperialism• China never signed the treaty
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May 4th Movement
On the morning of May 4, 1919, student representatives from thirteen different local universities met in Beijing and drafted five resolutions:• to oppose the granting of Shandong to the Japanese under former
German concessions.• to draw awareness of China's precarious position to the masses in
China.• to recommend a large-scale gathering in Beijing.• to promote the creation of a Beijing student union.• to hold a demonstration that afternoon in protest to the terms of the
Treaty of Versailles.
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Who is this fellow?
• Student active in May 4th Movement in Tianjin
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Premier Zhou Enlai
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Deng Yingchao was a team leader in May 4th Movement
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From May 4th Movement on, Marxism Spread
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•In 1921•Two years later, what happened?
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Founding of Chinese Communist Party
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Anyuan Miners’ Strike, 1922
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1925 Sun Yat-sen died, succeeded by Chiang Kai-shek as head of Nationalist Party (Guomindang)
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Shanghai General Strike, 1927
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Shanghai Massacre, 1927
• Nationalists massacred Communists, unionists and workers and students
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1931, Japan Invaded Manchuria (China’s Northeast)
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Hitler assisted Chiang Kai-shek as fellow anti-Communist
• Nazis assisted Guomindang in training Chinese troops and Germany got Chinese natural resources
• Germany later supported Japan because Hitler felt it was a stronger ally than China
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Red Army,Long March, 1934-5
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9,000 km., 370 days
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Established red base in Yan’an
•Mao Zedong• 1935
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War of Liberation against Japanese
• 1937 United Front against Japanese
• 1937 Nanjing Massacre by Japanese
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Yan’an (1944)Centre of Chinese revolution, 1936 to 1948
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Who Wrote “Red Star Over China”? (1937)
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Edgar Snow
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Anti-Japanese War of Resistance
• Guomindang spent much more energy fighting Communist army than fighting the Japanese
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Japanese occupation lasted till end of WWII
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Japanese finally routed, 1945
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Red army defeated nationalist army
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1949 what is this event?
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Socialist Period
•1949 to 1978
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Agriculture and land redistribution
• Feudalism ended• Land redistributed, communes set up by 1958• Rural people still hold claim to land today through their rural
household registration
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Rule of law ends gangsters
• Prior to 1949 there was a vast criminal underworld of gangsters and secret societies intermingling with high society like this photo of Shanghai nightlife in 1930s
• And there were almost 90 million opium addicts
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Literacy skyrocketed in one generation
• 15% in 1949 to 80-90% by mid-1970s
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Life expectancy
• More than doubled between 1949 and 1975, from 32 to 65 years
• Infant mortality in 1970 in Shanghai was less than in New York City
• Barefoot doctors in countryside brought health care throughout country
• Poverty significantly reduced
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Industry and central planning
• Economy grew by 10 percent per year
• Egalitarian wage structure
• Guaranteed employment
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Urban danwei (work unit) system• Lifetime employment guarantee• Housing provided and subsidized• Food and fuel subsidized• Medical care system provided • Public school education free• No firings or negative discipline• Positive examples such as model workers
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1966 Cultural Revolution Began
• Concern by Chairman Mao and others that socialist principles were being eroded by corruption and capitalist roaders
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Type of greeting we received in 1974 (without Little Red Books)
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We visited Dazhai in 1974
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1976: Terrible Year
• January: Premier Zhou died• April: flowers in Tiananmen Square• July: earthquake in Tangshan:
250,000 died• September: Chairman Mao died• October: Gang of Four arrested
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1978 Deng Xiaoping came to power
• New China started down the capitalist road
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One of Deng’s first invited guests: Milton Friedman, Chicago School of Economics
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1980, rural communes were abolished
• Rural communes abolished• End of collective work in countryside
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1980, Special Economic Zones established for industry to try out capitalist methods of production.This is Shenzhen in 1980.
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Shenzhen today
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Privatization of industry and lay-offs of millions of workers in State-Owned Enterprises
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Inflation of the late 1980s lead to protest about corruption and accountability
• 1989 • Tiananmen Square• Far more workers were killed
than students• They defended the streets leading
to the Square by barricading them
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1992: Deng’s Southern Tour
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Privatization of industry and lay-offs of workers in State-Owned Enterprises intensified and workers fought back with demonstrations, blockades
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China joined WTO in 2001What event preceded it two months before?
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1993 to 2003, Jiang Zemin, PresidentZhu Rongji, Premier
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2003 to 2013, Hu Jintao, PresidentWen Jiabao, Premier
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2013 to 2023 ? Xi Jinping, President
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2013 to 2023?Li Keqiang, Premier
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Workers and citizens rising up. Fate of government and Communist Party?