china powerpoint: 28-1
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
China Responds to Pressure from
the WestCh. 28, Section 1
Overview 28-1 China’s resistance to foreigners in 1800s Peasant Rebellions Effects of China’s struggle with reform Growth of nationalism in China
Setting the Stage Qing Dynasty: 1644 – 1912
Structure? 22 provinces “Dowager” Empress Cixi
Late 18th century: Stable Secure
China Resists Foreign Influence
*
China Remains Self-Sufficient
Chinese looked down on foreigners Qing China Economy
Agricultural economy 11th century – acquired a strain of quick-growing
rice Maize, sweet potatoes, and peanuts from
Americas Mining: salt, tin, silver, and iron Manufacturing: silk, high-quality cotton, fine
porcelain Self-sufficient and decidedly isolated
Tea-Opium Connection Guangzhou (gwang.joh): only Southern port
available for trade Balance of trade
In China’s favor British import tea; China receives mainly silver… Silver supply drains
British merchants smuggle opium into China
Tea-Opium Connection
Opium Habit-forming narcotic Made from poppy plant Used to relieve pain, medical-use 18th century – nonmedical use 12 million Chinese addicted to drug – social,
moral, and economic problems
“By what right do they [British merchants]…use the poisonous drug [opium] to injure the Chinese
people?...I have heard that the smoking of opium is very strictly forbidden by your country; that is because the harm caused by opium is clearly understood. Since
it is not permitted to do harm to your country, then even less should you let it be passed on to the harm of
other countries”
Lin Zexu writes to Queen Victor
(1) What does he want from Britain?
(2) What evidence is he using in this plea?
Opium War1839
Chinese try to end opium trade Addicts rounded up and forcibly treated Domestic drug dealers punished Confiscates foreign stores and forces foreign
merchants to sign pledges of good conduct British want to increase England’s China trade,
refuse to end trade
What conflicting British and Chinese positions led to the
Opium War?British desire to trade with China and shift balance of trade in its own favor
Chinese resented harm of opium on citizens
Opium War China – outdated ships Britain – gunboats,
cannons, heavy artillery Disaster for Chinese
Results of Opium War Britain gains Hong Kong Extraterritorial rights: U.S. and other foreign
citizens exempt from Chinese law at four Chinese ports besides Guangzhou
Opium trade continued
Recap4/11
(1)Early 1800s, China has little interest in trading with Western nations
(2)British import large amounts of tea from China and smuggle opium into the country
(3)War breaks out when British refuse to stop trading opium
5 Minute QuizYou may use your
notes(1)Name the last dynasty of China.(2)Explain how the balance of trade shifted from
favoring China to favoring Great Britain in the early 1800s.
(3)Name the two rebellions.
7 Minute QuizYou may use your
notes(1)Qing Dynasty(2)Great Britain began smuggling in opium.(3)Boxer Rebellion & Taiping Rebellion
Recap4/11
(1)Early 1800s, China has little interest in trading with Western nations
(2)British import large amounts of tea from China and smuggle opium into the country
(3)War breaks out when British refuse to stop trading opium
Internal Problems Increase
Population boom, but food production doesn’t increase
Widespread hunger Bad years of Yellow River flooding Government corruption Opium addiction steadily increased
Internal Problems People Rebel Against
Government!
Hong Xiuquan (1814-1864)
Wants to “destroy evil”; evil = Qing dynasty
Personal vision of Christianity Influenced by Christian
missionaries No opium, tobacco, alcohol,
or gambling Men equal to women…but
divided Mystical visions, save the
world “Heavenly Kingdom of Great
Peace”, no poverty! Leader of Taiping Rebellion
Taiping Rebellion Taiping = “great peace” 1840s – began organizing a peasant army (men
and women) from southern China By 1853 – 1 million soldiers Captured Nanjing and declared capital,
controlled large areas of southern China
Taiping Rebellion 1864: Qing regained control of China
But huge amounts of farmland destroyed At least 20 million died
Summary?14-year peasant revolt against Qing dynasty to fix internal problems that fails.
Why is the Taiping Rebellion important?(1) example of discontent with government in Qing China
(2) Government greatly weakened by rebellion!
Recap Internal problems: poverty, corruption, famine Internal problems Rebellions Taiping Rebellion
China Wrestles with Reform
Resists modernizationSelf-strengthening movement
Spheres of InfluenceOpen Door Policy
Pressure Increases on China
Internal Pressures: Taiping rebellion and other small uprisings
External Pressures: Foreign powers, Treaty of Nanjing
Ideas on how to deal with pressures? Reforms patterned on Western ways? Continue to honor Chinese traditions & resist
reform
Dowager Empress Cixir. 1861-1908
Dowager = endowed; widower who holds a title or property from her deceased husband
De facto ruler, makes the decisions
Conservative force
Cixi Resists Change Committed to traditional values, overall Self-Strengthening Movement
Update China’s educational system, diplomatic service, and military
Mixed results Military production good for morale BUT, foreign workers run arsenals…and materials
imported (imbalance in trade)
Brain Warm-Up During the 19th century, Europeans were able to
divide China into spheres of influence mainly because theA) Chinese were eager to adopt western cultureB) Europeans had technologically superior military
forcesC) Europeans were willing to adopt Chinese
customsD) Chinese lacked raw materials and resources
Brain Warm-Up During the 19th century, Europeans were able to
divide China into spheres of influence mainly because theA) Chinese were eager to adopt western cultureB) Europeans had technologically superior
military forcesC) Europeans were willing to adopt Chinese
customsD) Chinese lacked raw materials and resources
Other Nations Step In Other nations saw weak military technology,
economic and political problems Take advantage and attack China West gets
increasing control over China’s economy Sphere of influence: region in which foreign
nation controlled trade and investment
Spheres of InfluenceWhat importance did spheres of influence have for
China and for the nations involved?
Weakened China’s control over its economy and gave foreign nations ability to exploit Chinese resources.
Open-Door Policy Open-Door Policy: China’s “doors” open to
merchants of all nations. Protects trading rights of foreign powers and China is free from colonization!
Who passes this? Why? How does China benefit?
United StatesWorried other nations would begin dividing China into colonies and that the United States would be left out.No colonization…still at
mercy of foreign powers
Recap Internal problems create need for reform. Chinese resist modernization, but Self-
Strengthening Movement Western nations and Japan gain spheres of
influence in China U.S. promotes Open Door Policy to assure
trading rights for all nations and to protect China from colonization
Chinese Nationalism Grows
Reform efforts & reactionBoxer RebellionReform Begins
Hundred Days of Reform
Guangxu: China’s young emperor (Cixi is still really in charge) Introduces measures to modernize China
Education Strengthen economy Modernize military Streamline government
Measured as threat to Qing officials power…Guangxu arrested No long-term change Importance? Increases people’s frustration with government
Why did Emperor Guangxu’s efforts at reform and modernization fail?
Boxer Rebellion Why? Campaign against
Empress’ rule and foreigner privilege
Secret Society of Harmonious Fists / AKA Boxers
Boxer Rebellion Spring 1900 “Death to the Foreign Devils” Siege of Beijing Cixi verbally supports, but no military help August, 1900: multinational force of 20,000
troops quickly defeat Boxers
Boxer Rebellion Summary?
Importance?
Peasant and worker rebellion against foreigners and empress rule, crushed by external powers
Strong sense of nationalism emerges – Chinese people must resist more foreign intervention
Desire for government to be more responsive (beginnings of reform)
Beginnings of Reform 1905 – Empress sent Chinese officials to study
foreign governments 1906 – officials recommend restructure
government based on constitutional monarchy of Japan; to be enacted fully by 1917
Recap of Themes Imperialism / Foreign
Intervention China = self-sufficient…
until OPIUM WAR Sphere of influence Open-Door Policy
Internal Problems Opium Population Government problems Taiping Rebellion
Growth of Nationalism Boxer Rebellion
Reform Self-Strengthening
Movement Hundred Days of
Reform Beginnings of Reform,
1905
In-Class Writing Do you think the opium trade was finally more
harmful or beneficial to China? Explain. The effects of the Opium War Other Chinese responses to foreign influence The aftermath of the Boxer Rebellion