CHILDREN ANDTHELAW

DOCTRINE, POLICYAND PRACTICE

Second Edition

By

Douglas E. AbramsAssociate Professor ofLaw

University ofMissouri-Columbia

Sarah H. RamseyLaura J. and L. Douglas Meredith

Professor for Teaching Excellence and Professor ofLawSyracuse University College ofLaw

ÄMERICAN^ÄSEBOOK SERIES«

THOMSON*

WEST

Mat# 40030735

Table of Contents

Page

PREFACE vACKNOWLEDGMENTS ixTABLE OF CASES xxxiii

Chapter 1. The Status, Rights and Obligations of Children 11. Childhood in America 1

A. Contemporary Conditions and Needs 1Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development, Starting Points:

Meeting the Needs ofOur Youngest Children ---- 1Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development, Great Transitions:

Preparing Adolescents for a New Century 4Notes - 5

B. The Lawyer's Role 10American Bar Association Working Group on the Unmet Legal

Needs of Children and Their Families, America 's Children atRisk: A National Agenda for Legal Action - 11

Notes - - — 122. The Law's Evolving Conception of Children's Status, Rights

and Obligations 14A. The Status of Childhood: An Introduction 14B. The Parens Patriae Doctrine, Parental Prerogatives, and

the Child's Obligation to Obey 161. Common Law Background 16

III William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England 16Douglas E. Abrams, A Very Special Place in Life: The History

of Juvenile Justice in Missouri 16Notes - 17Problem 1-1 - 20

2. The American Conception 20a. The Traditional Roles of Parents and the Govern-

ment- 20Meyer v. Nebraska 21Pierce v. Society ofSisters ---- 24Notes and Questions 25

b. The Movement Toward "Children's Rights" 27Prince v. Massachusetts - - 27Notes and Questions - 32Problem 1-2 - - 34A Note on Brown v. Board of Education (1954) and In re

Gault (1967) - - 34Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School Dis-

trict - - - 36Notes and Questions - 43Board of Education v. Earls - - 54Notes and Questions 59Problem 1-3 62

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c. Reconciling Parents' and Children's Rights 62Troxel v. Granville - ~- — 63Notes and Questions- --- 73

C. May Children Articulate Their Own Interests? 751. The General Question- 75

Wisconsin v. Yoder - 75Notes and Questions — 78

2. The Mature-Minor Doctrine - 79Bellotti v. Baird — - —- 79Notes and Questions — — -— 86Problem 1-4—— - - - - - 90

D. Statutory Influence 91Cedar Rapids Community School District v. Garret F. ~~ 91Notes and Questions - - 96

E. An International-Law Basis for Children' s Rights? 103United Nations Convention on the Rights ofthe Child 105Notes and Questions - - - —- ~~ 111

3. Perspectives on Children's Rights - - 113Michael S. Wald, Children's Rights: A Framework for Analysis 113Bruce C. Hafen, Children's Liberation and the New Egalitarianism:

Some Reservations About Abandoning Youth to Their "Rights" 114Katherine Hunt Federle, Children, Curfews and the Constitution 117Barbara Bennett Woodhouse, Hatching the Egg: A Child-Centered

Perspective On Parents' Rights 118Martha Minow, What Ever Happened to Children's Rights? 120Notes and Questions ---- 121Problem 1-5—- —- 123

Chapter 2. Defining the Child-Parent Relationship 1251. Establishing Paternity and Maternity 125

A. The Importance of Marriage 1251. Historical Background on Children Born to Unmarried

Parents 125I William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England-- 125II James Kent, Commentaries on American Law - - 126Note- - 128

2. Surnames 1283. Unmarried Parents: The Contemporary Context 131

a. "Illegitimacy" - 131b. Constitutional and Statutory Reform 131c. Intestate Succession 133d. Citizenship 134

Notes and Questions - 135B. Who Is a "Father"? 138

Paul K. Legier, The Coming Revolution in Child Support Policy:Implications ofthe 1996 Weifare Act 139

Michael H. v. Gerald D _ _ 143Notes and Questions — 150Problem 2-1 _ 153Problem 2-2 — 153

C. Who Is a "Mother?" 154Johnson v. Calvert - _ 154Notes and Questions-- _ _ 160

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Page2. Questioning the Definition of "Parent" —- 162

A. Applying the Law 162Alison D. v. Virginia M. — - - 162Notes and Questions— - — - 166A Note on the American Law Institute's Principles of the Law of

Family Dissolution: Analysis and Recommendations (2000) 168Problem 2-3 - —- - 169InreA.R.A.-- - - 170Notes and Questions -— — - - 173Katharine T. Bartlett, Rethinking Parenthood as an Exclusive

Status: The Need for Legal Alternatives When the Premise of theNuclear Family Has Failed — 173

Notes and Questions- - - - 175Problem 2-4 - - - 176Problem 2-5 - - - ----- - ~ - 177Problem 2-6-- - - - - 177Problem 2-7 - - —- 178

B. Evaluating Claims to Parenthood 179Elizabeth S. Scott and Robert E. Scott, Parents as Fiduciaries 179Carl E. Schneider, On the Duties and Rights of Parents 181Katharine T. Bartlett, Re-Expressing Parenthood 183Notes and Questions - — - ~ 184Howard B. Eisenberg, A "Modest Proposal": State Licensing of

Parents —- - —- 184Notes and Questions - -- - 185

3. Guardianship 186A. Contested Guardianship - 186

Guardianship of Phillip B - —. 186Notes and Questions - - - 194Robert H. Mnookin, The Guardianship of Phillip B: Jay Spears'

Achievement — - - --- 195B. The Guardian's Role - 196

Meryl Schwartz, Reinventing Guardianship: Subsidized Guard-ianship, Foster Care, and Child Weifare - - 196

Notes and Questions - - - - 199Problem 2-8 - ----- ----- 200

4 Emancipation: The Hasteningof Adulthood 200In re Thomas C. - ----- - - - - 200Notes and Questions - 204Problem 2-9- - - - - 205Problem 2-10 - - - - - 205Problem 2-11 - --— - 206

Chapter 3. Representing Children 2071. Introduction 207

Leonard P. Edwards and Inger J. Sagatun, Who Speaks for the Child? 207Leonard P. Edwards, A Comprehensive Approach to the Representation

of Children: The Child Advocacy Coordinating Council - 208Notes - - - - 2 1 0

2. Children's Abilities and Legal Disabilities 212A. Child Development Research 212

Wallace J. Mlyniec, A Judge's Ethical Dilemma: Assessing aChild's Capacity to Choose 212

Notes and Questions 218

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B. Interviewing Children 219Nancy W. Perry and Larry L. Teply, Interviewing, Counseling, and

in Court Examination of Children: Practical Approaches 219Notes and Questions 222

C. Children as Witnesses 2221. Competency to Testify 222

Lucy S. McGough, Child Witnesses: Fragile Voices in theAmerican Legal System 222

People v. Mitchell-— - — 224Notes and Questions - —- 225

2. Accuracy 227D. The Child's Right to Sue - 227

Kingsley v. Kingsley —- — 227Notes and Questions — - 230

3. The Role ofthe Child's Counsel - 232A. Children's Ability to Advise Counsel - 232

Martin Guggenheim, A Paradigm for Determining the Role ofCounsel For Children— 233

Katherine Hunt Federte, The Ethics of Empowerment: Rethinkingthe Role of Lawyers in Interviewing and Counseling the ChildClient „ - - - - 234

Sarah H. Ramsey, Representation of the Child in Protection Pro-ceedings: The Determination of Decision-Making Capacity 236

Jean Koh Peters, The Roles and Content of Best Interests inClient-Directed Lawyering for Children in Child Protective Pro-ceedings - . - 238

Questions — 239B. The Traditional Role 240

Grunewald v. Technibilt Corporation — 240Notes and Questions 243Problem 3-1 - — - —. 244

C. Counsel's Role in Abuse, Neglect and Adoption Cases 245In re Jamie TT - 245Notes and Questions ~. 248In the Interest ofA.W. — - 250Notes and Questions 255Problem 3-2 257In re Jeffrey R.L — 258Notes and Questions 259Problem 3-3 - — 262A Note on the Child's Counsel in Adoption Proceedings 262

D. Counsel's Role in Delinquency and Status Offense Cases 263In re Johnston ~ 263Notes and Questions- ~ 267In re W.C 273Notes and Questions 280A Note on Counsel for the Child in Status Offense Proceedings 280A Note on Representation of Children in Adult Criminal Court 281Malcolm C. Young, Providing Effective Representation for Youth

Prosecuted As Adults, Bureau of Justice Assistance Bulletin 281Problem 3-4 284

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PageChapter 4. Abuse andNeglect - 286

1. Introduction — - - 286Note - ~~ - - - - - 290

2. Discovering Abuse and Neglect: Reporting Statutes 291Jane Waldfogel, Rethinking the Paradigm for Child Protection 292Valmonte v. Bane- ~- - - - 293Notes and Questions - - - 300Problem 4-1 - - — - - — - - 305

3. The Child Protection System: A Composite Case 305Dep't of Health & Human Services, U.S. Advisory Board on Child

Abuse And Neglect, Child Abuse and Neglect: Critical First Steps inResponse to a National Emergency- - - 305

4. Limits on Intervention 309In re Knowack - ~ — — 310In re Juvenile Appeal - - 311Notes and Questions - - - — 317Problem 4-2 - - - - - - - - 318Problem 4-3 - - - - - - - - 319

5. Patterns of Abuse and Neglect - 319A. Neglect — - 320

In re S.T. - - - - - ----- 320Notes and Questions - - - - 326

B. Psychological Maltreatment - - 328Problem 4-4 - - - - - —- 332

C. Abuse - - — 3321. The Battered Child Syndrome—- —- 3322. The Shaken Baby Syndrome 3353. The Target Child - - - 3354. Why Do Parents Abuse Their Children? 336

Richard J. Gelles, Family Violence: What We Know and CanDo — 337

Diana J. English, The Extent and Consequences of ChildMaltreatment -- - - - - - 339

Carol Taylor Et AI., Diagnosed Intellectual and EmotionalImpairment Among Parents Who Seriously Mistreat TheirChildren: Prevalence, Type, and Outcome in a Court Sample 341

Notes and Questions--- — — - - 342D. Corporal Punishment 343

In re C. Children - - - 343Notes and Questions - - — - - - 344Raboin v. North Dakota Department of Human Services - 345Notes and Questions - - - 347Problem 4-5 - - 351Problem 4-6 ----- - - - — 351Problem 4-7 —- ----- 352

E. Sexual Abuse 3531 Failure to Protect - 354

In re T.G - - - 354Notes and Questions - - - - 357Problem 4-8- - ------ - - 358

2. Provingthe Case 358In re Nicole V. -— - - 358Notes and Questions- - 362

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3. Preventing Sexual Abuse 363David Finkelhor, Sexual Abuse and Physical Abuse: Some

Critical Differences —- - —- — — 364U.S. General Accounting Office, Cycle of Sexual Abuse: Re-

search Inconclusive About Whether Child Victims BecomeAdult Abusers - — - 365

F. Newborns With Positive Toxicologies 366In re Dante M. 366Notes and Questions - - - — - — 370Problem 4-9 - - - 373

6. Duty to Investigate 373DeShaney v. Winnebago County Department ofSocial Services - 373Notes and Questions - 381

7. The Prosecutor's Role - - 383Questions — - —- - 384

8. The Reasonable Efforts Requirement 385InreNM.W. - - - - - 385Notes and Questions - - -. . 389Problem 4-10 - — —- - 391

9. Termination of Parental Rights 391A. Due Process Protections for Parents 392

Santosky v. Krämer- - - - 392Notes and Questions — - - - 403A Note on Lassiter v. Department of Social Services and the Right

to Counsel - - — 404A Note on M.L.B, v. S.L.J. and the Right to Appeal - 405

B. When Should Parental Rights Be Terminated? 406In re Ashley A - - - - - 406Notes and Questions- - - - - 410In re Jeffrey R.L.- - - - - 412Notes and Questions - - - —- 415In re Adoption ofB.O - - 419Questions — - - - - 422Problem 4-11 - - - 423

10. Social Class, Ethnic, and Racial Bias 424A. Overview 424

U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect, Child Abuseand Neglect: Critical First Steps In Response to a NationalEmergency — — - 424

B. Poverty and Race 425Richard P. Barth et al., Children of Color in the Child Weifare

System: Toward Explaining Their Disproportionate Involvementin Comparison to Their Numbers in the General Population,Executive Summary .— _. 425

Dorothy Roberts, Shattered Bonds - - 428Note— - - —- 429

C. The Indian Child Weifare Act 430D. Understanding Cultural Context 433

Karen Aileen Howze, Making Differences Work: Cultural Contextin Abuse and Neglect Practice for Judges and Attorneys 433

Notes _ 434

TABLE OF CONTENTS xxiii

Page11. Findinga Cure - 434

James M. Gaudin, Effective Intervention With Neglectful Families 434David Wolfe, Prevention of Child Neglect: Emerging Issues 435Douglas J. Besharov, Child Abuse and Neglect Reporting and Investi-

gation: Policy Guidelines for Decision Making - 437Notes and Questions - -- - --- -- --- --- 439

Chapter 5. Foster Care 4411. The Current Status of Foster Care 441

U.S. General Accounting Office, Child Weifare: Complex Needs StrainCapacity to Provide Services --- 442

U.S. General Accounting Office, Foster Care: State Efforts to Improvethe Permanency Planning Process Show Some Promise... - - 443

Karen Spar, Congressional Research Service, Adoption Promotion Leg-islation in the 105th Congress -- -- ---- ---- 445

Notes — - - - 4472. The Court's Role in Permanency Planning - 450

Mark Hardin, Child Protection Cases in a Unißed Family Court - --. 450Notes-- - - -- 453

3. The Child's Right to a "Family" - - — 454Smith v. Organization of Foster Families for Equality and Reform 454Notes and Questions —- - ~~ -— 465InreAshleyK— - - 470Procopio v. Johnson ~ -- - - 475Notes and Questions — --- - - 479Problem 5-1- - --- --- —- 480

4. The Child's Right to Services and Protection From Harm 481Suter v. Artist M. - — - 481Notes and Questions — — 484Problem 5-2 - - - - - 485LaShawn A. v. Kelly - - ----- - 485MarisolA. v. Giuliani - -~ - ---- 498Notes and Questions —- - 508

5. Liability for Harm - 511Kara B. v. Dane County — - ---- 511Notes and Questions — - - - 516Problem 5-3 - - - —- 518

6. Types of Placements - 519A. Foster Parents - 519

1. Kinship Care: Relatives as Foster Parents - 519U.S. General Accounting Office, Child Weifare: Complex Needs

Strain Capacity to Provide Services - — - 519Notes and Questions - - - 520Problem 5-4 - - - 522

2. Racial and Ethnic Matching — 5223. Religious Matching 523

B. Institutional Care - 5231. Placements and Poverty 523

Sarah Ramsey and Daan Braveman, "Let Them Starve":Government's Obligation to Children in Poverty 524

Notes and Questions- - - - 5262. Types of Facilities 529

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C. Guardianship - 530Guardianship Petition ofLupe C. - — —- 530Questions - - — —- - — 534Meryl Schwartz, Reinventing Guardianship: Subsidized Guard-

ianship, Foster Care, and Child Weifare ~- 534Notes - — 537Problem 5-5 - - - - - - - 537Problem 5-6 — - - - —- 538

D. Independent Living 538Susan Vivian Mangold, Extending Non-Exclusive Parenting and

the Right To Protection for Older Foster Children: CreatingThird Options in Permanency Planning 538

Note - - 542

Chapter 6. Criminal Abuse and Neglect 5441. Abuse, Neglect and Child Endangerment 544

Commonwealth v. Ogin - - - — - - 544Notes and Questions — - 550Problem 6-1 - —- -— - 556Problem 6-2— 556Problem 6-3 - - - — 556Problem 6-4- —- 557State v. Crawford — - — 557Notes and Questions - - 562A Note on Parental-Liability Statutes - — 564Problem 6-5- - - 567A Note on the "Cultural Defense" to Abuse, Neglect or Endangerment

Prosecutions - - - - — 567Problem 6-6 - - — - - - 569

2. Sexual Abuse 570A. The Nature ofthe Problem - 570

William Winslade et al., Castrating Pedophiles Convicted of SexOffenses Against Children: New Treatment or Old Punishment? 570

Donald C. Bross, Terminating the Parent-Child Relationship as aResponse to Child Sexual Abuse-- - - - 572

B. The Basis for Criminal Intervention 573Donald C. Bross, Terminating the Parent-Child Relationship as a

Response to Child Sexual Abuse - - ~~ 573Ferris v. Santa Clara County - - - ~ 575Notes and Questions— - - - 576Problem 6-7 - - - 584

C. Provingthe Case 5841. Difficulties of Proof 585

Lisa R. Askowitz and Michael H. Graham, The Reliability ofExpert Psychological Testimony in Child Sexual Abuse Pros-ecutions— - - 585

2. The Child Victim's Testimony 586Robert P. Mosteller, Remaking Confrontation Clause and Hear-

say Doctrine Under the Challenge of Child Sexual AbuseProsecutions - - 586

Notes and Questions—- - - 588Idaho v. Wright - - - 590Notes and Questions - - 598Problem 6-8 - - - 599Maryland v. Craig - ~ - 599Notes and Questions 606Problem 6-9 - 611Problem 6-10 - _ 612Problem 6-11 612

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Page3. Expert Testimony 613

John E.B. Myers et al., Expert Testimony in Child SexualAbuse Litigation - 613

Note - 620D. Prospective Restraints on the Offender 621

1. Civil Commitment 622Kansas v. Hendricks- - 622Notes and Questions 630

2. Registration and Community Notification 634Connecticut Department of Public Safety v. Doe 635Notes and Questions~ - — 638

3. Child Pornography 643New York v. Ferber - - - - - 643Notes and Questions -- - - - 650

Chapter 7. Adoption 6571. Introduction - 657

Jamil S. Zainaldin, The Emergence of a Modern American FamilyLaw: Child Custody, Adoption, and the Courts, 1796-1851 657

Notes and Questions — - - 6582. Who May Adopt a Child? - - 659

In the Interest of Angel Lace M. - - 659Notes and Questions - 666Problem 7-1- —- - - 675Problem 7-2 --- - - 676ANoteon "EquitableAdoption" - - 677

3. Adoption Intermediaries and Their Regulation - 678A. Agency Adoptions and Private Placements - 678

Jana B. Singer, The Privatization of Family Law 678Notes and Questions 681A Note on the Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children 685

B. Baby Selling - 687State v. Clark -— - - 687Notes and Questions —- — - - 689Richard A. Posner, The Regulation ofthe Market in Adoptions 691Notes and Questions - - - — 695

4. The Consent Requirement 697A. The Requirement of Informed and Voluntary Consent 697

Note and Questions - - 698Problem 7-3 —- - — 699

B. The Rights of Unwed Parents 6991. The Constitutional Law - 700

Stanley v. Illinois - - - 700Notes and Questions .— - 705Lehr v. Robertson 705Notes and Questions - - 714Problem 7-4 - — 718A Note on Putative Father Registries — - 719Problem 7-5 721

2. Strains on the Constitutional Law 721In re Petition ofDoe - — 722In re Petition ofDoe - 723Notes and Questions - — - — 726Problem 7-6 - 731Problem 7-7 - - 732

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5. Open Adoption — - 732In re Adoption ofC.H. - - 733Notes and Questions — ---- 735

6. Cultural and Religious Identity 737A. Transracial Adoption 737

Ruth-Arlene W. Howe, Transracial Adoption (TRA): Old Preju-dices and Discrimination Float Under a New Halo — - - 739

Randall Kennedy, Orphans of Separatism: The Painful Politics ofTransracial Adoption — — 741

Notes and Questions — — - 743B. Native American Adoption 745C. Religion - - - - 745

7. International Adoption 7478. Post-Adoption Disputes 748

Gibbs v. Ernst - — - — - - 748Notes and Questions — - - 754Problem 7-8- - —- - - 757

9. Adoptees' Rights to "Learn Their Roots" 757Notes and Questions —- ---- - 759

Chapter 8. Medical Decision-Making 7621. Decision-Making Authority - 762

In re E.G - ...— -- - - - 762Notes and Questions —. - -~ -- --- 767Problem 8-1- — — —- — 770Problem 8-2— - — 771Problem 8-3 ~— —- - 771Problem 8-4 - - 771Problem 8-5— - — - - - - 772Parham v. J. R. — - — — - — —. 772Notes and Questions - ~ - - - 786A Note on Safe Conditions - - - - — 788Problem 8-6—- - 792Problem 8-7— - - - —. 792

2. Medical Neglect 792A. Determining Neglect 792

Newmark v. Williams/DCPS - - 792Notes and Questions-- - - - 798Problem 8-8- - - 799

B. Spiritual Treatment Exemptions 8001. The Death of Ian Lundman: The Facts 800

Lundman v. McKown - 8002. The Criminal Case - 802

State v. McKown 802Notes and Questions - - — 806

3. The Civil Case 807Lundman v. McKown - 807Notes and Questions-— ~ - -- - 817Problem 8-9 - - - 819Problem 8-10 819Problem 8-11 - - - 820

3. Withholding Medical Care 820A. Infants 820

Kathleen Knepper, Withholding Medical Treatment From Infants:When is it Child Neglect? _ 820

Notes and Questions - _ 824

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B. Older Children - 827Rosebush v. Oakland County Prosecutor~~ 827Notes and Questions— 832Problem 8-12 - 833

4. Bone Marrow and Organ Donation-- - 833Curran v. Bosze ~ —. 833Notes and Questions 840Problem 8-13 - - - - - - 841Problem 8-14 — 841

5. Experimentation - 843In re Nikolas E 843Notes and Questions - 847

6. Who Pays for the Child's Medical Care? - 849Madison General Hospital v. Haack — ~ 849Notes and Questions 852

Chapter 9. Financial Responsibility and Control .- 8551. The Child Support Obligation - 855

A. Historical Background - - - 855Haxton v. Haxton 855Notes and Questions - 859

B. Scope of Obligation 8611. Biological Relationship as the Obligation's Source 861

State ex rel. Hermesmann v. Seyer 861Notes and Questions 865Brad Michael L. v. Lee D 865Questions 868

2. Stepparents and In Loco Parentis--- 869Commonwealth Ex Rel. McNutt v. McNutt 869Notes and Questions-- — 870Problem 9-1 871

C. The Government's Obligation - - - 872Williams ex rel. Ricard v. Humphreys — — - 875Notes and Questions-- 878A Note on Teenage Parents 880Robert G. Wood and John Burghardt, Office of the Assistant

Secretary For Planning Evaluation, Health & Human Services,Implementing Weifare Reform Requirements for Teenage Par-ents: Lessons From Experience in Four States 881

Note- - — 883A Note on Homeless Children .— 884Problem 9-2 — 888

D. The Child's Responsibilities 888Oeler v. Oeler 888Notes and Questions 891Problem 9-3 892Problem 9-4 — 893

E. Amount - - - - 894Linda Henry Elrod, The Federalization of Child Support Guide-

lines - - - - 894Questions --- - -- 898

F. Collection 898Paul K. Legier, The Coming Revolution in Child Support Policy:

Implications ofthe 1996 Weifare Act— - — 898Notes - 904

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2. Capacity to Contract 906Mitchell v. Mizerski - - — 906Notes and Questions — - - - 909Problem 9-5— - - — 916Problem 9-6 - —- - —- 916Problem 9-7 ----- - -- 916

3. The Child's Property 917A. Uniform Transfers to Minors Act 917B. Use ofthe Child's Assets 919

Sutliffv. Sutliff - - - - - - 919Notes and Questions— - - 922Problem 9-8 —- - — 924Problem 9-9 - - - - - - - 924Problem 9-10 - - - - 924

4. Torts and Family Relations - 925A. Liability - - 925

Standard v. Shine - - - 925Notes and Questions - 927Problem 9-11 —~ - - - - 931Problem 9-12 - - 932Problem 9-13 - - - 932

B. Immunity 932Hartman v. Hartman - 932Notes and Questions - 936Problem 9-14 - - 937

C. Release, Waiver and Settlement 937Notes and Questions - 939Problem 9-15 - - - 941Problem 9-16 - 941

Chapter 10. Regulation of Children's Conduct 9421. Child Labor Laws 942

A. The Historical Background and the Present Situation 942Barbara Bennett Woodhouse, "Who Owns the Child?": Meyer and

Pierce and the Child as Property 942American Academy of Pediatrics, The Hazards of Child Labor 946Notes and Questions 948

B. The Sources of Regulation 951Introductory Problem 9511. State Regulation 952

Michigan Compiled Laws 952Notes and Questions 955

2. Federal Regulation 959Fair Labor Standards Act 959Notes and Questions - 961

3. Private Enforcement 965Henderson v. Bear 965Notes and Questions _ 967

2. Alcohol Regulation 969A. The Minimum DrinkingAge 969

Michael P. Rosenthal, The Minimum Drinking Age for YoungPeople: An Observation 969

Notes and Questions _ 972

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B. Do Criminal and Civil Enforcement Work? 973Michael Klitzner et al., Reducing Underage Drinking and its

Consequences - - -~ — ~- 973Mark Wolfson, Law Officers' Views on Enforcement of the Mini-

mum Drinking Age: A Four-State Study - --- 974Notes and Questions — — - - - 978Problem 10-1 — - - 980A Note on Dram-Shop and Social-Host Liability ~ - 980Problem 10-2 - - 982Problem 10-3 .... - - . . - - —. 983

3. Tobacco Regulation 983Problem 10-4.... . - 990

4. Driving Privileges 991American Academy of Pediatrics, The Teenage Driver - - . 991Notes and Questions - - — - - 992Problem 10-5 - 994

5. Health, Safety and Weifare Regulation - —. 995A. Child Highway Safety— - 995

A Note on Personal and Family Autonomy -~ 998Problem 10-6 —- - - - - - - - 999Problem 10-7 - - .— - — - - 1000

B. Gambling - - -1000C. Firearms - - - 1001D. Other Harmful Conduct - - —. 1003

6. Juvenile Curfews - — 1005Hutchins v. District of Columbia- - - . . ~ 1005Notes and Questions 1018Problem 10-8 - - — 1024

7. Status Offenses - 1024A. The Nature of Status-Offense Jurisdiction - 1024

1. Overview - 1024Ohio Revised Code Annotated - - - — — 1025Notes and Questions ~ — 1025

2. Ungovernability - 1026In the Matter ofLeifZ — - - 1026Notes and Questions .— 1029

3. Truancy 10304. Runaways 1031

a. The Scope ofthe Problem 1031b. Federal and State Legislation 1033

B. The Deinstitutionalization Mandate 1035Matter of Jennifer G - - - 1035Notes and Questions - - - - 1041

C. The Future of Status-Offense Jurisdiction 1044National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges, A New

Approach To Runaway, Truant, Substance Abusing, and BeyondControl Children - — 1046

Notes and Questions - ~ - - - 1047

Chapter 11. Delinquency 10501. Juvenile Crime in America 1050

Douglas E. Abrams, A Very Special Place in Life: The History ofJuvenile Justice in Missouri - - 1050

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PageNotes and Questions ~ - - 1052

2. The Juvenile Court as an Institution 1057A. The Juvenile Court's Original Conception 1057

1. Individualized rehabilitation and treatment 10602. Civil jurisdiction 10613. Informal procedure 10624. Confidentiality- - 10645. Incapacitation of children separate from adults 1065

B. The Contemporary Juvenile Court 10653. The Contours of Delinquency —- 1067

Introductory Problem -- - ---- - 1067A. The Infancy Defense 1067

Gammons v. Berlat -- ---- 1067Notes and Questions 1071

B. The Insanity Defense 1072Golden v. State - ----- 1073Notes and Questions - 1075

C. Transfer: The "Adultification" of Juvenile Crime 1076Richard E. Redding, Juveniles Transferred to Criminal Court:

Legal Reform Proposais Based on Social Science Research 1076State v. Mitchell - - - -1079Problem 11-1 —- - - - 1086Problem 11-2 - - - 1087Notes and Questions - - 1088

4. Delinquency Procedure 1097A. Overview 1097

President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administrationof Justice, Task Force Report: Juvenile Delinquency and YouthCrime .-1097

B. Arrest and Custody 10991. Arrest 1099

Maine Revised Statutes, Title 15 - 1099Notes and Questions— - ~~ 1100

2. Search and Seizure 1102New Jersey v. T.L.O - „ 1102Notes and Questions 1107Problem 11-3 - 1114Problem 11-4 - 1114Board of Education v. Earls - - 1115Notes and Questions - 1115Problem 11-5 - _ 1116Problem 11-6 - 1116Problem 11-7 - - 1117

3. Interrogation and Confession 1117Farev. Michael C 1118Notes and Questions _ 1124

4. Intake and Diversion 1131Howard N. Snyder and Melissa Sickmund, Juvenile Offenders

and Victims: 1999 National Report 1131Notes and Questions 1132

5. Preventive Detention 1134Schall v. Martin 1134Notes and Questions - 1143

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C. The Adjudicatory Hearing 11471. Gault and the "Constitutional Domestication" of Delin-

quency 1147In re Gault - — .„ 1149Notes and Questions - - - — —. 1163

2. Competency to Participate in the Proceeding - 1173Matter of Weifare ofD.D.N. - — - 1173Notes and Questions - - - - - - — 1176

3. Jury Trial 1177McKeiver v. Pennsylvania 1178Notes and Questions- — - — ~ 1183

4. Speedy Trial 1187In the Matter of Benjamin L — 1187Notes and Questions 1191

D. Disposition 11921. General Standards - 1192

John J. Wilson and James C. Howell, Serious and ViolentJuvenile Crime: A Comprehensive Strategy 1193

Notes and Questions-— 1196A Note on Innovative Dispositions ~ 1205

2. The Right to Treatment-— — - - 1207Alexander S. v. Boyd -1209Note and Questions ~ — - - 1212ANoteon Federal Enforcement 1212Notes and Questions ~ 1215Note 1221A Note on the Juvenile Death Penalty- - 1221

E. Appeal - - - - — 1224Notes and Questions- — 1224Problem 11-8 — - - - 1226A Note on Federal Delinquency Jurisdiction— — 1226

5. The Juvenile Court's Future 1229Barry C. Feld, Abolish the Juvenile Court: Youthfulness, Criminal

Responsibility, and Sentencing Policy 1230Irene Merker Rosenberg, Leaving Bad Enough Alone: A Response to

the Juvenile Court Abolitionists ~ — 1234Notes and Questions — - - 1239Problem 11-9 - - 1241

INDEX 1243