children and chemicals training for the health sector [date …place …event…sponsor…organizer]...

CHILDREN AND CHEMICALSCHILDREN AND CHEMICALS

TRAINING FOR THE HEALTH SECTORTRAINING FOR THE HEALTH SECTOR [Date …Place …Event…Sponsor…Organizer] [Date …Place …Event…Sponsor…Organizer]

Children's Health and the EnvironmentChildren's Health and the EnvironmentWHO Training Package for the Health SectorWHO Training Package for the Health Sector

World Health OrganizationWorld Health Organization

www.who.int/cehwww.who.int/ceh

CHILDREN AND CHEMICALSCHILDREN AND CHEMICALS

October 2011 October 2011 1

Children and chemicalsChildren and chemicals

2

Learn about chemical hazards – what they are and the risks they may pose to children

Identify the scenarios – how, where and when are children exposed?

Recognize signs, symptoms and diseases due to acute and chronic toxic exposures in children

Know how to assess, prevent and treat children's toxic exposures

LEARNING OBJECTIVES


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CHEMICALS AMONG OTHER GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS AMONG OTHER GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ISSUESHEALTH ISSUES

Chemical hazards Air pollution - indoor and outdoor Household water insecurity Poor hygiene and sanitation Disease vectors Injuries and accidents Emerging issues

- Climate change

- POPs

- Ozone layer

WHO


4

CHEMICALS ARE USED IN EVERYDAY LIFECHEMICALS ARE USED IN EVERYDAY LIFE

Benefits Promote hygiene

Protect crops

Control vectors

Risks Adverse health effects

Unwanted pollutants in the environment

Persistence

WHO


Acute and chronic, high and low-level exposures to chemicals in the environments of children may cause functional and organic damage, during periods of special vulnerability

“Children are not little adults”…

Informed health care providers play a key role in preventing and managing diseases

CHILDREN AND TOXICANTSCHILDREN AND TOXICANTS

WHO


6

EXPOSURE TO CHEMICALS AT HOME, SCHOOL, EXPOSURE TO CHEMICALS AT HOME, SCHOOL, PLAYGROUND, FIELDS & STREETSPLAYGROUND, FIELDS & STREETS

Different exposures expected from rural and urban settings by:

Household products, building materials, house dust, food contaminants, and toys

Pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and hygiene products

Second-hand smoke

Workplace (of the parents, or the child, "take home" exposures)

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in the environment

Chemicals of natural origin: e.g: fluoride in water, aflatoxins, cyanide, pyrrolizidine alkaloids

Mixed chemicals


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CHILDREN'S CHEMICAL EXPOSURES ARE CHILDREN'S CHEMICAL EXPOSURES ARE MAGNIFIED IN DEVELOPING AND MAGNIFIED IN DEVELOPING AND

TRANSITIONAL COUNTRIESTRANSITIONAL COUNTRIES Unsafe use of chemicals

Increasing pollution and uncontrolled use of chemicals

Chemical dumping

Additional factors: malnutrition, infectious diseases, poverty

Child work and scavengers

Lack of awareness of risks

Lack of interest

Despair at the magnitude of the problem


Developmental Physiology•Increased energy requirements

•Different metabolism•Windows of susceptibility

Longer lifeand latency

Politically Powerless

Unique Exposures•Unique pathways

•Behaviors•Poor understanding•Microenvironments

VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY OF CHILDRENOF CHILDREN

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9

EFFECTS

Organs

Systems

Functions

Development

RISKS

Physical

Chemicals

Biological

MEDIA

Water - Air - Food - Objects

SETTINGSURBAN & RURAL

Home

School

Playground

Field

Street

WorkplaceCIRCUMSTANCES

Eating, Drinking, Playing, Learning, Working, Scavenging

CHILDREN'S COMPLEX ENVIRONMENTCHILDREN'S COMPLEX ENVIRONMENT

Ceppi, Corra

VULNERABILITYDynamic, developmental physiology and "windows of vulnerability"


TOXICOKINETICSTOXICOKINETICS AND TOXICODYNAMICSAND TOXICODYNAMICS

Toxicokinetics - all the processes and pathways that a substance goes through in the body

Toxicodynamics the interaction between a substance and the body, resulting in toxic effects

Simply stated, toxicokinetics refers to what the body Simply stated, toxicokinetics refers to what the body does to the toxin, while toxicodynamics refers to does to the toxin, while toxicodynamics refers to what the toxin does to the bodywhat the toxin does to the body


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How are xenobiotics handled by an immature,

anabolic body?

Absorption

Energy, water, oxygen consumption

Biotransformation

Activation/detoxification

Distribution

Fat

Blood-brain barrier

Elimination

Critical windows of development

Development of organs and systemsWHO

TOXICOKINETICSTOXICOKINETICS


12 Moore, Elsevier Inc, 1973

DYNAMIC DEVELOPMENTAL PHYSIOLOGYDYNAMIC DEVELOPMENTAL PHYSIOLOGYWINDOWS OF DEVELOPMENTWINDOWS OF DEVELOPMENT


TRANS-GENERATIONALTRANS-GENERATIONAL TOXICANTSTOXICANTS

Exposure occurs during youth

Prolonged half lives (up to 10 years)

As women enter childbearing years the toxicant moves transplacentally and has adverse effects on development

Examples:

• Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) - Yusho and Yu-cheng

• Methyl mercury- Iraq

Prevention is key


Maternal exposure to: Mercury, ethylene oxide, rubber chemicals, solvents, are linked to

spontaneous abortion

Pre-conception PCBs and lead maternal body burdens are linked to abortion, stillbirth and

learning disabilities Folate deficiency leads to neural tube defects

In utero exposures:Thalidomide phocomeliaX-rays leukaemia Heat neural tube defects Alcohol FAS (fetal alcohol syndrome)Lead Neurodevelopmental effectsMethyl mercury Neurodevelopmental effects

DEVELOPMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY:DEVELOPMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY: PARENTS AND THEIR OFFSPRINGPARENTS AND THEIR OFFSPRING

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TOXICODYNAMICSTOXICODYNAMICSHOW DO TOXIC EFFECTS OCCUR?

During critical windows of exposure

On critical organs/systems

Central nervous system (CNS)

Immune system

Endocrine system

Other organs

A child is building the body for a “lifetime”.

WHO


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ROUTES OF EXPOSUREROUTES OF EXPOSURE

Unique exposure pathways Transplacental Breastfeeding

Exploratory behaviors leading to exposure Hand-to-mouth, object-to-mouth Non-nutritive ingestion

Stature and living zones, microenvironments Surface area to volume ratio

Children do not understand danger Pre-ambulatory Adolescents have “high risk” behaviors


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Water• Drinking• Recreational

Air• Indoor• Outdoor

Food

Cosmetic and hygiene products

Objects and toys

MEDIA OF EXPOSUREMEDIA OF EXPOSURE

WHO

PAHO


Poverty limits adaptive responses to both climate change and chemical exposures.

Malnutrition may compound and worsen effects from toxic exposure.

Geography is a major determinate of which health threats from climate change are most likely, and places entire populations at increased risk.

Occupations that involve the use of chemicals, such as agricultural work, may be increasingly risky because of increased chemical use, change in chemicals used and rapid development of new chemicals.

Public health infrastructure, chemical safety laws, regulations, surveillance and enforcement, are critical to minimizing injury and illness related to climate change and chemical exposures.

CLIMATE CHANGE AND CHEMICALSCLIMATE CHANGE AND CHEMICALS


TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN TOYS AND ARTICLESTOXIC SUBSTANCES IN TOYS AND ARTICLES

Toys: lead, cadmium and phthalates

Jewellery: lead, cadmium

Electronic products: lead, mercury, cadmium, and brominated flame retardants

Batteries: lead and other heavy metals

Textiles : perfluorinated compounds in waterproof garments, nonylphenol ethoxylates as surfactants

Furniture : fungicides

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency


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Anthropogenic "man-made" Industry Traffic Additives and contaminants Contaminated areas

Natural Arsenic Fluoride Plants Aflatoxins Blue-green algae

SOURCES OF EXPOSURE IN THE ENVIRONMENTSOURCES OF EXPOSURE IN THE ENVIRONMENT

WHO

Ceppi, Corra


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Unintentional ("accidental")

Intentional

Iatrogenic

Occupational

‘Take-home’

ENVIRONMENTAL

CIRCUMSTANCES OF EXPOSURECIRCUMSTANCES OF EXPOSURE

WHO


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PrenatalPrenatal

NewbornsNewborns

ToddlersToddlers

School childrenSchool children

AdolescentsAdolescents

SCENARIOS OF SCENARIOS OF EXPOSURE :EXPOSURE :AGE AGE ANDAND GENDER GROUPS GENDER GROUPS

WHO

Corra

WHO

WHO


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Acute: Exposure over a short period of time (e.g. 24 hours)

Single: a single or unique and continuous exposure Repeated: multiple exposures; potential accumulation

Chronic or long-termContinuous or repeated exposure (e.g. more than 24 hours, for weeks or months)

"Acute on chronic" An acute exposure against a background of chronic exposure to the same agent

"Hit and run" Acute exposure leading to delayed effects once the toxicant is gone

TYPE OF EXPOSURETYPE OF EXPOSURE


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High-dose exposure poisoning

Low-dose exposure subtle effects

(more recently recognized)

Concern raised by persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and potential developmental neurobehavioral and endocrine effects

HIGH AND LOW DOSE EXPOSURESHIGH AND LOW DOSE EXPOSURES

Subtle effects do not equal minor effects!


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CLINICAL AND SUBCLINICAL EFFECTSCLINICAL AND SUBCLINICAL EFFECTS

Clinical features observed depend upon:

Agent (chemical, physical, biological)DoseTiming and length of exposure

May be:

Asymptomatic Acute and evident: toxic syndromes Chronic and subtle: undefined symptoms Detected only by laboratory studies

WHO


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According to Poisons Centres :

Up to 50% to 70% of the calls are about children exposed to chemicals or actually poisoned

Number of poisoning cases is underestimated

Cases of exposure are mostly acute and accidental

The majority are between 1 & 4 years old

Boys are more affected

The outcome is usually favourable

Mortality is usually low

ACUTE POISONINGSACUTE POISONINGS

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency


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Pharmaceuticals: sedatives, analgesics, contraceptives syrups, contaminants

Household products: bleaches, cleaners, detergents, solvents, kerosene (paraffin)

Cosmetics: perfumes, shampoo, nail products

Plants and mushrooms: berries, seeds, leaves

Drugs of abuse: alcohol, illicit drugs of abuse, tobacco

Pesticides: insecticides, rodenticides, herbicides

Bites and stings: "envenoming" by snakes, scorpions, spiders, bees

CHEMICALS –CHEMICALS – ACUTE POISONINGSACUTE POISONINGS


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ACUTE POISONINGSACUTE POISONINGS

Pharmaceuticals: one teaspoon or pill can be dangerous!

• Benzodiazepines• Tricyclic antidepressants• Codeine• Diphenoxylate (Lomotil)• Theophylline• Antidiabetic sulfonylureas• Digitalis • Antihypertensives• Methyl salicylate• Iron

• Quinidine• Chloroquine• Lindane• Camphor

WHO


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PESTICIDES PESTICIDES

Spraying of pesticides at home and in schools increases exposure to children due to: Higher concentrations near the floor

Persistence in some surfaces, such as carpets and soft toys

Overuse and misuse of pesticides

Children activities contribute to inhalation of pesticides Crawling

Playing close to the floor

Hand-to-mouth and

object-to-mouth activities

WHO


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SOLVENTS & VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDSSOLVENTS & VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones.

Sources: Solvents, fabric softeners, deodorizers and cleaning products

Paints, glues, resins, waxes

and polishing materials

Spray propellants, dry

cleaning fluids

Pens and markers

Binders and plasticizers

Cosmetics: hairspray, perfumes U.S. Environmental Protection Agency


31

Pesticides

Metals

Lead, Arsenic, Mercury

Other heavy metals

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)

CHEMICALS: CHRONICCHEMICALS: CHRONIC EXPOSUREEXPOSURE


PESTICIDES: CHRONICPESTICIDES: CHRONIC EXPOSUREEXPOSURE

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Child-care centres

Schools

Children spend hours Close to the ground Touching and tasting Pesticides applied remain in carpets and fabrics.

Levels of chlorpyrifos vapours in the child’s breathing zone (25 cm) are 94 microg/m3 but in the adult’s breathing zone (100 cm) are 64 microg/m3

Exposure of neonatal rats to chlorpyrifos produced brain cell damage and loss, with resultant abnormalities of synaptic development.

WHO


LEAD TOXICITY: CHRONICLEAD TOXICITY: CHRONIC EXPOSUREEXPOSURE

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Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry


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Confirm exposure to toxicants

Determine magnitude / severity

Assess and measure effects

Monitor the efficacy of treatment

Follow up the clinical evolution

ROLE OF THE LABORATORYROLE OF THE LABORATORY

WHO


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Acute (e.g. Organophosphorus Pesticide): Resuscitation (intubation, ventilation, life-saving measures) Decontamination Symptomatic treatment Specific treatment: use of antidotes or antagonists

Chronic / low-level exposure (e.g. lead) requires: Removing the child from the source of exposure Symptomatic treatment Specific treatment: use of antidotes, if appropriate Follow-up treatment (long term) Remedial measures to environment

Important: Consult the Poison Centre !

TREATMENT OF TOXIC EXPOSURESTREATMENT OF TOXIC EXPOSURES


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PREVENTION OF EXPOSURE IS THE SINGLE MOST EFFECTIVE PREVENTION OF EXPOSURE IS THE SINGLE MOST EFFECTIVE MEANS OF PROTECTING CHILDREN AGAINST TOXICANTSMEANS OF PROTECTING CHILDREN AGAINST TOXICANTS

Identifying the problem

Defining its determinants and characteristics

Informing the community – and the children!

Educating colleagues and other professionals

Raising the awareness of policy-makers

Promoting the implementation of the appropriate measures

Helping to evaluate the efficacy of preventive measures

WHO

Health care providers play a key role in:


CASECASE STUDY: THAI SCHOOLCHILDREN AND STUDY: THAI SCHOOLCHILDREN AND PESTICIDESPESTICIDES

Schools aim to identify toxic pesticides available in the farming communities and the hazardous uses

Children also assess the acute health effects suffered by their parents by conducting a health history and examination before and after spraying.

Goal is to raise awareness among children and their parents about the hazards of pesticides and to eliminate exposure and the resulting adverse health effects


CASECASE STUDY: THAI SCHOOLCHILDREN AND STUDY: THAI SCHOOLCHILDREN AND PESTICIDESPESTICIDES

Results: Household pesticide storage and disposal practices improved. Initially, students identified that pesticides were stored in areas

where children played After 4 months, the proportion of houses defined as “child unsafe”

had decreased from 64% to 45%. Pesticide storage and disposal that were potentially contaminating

food, water and livestock improved by 31%, 22%, and 20%respectively.

Homes recycling pesticide containers diminished from 16% to 5%. Students reported that their parents took greater care to protect

themselves during spraying. All wore rubber gloves and boots and none smoked during the spray operation.

Of the 18 signs and symptoms of health effects initially reported by parents, all but two decreased in frequency.


Ensure safe storage, packaging, clear labelling, of cleaners, fuels, solvents, pesticides and other chemicals used at home and in school.

Promote the use of child-resistant packages for pharmaceuticals and for chemical products.

Inform parents, teachers and child-minders about the potential chemical hazards in the places where children spend their time.

Train healthcare providers on the recognition, prevention and management of toxic exposures, and on the use of the paediatric environmental history to investigate specific risks to which children are exposed.

Incorporate the teaching of chemical safety and health into school curricula.

PROTECT CHILDREN FROM ALL CHEMICAL HAZARDSPROTECT CHILDREN FROM ALL CHEMICAL HAZARDS


Create and enforce legislation to promote the safe use and disposal of chemicals.

Promote policies to reduce and remedy environmental pollution.

Avoid the construction of homes, schools and playgrounds near polluted areas and hazardous installations.

Poisons, medicines, bleach, acid, and liquid fuels such as kerosene should never be stored in drinking bottles. All such liquids and poisons should be kept in clearly marked closed containers out of children's sight and reach



Publications for all audiences: health professionals, scientists, policy-makers, communities www.who.int/ceh www.who.int/ipcs/en/

Summary of Principles for Evaluating Health Risks

in Children Associated with Exposure to Chemicals Training package on child health and environment Birth cohort studies initiative National profiles on child health and environment Pediatric environmental health history UNEP/WHO Toxicology in the classroom toolkit for schoolchildren

www.chem.unep.ch/Pesticides/ToxicologyInTheClassroom/default.htm


WHO TOOLS AVAILABLEWHO TOOLS AVAILABLE

www.who.int/cehwww.who.int/ceh

www.who.int/ceh


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1992 Agenda 21, Ch. 25 (United Nations Conference on Environment and Development) www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/agenda21/index.htm

1997 Declaration of the Environment Leaders of the Eight on Children’s Environmental Health yosemite.epa.gov/ochp/ochpweb.nsf/content/declara.htm

1999 Declaration of the Third European Ministerial Conference on Environment and Health www.who.dk/AboutWHO/Policy/20010825_2

2002 Bangkok Statement (WHO International Conference) www.who.int/ceh

2003 Recommendations of the Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS) on Children and Chemicals www.ifcs.ch

2004 Budapest Ministerial Conference on Environment and Health (CEHAPE) www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/78639/E83338.pdf

SOME INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS ON THE SOME INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS ON THE PROTECTION OF CHILDREN'S HEALTH FROM PROTECTION OF CHILDREN'S HEALTH FROM

THE EFFECTS OF CHEMICALSTHE EFFECTS OF CHEMICALS


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2004 Health and Environmental Ministerial Meeting of the Americas (HEMA)

2005 Buenos Aires Declaration (2nd WHO, International Conference) – www.who.int/ceh

2009 Declaration of the Environment Leaders of the Eight on Children’s Environmental Health

2009 Busan Pledge for Action (3rd WHO International Conference) – www.who.int/ceh

Health and Environment Ministerial meetings in WHO regions (Africa, Western Pacific, …) – www.who.int/phe

SOME INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS ON THE SOME INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS ON THE PROTECTION OF CHILDREN'S HEALTH FROM PROTECTION OF CHILDREN'S HEALTH FROM THE EFFECTS OF CHEMICALS …CONTINUEDTHE EFFECTS OF CHEMICALS …CONTINUED


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Learn about chemical hazards in children – what they are and what are the risks they may pose?

Identify the scenarios – how, where and when are children exposed?

Recognize signs, symptoms and diseases that may be related to acute and chronic toxic exposures in children

Know how to assess, prevent and manage children's toxic exposures

WERE THE LEARNING OBJECTIVES REACHED?WERE THE LEARNING OBJECTIVES REACHED?


45

POINTS FOR DISCUSSIONPOINTS FOR DISCUSSION


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First draft prepared by Jenny Pronczuk MD (WHO)

With the advice of the Working Group Members on the Training Package for the Health Sector: Cristina Alonzo MD (Uruguay); Yona Amitai MD MPH (Israel); Stephan Boese-O’Reilly MD MPH (Germany); Stephania Borgo MD (ISDE, Italy); Irena Buka MD (Canada); Ernesto Burgio (ISDE, Italy); Lilian Corra MD (Argentina); Ligia Fruchtengarten MD (Brazil); Amalia Laborde MD (Uruguay); Jenny Pronczuk MD (WHO) Christian Schweizer TO (WHO/EURO); Kathy Shea MD (USA).

Reviewers: Ligia Fruchtengarten MD (Brazil); Josef G. Thundiyil MD, MPH (USA), Renee Modica MD, MSEd (USA), Carolyn Vickers MSc (WHO), Dr Huw Brunt (UK), Prof Gary Coleman (UK), Dr Raquel Duarte-Davidson (UK), Dr Elaine Lynch Farmery (UK), Alison M Good BSc Dip Med Tox MSc (UK), Dr Mark Griffiths (UK), Dr John Thompson (UK), Dr Laura Yates (UK)

WHO Project coordination: Ruth A. Etzel, MD PhDMarie-Noël Bruné, MSc

Latest update: October 2011 (H. Graczyk, L. Tempesta)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

WHO is grateful to the US EPA Office of Children’s Health Protection for the financial support WHO is grateful to the US EPA Office of Children’s Health Protection for the financial support that made this project possible and for the data, graphics and text used in preparing these that made this project possible and for the data, graphics and text used in preparing these

materials. Further support was kindly provided by the UK Department of Health.materials. Further support was kindly provided by the UK Department of Health.


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DISCLAIMERDISCLAIMER The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply

the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.

The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters.

The opinions and conclusions expressed do not necessarily represent the official position of the World Health Organization.

This publication is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either express or implied. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages, including any general, special, incidental, or consequential damages, arising out of the use of this publication

The contents of this training module are based upon references available in the published literature as of its last update. Users are encouraged to search standard medical databases for updates in the science for issues of particular interest or sensitivity in their regions and areas of specific concern.

If users of this training module should find it necessary to make any modifications (abridgement, addition or deletion) to the presentation, the adaptor shall be responsible for all modifications made. The World Health Organization disclaims all responsibility for adaptations made by others. All modifications shall be clearly distinguished from the original WHO material.

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