childhood nutrition by jennifer turley and joan thompson © 2013 cengage
TRANSCRIPT
Childhood Nutrition
By Jennifer Turley and Joan Thompson
© 2013 Cengage
Introduction• The physical, cognitive, and social triad
during childhood– Successful growth and development– The division of responsibility– Childhood eating behaviors
• Nutrition needs during childhood– Energy and nutrients– MyPyramid (MyPlate)– The school food environment
• Childhood fitness and lifestyle management– Active kids are healthy kids– Diet and health issues
Successful Growth and Development
• Toddlers, young children, and older children• Continued yet slower growth than infancy• Use of growth grids– Normal, underweight, and overweight
• Developmental milestones• Nutrition supports physical and cognitive
development• Nutrition is needed for skills acquisition
Age Growth & Development Feeding Skill & Food1-2 Slower height and weight gains; Appetite
declines; Soft spot on the head disappears; Development of large muscles; Pulls self up to stand; Walks alone; Baby teeth continue to come in; Takes one long nap a day
Uses finger and thumb to pick things up; Uses short-shanked spoon to help self feed; Lifts and drinks from a cup. Helps scrub, tear break, and dip foods
2-3 Slow and irregular height and weight gains; Development of medium hand muscles; Runs, climbs, pulls, pushes, walks upstairs, rides tricycle; Has all 20 teeth; When hungry expresses a need for food
Self feeds with fingers, spoon, and cup (spills frequently); Can spear food with a fork, wrap, pour, mix, shake, spread foods, and crack nuts (with supervision); Eats independently; May have one favorite food at times
3-4 Continued growth and height; Carries things without spilling; May substitute quite time for nap
Self feeder and drinks well from a cup
4-5 Continued growth and height; Development of small finger muscles; Hops, skips, and throws balls; Good coordination; Can do buttons and shoe laces
Can use knife and fork and a napkin; Is a good self feeder; Can roll, juice, mash or peel foods and crack egg shells
5-6 Continued growth; Legs lengthen; Fine coordination of fingers and hands; Begins to lose front baby teeth; Permanent molars appear
Can measure, grind, grate, and cut soft foods with a dull knife; May use hand mixer with supervision; May prefer plain, bland, and unmixed foods
6-9 Slower growth and height gains; Additional permanent teeth form; Eleven to 13 hours sleep needed
Appetite may decline with slower growth; Feeding skills are mastered; Taste preferences broaden
9-12 Legs lengthen; Growth spurts; Permanent teeth continue to form; Ten hours sleep needed
Good appetite; Hunger increases with growth spurt
The Division of Responsibility
• Parent or caregiver decides what, when, and where to feed the child
• Child decides whether to eat and how much to eat
• What is allowed is normalized• Every food choice makes a difference• A schedule, good atmosphere, and age-
appropriate foods are very helpful
Sample Meal and Snack Schedule
Sample daily lifestyle schedule for preschoolers
Childhood Eating Behaviors
• Parents or caregivers should eat with the children, model healthy eating behaviors, teach acceptable behavior, and avoid distractions.
• Children evaluate food by its color, texture, and taste.
• Prefer sweet, a little salty, dense in Calories, simply prepared, and familiar foods.
• Introduce new foods gradually.• Food jags and rituals make crop up but are short
lived.
Nutrition Needs during Childhood
CaloriesEER, TEE, Growth needs
Carbohydrate130 gm/day, 45-65% of Calories, 1.4 gm/100 Calorie Fiber DRI
Protein0.95 gm/Kg, 5-20% of Calories
Fat30-40% of Calories (1-3 yrs), 25-35% of Calories (4-18 yrs), DRIs & AMDRs for EFAs
Nutrition Needs during Childhood• Get essential vitamins, minerals, and water from
healthy foods and drinks over supplements.• Focus on calcium for bone growth, iron for the
prevention of anemia, and fluoride for tooth formation.
• Water needs met by 2 cups of milk, ½ cup of real fruit juice, drinking water, and fluid rich foods (fruits and vegetables).
MyPyramid for Children
The School Food Environment• The National School Lunch Program (NSLP)– Federally assisted meal program – Either low cost or free meals– 1/3 the DRI for Calories, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium
and iron• The School Breakfast Program (SBP)– ¼ of the nutrient needs specified in the NSLP
• Afterschool snack program for schools that offer after school activities
• The Fresh Fruit and Vegetables Program (FFVP)– Strives to combat childhood obesity– Access to nutritious fruits and vegetables
Childhood Fitness and Lifestyle Management
Active Kids are Healthy Kids
Children need regular physical activity, 60 minutes per day
There are many age appropriate fun activities that children can do
Diet and Health Issues in Childhood
• Obesity– Sedentary lifestyle and
unhealthy meal patterns and composition
– Normal weight for height occurs when a child is in the 10th to 85th percentile
– Avoid mindless eating– Prevent obesity in
childhood
Diet and Health Issues in Childhood
• Heart disease, hypertension, and hyperglycemia from unhealthy diet and sedentary lifestyle practices taught or permitted during childhood– AHA primary prevention begins in childhood: eat
right, avoid tobacco use, and be physically active• Food allergy, a genetic condition, may have for
life if persists after age 3.– Food allergen avoidance or rotation diet
Diet and Health Issues in Childhood
• Lead toxicity – Negatively affects brain, blood, and kidney
functioning– Stunted growth, lower intelligence, and
behavioral problems– From lead-based paint chips, lead-soldered
pipes and water supply, unsealed ceramic dishware with lead paint leaches into food
– Exacerbated by iron deficiency• Pesticides from conventionally
produced foods
Summary
• Childhood growth is measurable by standardized growth grids and developmental milestones.
• Cognitive development is greatly influenced by nutrition, genetics and environment.
• Parents or care givers decide what, when, and where to feed and the child decides whether to eat and how much to eat.
• A daily routine with regular meals and snacks supports healthy eating.
• Getting children involved in meal time preparation promotes consumption of the meal.
• The DRIs, MyPyramid Food Guidance System, and school meals promote proper nutrition.
Summary
• Children need enough Calories to support their growth, development, and energy expenditure.
• Dietary recommendations for protein and fat are higher for children than adults.
• Calcium and iron are common nutrients of concern for children.• Active kids are healthy kids and tend to be free of diet and
health related issues including obesity and chronic disease.• Children with allergies may need to eat a modified and/or
rotation diet for life if the allergies persist after age three.• Care needs to be taken to eliminate toxin exposure (lead,
pesticides) in children.References for this presentation are the same as those for this topic found in module 7 of the textbook