Group 3

Ivan Jim Layugan, Megan Casilla,

Stephanie Pearl Duenas, Kang Mi

Lovely Serran,

Socio2 Current Issues TTh; 12:00nn-1:30pmSir Vittorio Jericho Cawis

Child Labor

Out of School Youth

cy

Out of school youth refers to children and teenagers (between ages 5-17) who are unable to enter any form of education due to unavoidable circumstances.

Out of school youths are unable to enter or continue their education mainly because of financial constraints

It continues because most nations affected have weak educational support from their respective governments.

Because education has always been least focused branch of the government. And especially now that k12 has been implemented.

Out of school youthWHAT?WHY…

It continues?

In the

Philippines?

It happens?

StatisticsUnited Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) Philippines has identified that 34% of children ages 3-5 have access to pre-school. For every ten 5-year-olds, only 6 enters pre-school (urban areas). In the SY 2007-2008, 85% of the population entered grade school; and in the same year only 62% entered secondary school and 35% entered college. The latest Philippine Human Development Report reveals that 53.5 per cent of females are high school graduates compared to 50.6 per cent of males. About 11.64 Million out-of-school youth has been recorded in 2007.In 2007, Philippine Out-of-School Children and Youth Development (POSCYD) Project found out that for the past 10 years, only 7 out of 10 enroll in grade school (elementary) and 7 out 10 proceed to high school. However, 4 out of 9 are only able to continue going to college.

The latest Philippine Human Development Report reveals that 53.5 per cent of females are high school graduates compared to 50.6 per cent of males.  Some provinces and areas lag behind others. For instance, Sulu Province in Mindanao has the smallest percentage of children enrolled in public primary schools at just 62 per cent compared to the national average of 81.7 per cent. Consequently, in the same province only 37 per cent of students enrolled in grade 1 public schools are able to reach grade 6.  The national average is 63.6 percent. Sulu is one of the most conflict-affected areas in the country, where basic services are limited. Public secondary schools are unable to accommodate the large number of elementary graduates. 

For every 40 village primary schools, there are only eight municipal secondary schools. And the population is projected to increase from 81.6 million in 2004 to 96.8 million in 2015.  Approximately 1 million new children join the education system each year. 

Out-of-school youth cite “lack of interest in schooling” and the need to work to augment family income are their main reasons for dropping out.

41M Filipinos did not finish basic

education•14 million dropouts aged 6 to 16 years

old, and 27 million youth

and adults, aged 17 years old and

above.

Around 1.27 million of the cited 27

million youth and adults have not completed any

grade level at all. 

Child labor is when a kid is forced to workLike selling drugs and working at factories. Child labor includes forcing kids to fight.

Child labor happens because bosses can pay the kids less money. Children are easier to teach and manipulate. And children’s necessities (food and drinks) are cheap.

It is allowed because in other countries there are no laws against child labor.

Because there are only a few people who actually care enough to work and fight for children’s rights.

Child LaborWHAT?

WHY…

It continues?

In the

Philippines?

It happens?

Child Labor

Child Work

VS It refers to

children working in economic

activities which engage in

harmful working conditions and hazardous to

health settings. It interferes with

their growth and development (like education). It also

includes heavy work and also worst forms of

child labor.

It refers to the child’s participation in economic

activity- it doesn’t negatively affect their

health and development/ with their education. Work

that does not interfere with education is

permitted from ages 12 y/o-onwards under the

International Labor Organization Convention

138

StatisticsIn 2008, 215 million children works illegally and 115 million of them work under hazardous conditions (works that threaten their safety or health, such as handling chemicals, carrying heavy loads, mining, quarrying or enduring long hours) and the remaining 100 million works under permitted light working conditions. Almost all child labors occur in developing countries, with about 60% under agricultural work.

There are no statistics on crime-related activities (such as prostitutions, drug couriers, slavery/ bonded labor, trafficking and military recruitments). These children are estimated to be 10 million in number. It is labeled as ‘WORST FORMS OF CHILD LABOR’.

In the Philippine Setting:Poverty is the main reason due to

which children under 18y/o are compelled to work in:•Rock quarries•Farms•Industries•garbage dumps•Mines•fishing boats.

The consequences of

child labor include the

crippling of a growing child’s

physical, mental and emotional

state which hampers a child’s well

being. Due to child labor

children end up malnourished,

weak and prone illnesses.

Age’s 5-17 make up 35% of the country’s population, and in 1 in every 6 children has to work to earn a living to help support the needs of their families. It makes up 16% of young children in the Philippines.

51.11%44.44%

4.44%

Child Labor Statistics of 2008

Worst Child Labor Condi-tions (115 M)Light Permitted Works (100 M)Crime-Related (10 M)

Total # of Working Children below 18 in the Philippines (2001)

Ages Urban Rural Total

5-17 1,212,868 2,805,019 4,017,887

5-9 66,705 179,622 246,327

10-14 529,464 1,404,775 1,934,239

15-17 616,699 1,220,622 1,837,321

Total # of Working Children below 18 in the Philippines

(2001)

Ages

Urban Rural Total

5-17

1,212,868

2,805,019 4,017,887

5-9

66,705 179,622 246,327

10-14

529,464 1,404,775 1,934,239

15-17

616,699 1,220,622 1,837,321

6.13

48.1445.73

Total number of working children below 18 in the Philippines (2001)

5-9 y/o 10-14 y/o15-17 y/o

http://www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/2001/ch01pT04.htm

In the Korean Setting:Child labor existed from 1950-1970. But, as of today, child labor does not exist because of:

Strict Government-the gov’t required education as a

basic need of a child. It was established for the economic growth and the development of the human resources of the country.

Child Labor laws-imprisonment of the parents if

they are caught letting their child work.

In South Korea

1. Children under the age of fifteen should not be employed and if they are they must obtain a special employment certificate from the labor ministry.

2. A worker between ages fifteen and eighteen should not exceed 7 hours a day and forty-two hours a week. Children between these ages are also not allowed to work overnight hours.

3. Labor laws are put in place to keep children safe. Children should not be subjected to harsh working conditions and overworking. Also children need to continue their education which helps them later on in life. If countries did not have labor laws in place many children would not have to opportunity to progress in the ways they need to mentally through gaining an education.

children under the age of eighteen must have written permission from their parent or guardian to work.

Article 32 of Rights of a Human Child RA7658

(Prohibition of the Employment of Children) 

1. States Parties recognize the right of the child to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child’s education, or to be harmful to the child’s health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development.

2. States Parties shall take legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to ensure the implementation of the present article. To this end, and having regard to the relevant provisions of other international instruments, States Parties shall in particular:

• Provide for a minimum age or minimum ages for admissions to employment;

• Provide for appropriate regulation of the hours and conditions of employment;

• Provide for appropriate penalties or other sanctions to ensure the effective enforcement of the present article.

Are there any solutions to child labor?

Illiteracy is the incapability of a person to the basics of reading and writing to a certain degree of a specified age in a specific language.

The usual cause of illiteracy is the weak educational system of a nation. The population number and the governments lack of educational concern aids to the growth of illiteracy in a country of nation.

It continues because of education in general, the economic development of a country is rapidly changing and The Lack of action of the government or of concerned organizations are generally the reason why illiteracy to date has no complete solution.

Geographically speaking, the Philippine Archipelago is the main disadvantage when it comes to propagating literacy.

IlliteracyWHAT?WHY…

It continues?

In the

Philippines?

It happens?

.

Country200

0200

1200

2200

3200

4200

5200

6200

7200

8200

9201

0201

1

Philippines 94.6 94.6 94.6 95.9 92.6 92.6 92.6 92.6 92.6 92.6 92.6 92.6

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

Yearly Literacy RateP

erc

en

tag

eIn year 2010, 92.6% is the literacy of the Philippines; however, the actual functional literacy rate is 84.1%. for females, the literacy rate is 92.7% as compared to males which is 92.5%

In year 2010,

92.6% is the literacy

of the Philippines; however, the actual functional literacy rate is

84.1%. for females,

the literacy rate is

92.7% as compared to males which is 92.5%

Functional literacy-used to describe RAW (reading

and writing) skills that are adequate "to manage daily living

and employment tasks that require reading skills beyond a

basic level. It is a higher level of literacy which includes not

only reading and writing skills but also numerical and

comprehension skills. In other words, one that is limited only to the basic knowledge of reading,

writing and arithmetic. 

Functionally illiterateVS

illiterate

functionally illiterate persons can read and possibly write simple sentences with a limited vocabulary, but cannot read or write well enough to deal with the everyday requirements of life in their own society

In the strict sense, an illiterate means a person is unable to read or write simple sentences in any language. Illiterate persons cannot read or write in any capacity, for all practical purposes.

One view is that the literacy rate has risen from 72% to 90% in the

last 30 years.According to the 2005 Functional

Literacy, Education, and Mass Media Survey conducted by the National Statistics Office (NSO),

48.4 million or 84% of the estimated 57.6 million Filipinos who are 10 to 64 years old are said to be "functionally" literate

(Source: "8 out of 10 Filipinos are functionally literate" by D. Pepito, TODAY newspaper, February 17, 2005).

Functional literacy was found to be higher in females by an average of 4.8 percentage

points than in males.Significantly however, it was found that

functional literacy arose in those areas that were economically well-off.

In fact, the top six regions with average family income were found to have the highest functional literacy rates are:

1. NCR (94.6%)2. Calabarzon (90.4%)3. Ilocos (88.6%)4. Central Luzon (86.9%)5. CAR (85.4%)6. Cagayan Valley (84.4%).

•A lower pupil-teacher ratio.•A less examination-oriented syllabus, where pupils can learn at their own pace•More parental involvement in the child's education - if parents read with a child it can be of enormous help.•Better qualified teachers.•Better motivated teachers.•Much more time spent introducing children to reading... learning their letters and the ir sounds and how words are structured.

If a child is 'lost' at this point, when the rest of a class moves on, they are likely to

remain 'behind' all through school.

Proposed Solutions for Illiteracy

http://uk.oneworld.net/guides/childlabour?gclid=CIO-hubNqqoCFUYYHAodmSc4Xw

http://www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/datachs.html

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ASEM/Resources/TF1-ICMs/Philippines/Out+of+School+Children+&+Youth+Development+Recipient+Executed.pdf

http://www.unicef.org/philippines/8900.html

http://www.indexmundi.com/philippines/literacy.html

http://www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?c=rp&v=39

http://universityconsortium.multiply.com/journal/item/8

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_possible_solutions_for_illiteracy#ixzz1TwBEOuPF