n

P

P P n

n

e

ee

Electrons

Protons

Neutrons

Substances made up of two

or more different elements

Previous slide was a single atom

Let’s look at a compound:

Cl Na

Notice that the nuclei are far apart

In other words, it’s the electrons that are

important in bond formation

Compounds that contain any element in the periodic table except from Carbon

bonded with hydrogen and oxygen

Include water, acids, bases and salts

raw materials from which living things

build the substances they need

Water (H2O)Makes up 60-70% of the body

mass

Universal solvent

has high heat

capacityHas high chemical reactivity

Serves for cushioning

Medium Transport for food,

wastes etc.

Oxygen

Respiratory gas Found in

tissue fluids (blood, lymph)

Carbon dioxideRespiratory

gas

Source of carbon found in substances made by living

organisms

Minerals

supply other elements needed

for life

Cu, Fe, P, Mg, Mn, Zn, K, Ca, Na, etc.

saltsImportant source of

ions

present in skeletonsCalcium carbonate

(CaCO3) and calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2)

Sodium chloride (NaCl)

A product of neutralization

reaction

OrganicCompounds

containing Carbon bonded with hydrogen and

Oxygen

Include carbohydrates,

proteins, lipids and nucleic acid

enormous molecules essential for life made up of thousands of atoms assembled by linking together hundreds of smaller molecules into long chains.

Carbohydrates

Serve as an immediate

source of energy

Composed of carbon, hydrogen

and oxygen in 1:2:1 ratio

form structural

component of cell

simplest and most abundant, being the primary products of

photosynthesis.

Classes of Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides/ simple sugar

Disaccharide/double sugar

Polysaccharides

Monosaccharides

Most common forms are:

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

Building blocks of carbohydrates

Glucose

Fructose

Galactose

Blood sugar

Part of lactose

Fruit sugar

Disaccharide/Double Sugar

monosaccharide

monosaccharide

glucose glucose

Fructose

glucoseGalactose

glucose

maltose

Sucrose

lactose

polysaccharide

Long chains of monosaccharide

Includes starch,

glycogen, chitin, cellulose

Lipids

Source of stored form of energy

Serve as raw materials for

hormone

Serve as insulator

Component of the cell

membrane

Composed of fatty acid

and glycerol

Lipids

glycerol

Fatty acid

Classes of Lipids

Fats waxes

Complex Lipids

Simple Lipids

Phospholipids

Steroids

Steroids

Bile Salts

Cholesterol

Sex Hormone

Source of energy

Serve for transport

Act as enzymes

Composed of C, H, O, N, S

Act as hormone

Proteins

Repair of worn out cells

Serve for movement

Proteins Biochemical Functions

Enzymes Catalytic

Hemoglobin O2 Transport

Antibody Defense

Hormones Regulatory

Collagen Structural

Keratin Structural

Elastin Structural

Fibrinogen Blood Coagulation

Albumin Transport

Antibiotics Germicidal, Antitumor

Amino Acid

Building Blocks of Proteins

20 Alpha – AMINO ACIDS

1. Phe – phenylalanine 11. His – histidine

2. Leu – leucine 12. Gln – glutamine

3. Ile – isoleucine 13. Asn – asparagine

4. Met – methionine 14. Lys – lysine

5. Val – valine 15. Asp – aspartic acid

6. Ser – serine 16. Glu – Glutamic acid

7. Pro – proline 17. Cys – cysteine

8. Thr – threonine 18. Trp – tryptophan

9. Ala – Alanine 19. Arg – arginine

10. Tyr – tyrosine 20. Gly – glycine

Nucleic Acid

Composed of C, H, O, N, P

Keep the messages or the genetic code of the cell

NucleotidesBuilding blocks of

nucleic acid

Pentose ring

Pyrimidine

Purine

Deoxyribose

ribose

Nitrogen base

PhosphateGroup

Purine Bases

AdenineGuanine

Pyrimidine Bases

CytosineUracil

Thymine

Complementary Bases

A = T

G = C

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Single strandedDouble stranded

Has ribose ringHas deoxyribose

Has A, U, G, CHas A, T, G, C

Molecular

Slave of DNA

Stores the genetic information of the cell

Can replicate itself

DNA molecule