chemistry project name-nischal rastogi class-11-b roll no
TRANSCRIPT
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CHEMISTRY PROJECT
Name-Nischal Rastogi
Class-11-B
Roll No.-29
Personal Number-17055
Session-2021-22
Topic- Green Chemistry:Bio-
Diesel and Bio-Petrol
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INDEX
Content Page Numbers
1)Acknowledgement 3
2)Introduction to the topic-Green
Chemistry
4-5
3)Importance of Green Chemistry 6
4)Bio-Diesel-
production,properties,benefits,applications
7-9
5)Pictures 10
6)Bio-diesel in India 10-11
7)Bio-petrol-
production,properties,advantages
12-13
8)Pictures 14
8)Advantages of biofuels in our society 15
9)Why Green Chemistry is the future of
the world
16
10)Conclusion 17
11)Bibliography 18
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher Mr.
Mayank Tiwari as well as our principal Mr. Carlyle McFarland who gave me
the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic Green
Chemistry-Bio-Diesel and Bio-Petrol which also helped me in doing a lot of
Research and I came to know about so many new things I am really thankful to
them.
Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a
lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame.
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INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPIC
What is Green Chemistry?
Green chemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with developing
processes and products to reduce or eliminate hazardous substances. One of the
goals of green chemistry is to prevent pollution at its source, as opposed to
dealing with pollution after it has occurred.
Principles of Green Chemistry-
1) The “better to prevent than to cure” principle
It is beneficial to a priori prevent the generation of waste instead of later on
treating and cleaning up waste
2) The “atom economy” principle
Synthetic production routes have to be planned in a way maximizing the
incorporation of all the compounds used in the synthesis into the desired
product
3) The “less precarious chemical syntheses” principle
Wherever feasible, such synthetic methods have to be aspired, which resort to
and generate compounds of no or only insignificant noxiousness to the
environment and human health
4) The “designing safer chemicals” principle
Chemicals should be developed in a way affecting their desired functionality,
while, at the same time, considerably reducing their toxicity
5) The “safer solvents and safer auxiliaries” principle
Expenditure of auxiliary substances, such as solvents, separation agents, and
others, should be avoided wherever possible; if not possible, harmless
auxiliaries should be used
6) The “design for energy efficiency” principle
The environmental and economic impact of energy demands for chemical
processes should be analyzed in terms of followed by optimizing the required
energy input. Wherever practicable, chemical synthesis should be carried out
under mild process conditions, hence, at ambient temperature and pressure.
7) The “renewable feedstocks” principle
Whenever feasible in technological and economic terms, synthetic processes
should resort to such raw materials and feedstocks, which are renewable rather
than limited
8) The “derivative reduction” principle
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Redundant derivatization, e.g., protection/deprotection, the use of blocking
groups, or temporary modification of physical/chemical processes, requires
additional reagents and often contributes to additional waste generation.
Therefore, wherever possible, they should be avoided or reduced to a minimum
9) The “catalysis” principle
Generally, catalytic reagents are intrinsically superior to stoichiometric reagents;
these catalysts should be as selective as possible
10) The “degradation” principle
Chemical products have to be designed in such a way that, at the end of their
life span, they do not resist in the biosphere, but disintegrate into nontoxic
degradation products
11) The “real-time analysis for pollution prevention” principle
Advanced analytical methods have to be developed, which permit the real-time,
in-line process monitoring and control well before hazardous substances are
generated
12)The “accident prevention by inherently safer chemistry” principle
Compounds and the compound’s formula applied in a chemical process should
be chosen in a way minimizing the risk of chemical accidents, encompassing
the release of chemicals, detonations, or fire formation.
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Importance of Green Chemistry-
In India in the late 20th century the excessive usage of fertilizers and pesticides
have resulted in the deterioration of soil, water and air. The solution of this
problem does not lie in stopping the process of development that has been set in
but to discover methods which would help in the reduction of deterioration of
the environment.
Green chemistry is the way of thinking and is about utilizing the existing
knowledge and principles of chemistry and other scientists to reduce the adverse
impact on environment. Green chemistry is a production process that would
bring about minimum pollution deterioration to the environment. The by-
product generated during a process, if not used gainfully, add to the
environmental pollution .Such processes are not only environmental unfriendly
but also cost-ineffective. The waste generation and its disposal both are
economically unsound. Utilisation of existing knowledge base for reducing the
chemical hazards along with the developmental activities is the foundation of
green chemistry.
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BIO-DIESEL
What is biodiesel?
Bio-diesel is a form of diesel fuel derived from plants or animals and consisting
of long-chain fatty acid esters. It is typically made by chemically reacting lipids
such as animal fat (tallow, soybean oil) or some other vegetable oil with an
alcohol, producing a methyl, ethyl or propyl ester by the process of
transesterification.
Unlike the vegetable and waste oils used for fuel converted diesel engines,
biodiesel is a drop-in biofuel, meaning it is compatible with existing diesel
engines and distribution infrastructure. However, it is usually blended with
petro-diesel (typically to less than 10%) since most engines cannot run on pure
Bio-diesel without modification. Bio-diesel blends can also be used as heating
oil.
Production of bio-diesel
Biodiesel is produced from vegetable oils, yellow grease, used cooking oils, or
animal fats. The fuel is produced by transesterification—a process that converts
fats and oils into biodiesel and glycerin (a coproduct). Approximately 100
pounds of oil or fat are reacted with 10 pounds of a short-chain alcohol (usually
methanol) in the presence of a catalyst (usually sodium hydroxide [NaOH] or
potassium hydroxide [KOH]) to form 100 pounds of biodiesel and 10 pounds of
glycerin (or glycerol). Glycerin, a co-product, is a sugar commonly used in the
manufacture of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.
Raw or refined plant oil, or recycled greases that have not been processed into
biodiesel, are not biodiesel and should not be used as vehicle fuel. Fats and oils
(triglycerides) are much more viscous than biodiesel, and low-level vegetable
oil blends can cause long-term engine deposits, ring sticking, lube-oil gelling,
and other maintenance problems that can reduce engine life.
Research is being conducted on developing algae as a potential biodiesel
feedstock. It is expected to produce high yields from a smaller area of land than
vegetable oils.
Properties of bio-diesel
Bio-diesel has promising lubricating properties and cetane ratings compared to
low sulfur diesel fuels. Fuels with higher lubricity may increase the usable life
of high-pressure fuel injection equipment that relies on the fuel for its
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lubrication. Depending on the engine, this might include high pressure injection
pumps, pump injectors (also called unit injectors) and fuel injectors.
The calorific value of bio-diesel is about 37.27 MJ/kg. This is 9% lower than
regular Number 2 petrodiesel. Variations in biodiesel energy density is more
dependent on the feedstock used than the production process. Still, these
variations are less than for petrodiesel. It has been claimed biodiesel gives better
lubricity and more complete combustion thus increasing the engine energy
output and partially compensating for the higher energy density of petrodiesel.
The colour of bio-diesel ranges from golden to dark brown, depending on the
production method. It is slightly miscible with water, has a high boiling point
and low vapor pressure. The flash point of biodiesel exceeds 130 °C (266 °F),
significantly higher than that of petroleum diesel which may be as low as 52 °C
(126 °F). Bio-diesel has a density of ~0.88 g/cm³, higher than petrodiesel (~0.85
g/cm³).
Bio-diesel contains virtually no sulphur and it is often used as an additive to
ultra-low-sulphur diesel (ULSD) fuel to aid with lubrication, as the sulphur
compounds in petrodiesel provide much of the lubricity.
Benefits of biodiesel
Bio-diesel has many environmentally beneficial properties. The main benefit of
bio-diesel is that it can be described as ‘carbon neutral’. This means that the fuel
produces no net output of carbon in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2). This
effect occurs because when the oil crop grows it absorbs the same amount of
CO2 as is released when the fuel is combusted. In fact this is not completely
accurate as CO2 is released during the production of the fertilizer required to
fertilize the fields in which the oil crops are grown.
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Bio-diesel is rapidly biodegradable and completely non-toxic, meaning
spillages represent far less of a risk than fossil diesel spillages. Bio-diesel has a
higher flash point than fossil diesel and so is safer in the event of a crash.
Applications of bio-diesel
Bio-diesel blended in various proportions with petroleum-based diesel is used
mostly as a transportation fuel to power different vehicle engines. Other
applications for renewable biodiesel fuel include:
1) Fuel filters
2) Heating oils
3) Oil spill cleanups
4) Biodiesel electricity generators
5) Adhesive and auto wax remover
6) A lubricity additive for diesel fuel
7) For paint and resin cleanup
8) It recycles carbon dioxide
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BIO-DIESEL IN INDIA
MOP&NG announced a Biodiesel Purchase Policy which became effective 1st
January 2006. On 10.08.2015, Government allowed direct sale of Biodiesel
(B100) for blending with diesel to Bulk Consumers such as Railways, State Road
Transport Corporations. On 29.06.2017 Government allowed sale of biodiesel to
all consumers for blending with diesel.
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Government has notified Guidelines for sale of biodiesel for blending with High
Speed Diesel for transportation purposes on 30.4.2019. Through this Notification
Government has granted permission exclusively for sale of biodiesel (B-100)
only and not for any mixture thereof of whatever percentage.
The Biodiesel procurement by OMCs increased from 1.1 crore litres during 2015-
16 to 10.56 crore litres during 2019-20.
Presently, bio-diesel is being produced in the country primarily from imported
palm stearin oil. In order to phase-out palm stearin, and as a measure towards
import substitution, it has been decided to promote domestically available used
cooking oil (UCO) as the feedstock.
UCO has been identified as a potential raw material for biodiesel production in
National Policy on Biofuels-2018. UCO can be collected from Bulk Consumers
such as hotels, restaurants, canteens, etc. for conversion.
Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) are periodically floating Expression of
Interest (EOI) for procurement of Biodiesel produced from UCO.
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-BIO-PETROL
What is Bio-Petrol?
Bio-petrol (or Biogasoline) is a type of gasoline produced from biomass such as
algae. Like traditionally produced gasoline, it is made up of hydrocarbons with
6 (hexane) to 12 (dodecane) carbon atoms per molecule and can be used in
internal-combustion engines. Bio-petrol is chemically different from biobutanol
and bioethanol, as these are alcohols, not hydrocarbons.
Companies are developing approaches to take triglyceride inputs and through a
process of deoxygenation and reforming (cracking, isomerising, aromatising,
and production of cyclic molecules) producing bio-petrol. This bio-petrol is
intended to match the chemical, kinetic, and combustion characteristics of its
petroleum counterpart, but with much higher octane levels. Others are pursuing
similar approaches based on hydrotreating. Still others are focusing on using
woody biomass and enzymatic processes.
Production of bio-petrol
Bio-gasoline or bio-petrol is created by turning sugar directly into gasoline. In
late March 2010, the world’s first bio-petrol demonstration plant was started in
Madison, WI by Virent Energy Systems, Inc. Virent discovered and developed a
technique called Aqueous Phase Reforming (APR) in 2001. APR includes many
processes including reforming to generate hydrogen, dehydrogenation of
alcohols/hydrogenation of carbonyls, deoxygenation reactions, hydrogenolysis
and cyclization. The input for APR is a carbohydrate solution created from plant
material, and the product is a mixture of chemicals and oxygenated
hydrocarbons. From there, the materials go through further conventional
chemical processing to yield the final result: a mixture of non-oxygenated
hydrocarbons that they claimed was cost-effective. These hydrocarbons are the
exact hydrocarbons found in petroleum fuels which is why today’s cars do not
need to be altered to run on bio-petrol. The only difference is in origin.
Petroleum based fuels are made from oil, and bio-petrol is made from plants
such as beets and sugarcane or cellulosic biomass which would normally be
plant waste.
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Diesel fuel is made up of linear hydrocarbons. These are long straight carbon
atom chains. They differ from the shorter, branched hydrocarbons that make up
gasoline. In 2014 Researchers used a feedstock of levulinic acid to create
biogasoline. Levulinic acid is derived from cellulose material, such as corn
stalks, straw or other plant waste. That waste does not have to be fermented.
The fuel-making process is reportedly inexpensive and offers yields of over 60
percent.
Structure and Properties
BG100, or 100% bio-petrol, is formulated so that it can immediately be used as
a drop-in substitute for petroleum-derived gasoline in any conventional gasoline
engine, and can be distributed in the same fuelling infrastructure, as the
properties match traditional gasoline from petroleum. Dodecane requires a small
percentage of octane booster to match gasoline. Ethanol fuel requires
specialised fuel systems and has lower combustion energy and corresponding
fuel economy.
Bio-gasoline's chemical similarities allow it to be fully miscible with regular
gasoline. Bio-gasoline is also formulated to not require fuel system
modifications, unlike ethanol.
Advantages of Bio-Petrol
1). Efficient Fuel-Bio-petrol is made from renewable resources and relatively
less-flammable compared to fossil diesel. It has significantly better lubricating
properties.
It causes less harmful carbon emission compared to standard diesel. Biofuels
can be manufactured from a wide range of materials. The overall cost-benefit of
using them is much higher.
2). Renewable source-Most of the fossil fuels will expire and end up in smoke
one day. Since the sources like algae and biomass are renewable and are not
likely to run out any time soon,it makes the use of bio-petrol efficient in
nature.Also these crops can be replanted again and again.
3) Reduce Greenhouse Gases-Studies suggest that biofuels(bio-petrol as well as
bio-diesel)reduce greenhouse gases up to 65%.
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Advantages of Biofuels (Bio-diesel and Bio-petrol) in our society
Biofuels are eco-friendly and can reduce vehicle emission. It is produced from
renewable sources and can be prepared easily with dependence on imports. Bio
fuels increases the performance of the engines as they contain higher energy
boosters as compared to petrol and diesel. Besides, they offer good lubricity to
the vehicle. Since they are from bio component, they are very safe for storage
and transport along with the nontoxic. Furthermore, it helps in reduction of
greenhouse gases at least by 3.3 kg CO2 equivalent per kg of biodiesel. For
example, bio-diesel is an alternative diesel fuel prepared from domestic
renewable resources from vegetable oils (edible or non- edible oil) and animal
fats. These natural oils and fats are primarily made up of triglycerides which
react while mixing with lower alcohols in presence of a catalyst produces fatty
acid esters. These esters are very much similar to petroleum derived diesel and
are called "Biodiesel". As India is deficient in edible oils, non-edible oil may be
a material of choice for producing biodiesel. Examples are Jatropha curcas,
Pongamia, Karanja, etc. Since biofuels can be made from renewable resources,
they cause less pollution to the planet. However, that is not the only reason why
the use of biofuels is being encouraged.They release lower levels of carbon
dioxide and other emissions when burnt compared to standard diesel. Its use
also results in a significant reduction of PM emissions.Although the production
of biofuels creates carbon dioxide as a byproduct, it is frequently used to grow
the plants that will be converted into fuel. This allows it to become something
close to a self-sustaining system.Besides, biofuels are biodegradable that
reduces the possibility of soil contamination and contamination of underground
water during transportation, storage or use.
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Why Green Chemistry is the future of the world?
1)Results in healthier living conditions- Pollution is one of our major enemies
today. Land, water, air – mankind has disrupted the natural eco-system with the
irresponsible use and disposal of chemical laden waste, making the environment
perilous. Green Chemistry enforces the substitution of dangerous chemical
ingredients used in industrial manufacturing, with green materials.
Decrease in the amount of chemicals released into the air and water leads to
lesser toxic environment for workers and healthier conditions for people to
thrive in. Additionally, end products also become less harmful and more
organic.
2)Is economical and profitable- Believe it or not, if companies start applying the
concepts of Green Chemistry, it will help them slash costs immediately and
increase profits. Reduced usage of unnecessary chemicals, fewer synthetic
steps, lesser amount of waste and end of the pipe treatment, allow for higher
yields, faster manufacturing and increased capacity, resulting in lower costs and
higher profits.
3)Is healthy for the environment- More often than not, chemicals end up
affecting plants, animals, the ozone layer, and basically the planet at large.
Chemical processes that indulge in the principles of Green Chemistry can in fact
change all of this. It propagates the use of green chemicals that either degrade
naturally or can be used further as an ingredient for another chemical process.
4)Encourages creativity in the world of chemistry- Green Chemistry encourages
experts in the field to think out of the box and ideate ways to replace materials
that have been used in a particular chemical process for decades. These
breakthroughs pave the way to creativity and resourcefulness in chemistry.
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Conclusion
The practicing of green chemistry in India is a necessity rather than an option,
as this is now a high time to protect our caring environment from further
damage. The future of green India is in the hands of young researchers and
students, as the practice of green chemistry is a moral responsibility for them.
Government agencies should enforce the laws strictly to practice green
chemistry.
Industries should also understand their moral responsibility toward the fragile
environment.
Not only for India but also for the welfare and well-being of the whole world,
green chemistry, bio-petrol and bio-diesel are a must and its significance cannot
be ignored.In order to ensure an environment friendly world for the future
generations,we should take up the green chemistry.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
For making this project, I have taken help from the following sources-
1) www.wikipedia.com
2) www.sciencedirect.com
3) www.sgbiofuels.com
4) NCERT-11 Chemistry
5) ‘BIOFUELS AND BIOENERGY’-Wiley Blackwell
Image courtesy- Google Images
THANK YOU ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------