ChemistryChemistryofof

WaterWater

I. Temperature I. Temperature

A. Measure of the average A. Measure of the average kinetickineticenergyenergy possessed by the possessed by the particles of a substance. particles of a substance.

B. Phase Change Diagram

II. Specific Heat -II. Specific Heat - amount of amount of heatheat needed to raise needed to raise the the temperature of temperature of oneone gram of a gram of a substance one degree Celsius. substance one degree Celsius.

A.A. Heat is measured in Heat is measured in caloriescalories. .

B. B. caloriecalorie - - amount of amount of heatheat required to required to raise the temperature of raise the temperature of oneone gram of gram of water water oneone degree Celsius. degree Celsius.

III. Variations With DepthIII. Variations With Depth

A. The temperature of the oceanA. The temperature of the ocean also also varies with varies with depthdepth..

B. As depth B. As depth increasesincreases, water temperature , water temperature decreasesdecreases. .

C. Drastic C. Drastic dropdrop in temperature occurs in temperature occurs between 200 and 1000 meters.between 200 and 1000 meters.

D. D. ThermoclineThermocline – layer of ocean between – layer of ocean between 200 and 1000 meters. 200 and 1000 meters.

E. The Thermocline -E. The Thermocline -

Boundary Boundary that separates that separates the warmer the warmer water from water from the colder, the colder, denser water denser water below.below.

IV. The Effects of Temperature on IV. The Effects of Temperature on Ocean LifeOcean Life

A.A.Fish are more Fish are more activeactive than when the than when the water temperature is water temperature is highhigh. .

B.B.EctothermicEctothermic animals animals - animals that - animals that adjustadjust their their internal internal body temperature body temperature as the temperature of the as the temperature of the externalexternal environment changes.environment changes.

V. Effects of Pressure V. Effects of Pressure on Ocean Lifeon Ocean Life

A.A. Osmoregulation – ability to Osmoregulation – ability to maintain a constant maintain a constant osmotic osmotic pressurepressure in the body. in the body.

B.B. Osmosis – Osmosis – diffusiondiffusion of of waterwater

C.C. Diffusion – movement of Diffusion – movement of molecules from an area of molecules from an area of greater to greater to lesser lesser concentration.concentration.

VI. Carbon CycleVI. Carbon Cycle

A. A. CarbonCarbon is the building block of is the building block of all all lifelife on earth on earth

B. Carbon in the sea is mostly B. Carbon in the sea is mostly inorganicinorganic trapped in vast trapped in vast quantities of quantities of calcium carbonate calcium carbonate on the sea floor.on the sea floor.

C. C. Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is taken in byis taken in by algae/plants during photosynthesisalgae/plants during photosynthesis

D. COD. CO22 returnsreturns to the water through to the water through

respiration of animals and respiration of animals and microbial microbial decompositiondecomposition

E. Large exchange of CO2 betweenE. Large exchange of CO2 between the the atmosphereatmosphere and the ocean. and the ocean. ((dissolvesdissolves and and vaporizesvaporizes))

E. Carbon-Oxygen Cycle E. Carbon-Oxygen Cycle DiagramDiagram

Balanced Carbon CycleBalanced Carbon Cycle

Unbalanced Carbon Cycle: Unbalanced Carbon Cycle: Makes Makes the oceans acidic! CO2->Carbonic Acidthe oceans acidic! CO2->Carbonic Acid

VII. Nitrogen CycleVII. Nitrogen Cycle

A. A. NitrogenNitrogen is essential in producing is essential in producing amino acids (building blocks of amino acids (building blocks of proteinsproteins))

B. B. Organic Organic Nitrogen exists in Nitrogen exists in three forms three forms and requires bacteria in order to transfer and requires bacteria in order to transfer among the three. among the three.

C. C. NitrateNitrate (NO (NO33), ), NitriteNitrite (NO (NO22), ),

and and AmmoniaAmmonia (NH (NH33) )

D. Nitrogen Cycle DiagramD. Nitrogen Cycle Diagram

Nitrogen inthe air

animal protein

dead plants & animalsurine & feces

ammonia

nitrites

nitrates

plant madeprotein

decomposition by bacteria & fungi

bacteria

(nitrifying bacteria)

nitrates absorbed

denitrifyingbacteria

root nodules(containing nitrogen fixing bacteria)

nitrogen fixing planteg pea, clover

bacteria

VIII. Phosphorus CycleVIII. Phosphorus Cycle

A.A. InorganicInorganic phosphorus erodes phosphorus erodes (dissolves) from (dissolves) from rocksrocks (sediment) (sediment)

B. Inorganic phosphorus is B. Inorganic phosphorus is transformed transformed by bacteria into by bacteria into organic organic phosphorusphosphorus as it is as it is absorbed into bacterial cells.absorbed into bacterial cells.

C. C. Decomposition Decomposition by bacteria by bacteria releases phosphorus back into releases phosphorus back into environment.environment.

D. Phosphorus Cycle Diagram