chemistry of crudes- dr y k sharma

8/16/2019 Chemistry of Crudes- Dr y k Sharma

1/48

CHEMISTRY OF CRUDE OILS

BY

DR.Y.K.SHARMA


2/48

THE CRUDE EVALUATION LAB IS ONE OF THEHEART LABORATORIES OF THE INSTITUTE .

EVALUATION OF CRUDE OILS

♦ TO ASSESS THE YIELD AND PHYSICO -CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS (MAINACTIVITY )

♦ TO EVALUATE THE CRUDE OILS & ITSPETROLEUM PRODUCTS FOR THE

INDIGENOUS AS WELL AS THE IMPORTEDCRUDE OILS .THE DATA GENERATED AREVERY MUCH USEFUL

♦ TO ASSESS THE QUALITY AND POTENTIALOF THE CRUDE OILS AND ITS PETROLEUM

PRODUCTS .

AN INTRODUCTIONOF

CRUDE EVALUTION LAB


3/48

♦ TO DESIGN THE GRASS ROOT REFINERY

♦ TO STUDY THE CHANGE IN THE QUALITY OF THECRUDE OVER A PERIOD OF TIME

♦ TO OPTIMISE THE PRODUCTION PATTERN ,SELECTION AND DESIGNING OF SECONDARYCONVERSION UNITS .

♦ TO UNDERSTAND THE QUALITY OF THEPRODUCTS SO THAT THE PRODUCTS CAN BEMARKETED WELL WITHIN THE SPECIFICATIONSLIMITS

♦ TO SUGGEST THE REQUIRED SECONDARYPROCESSES TO MEET THE MARKET DEMAND .

♦ THE LABORATORY IS WELL EQUIPPED WITH ALLTHE MODERN INSTRUMENTS FOR ASSESSINGTHE QUALITY OF THE PRODUCTS MORE

PRECISELY .


4/48

CHEMISTRY OF CRUDE OILS

PETROLEUM: THE WORD P ETROLEUM ISDERIVED FROM THE P ETRA -R OCK ANDOLEUM-O ILS .HENCE IT CAN BE DEFINE AS

NATURAL OCCURING ORGANIC MATERIALCOMPOSED OF MAINLY BY HYDROCARBONS ,IN GASEOUS AND LIQUID STATE .

CRUDE OILS :CRUDE OIL IS A COMPLE MI TURE OFHYDROCARBONS , ( I.E . P ARAFFIN !S ,NAPHTHENES & AROMATICS )BROWNISH BLACK IN COLOUR ANDCOLLOIDAL IN NATURE .


5/48

HETEROCOMPOUNDS OF O YGEN , SULPHURAND NITROGEN TRACE METALS LIKE NI, V,F", AND C".

P HYSICALLY CRUDE OILS CAN VARY FROMLIGHT , MOBILE , STRAIN COLOURED LIQUIDSCONTAINING LARGE PROPORTION OF EASILY

DISTILLABLE MATERIAL TO HIGHLY VISCOUS ,SEMI SOLID BLACK SUBSTANCES WITH VERYLITTLE MATERIAL THAT CAN BE RECOVEREDBY DISTILLATION .

IMPURITIES:


6/48

ELEMENTAL COMPOSITIONOF

CRUDE OILS (#WT)CARBON $%. -$'.$

H YDROGEN

. - *.S ULFUR . '-$.(MORE THAN +# IN HEAVY MISSISIPPI OR ME ICAN CRUDES , MIDDLE EAST -+#)

NITROGEN . - .( . - . # IN CALIFORNIAN &SOUTH

AMERICAN CRUDE )

O YGEN . $- .$

METALS . - . *


7/48

M /0 C1023/34"032 15 C647" O/8

H YDROCARBONS

(C OMPOUNDS COMPOSED OF C & HACCOUNT FOR + # OF THE MATERIAL )

CARBON NO .DISTRIBUTIONS IN DISTILLATES

NATURAL GAS P ARAFFINS C -C * GASOLINE P ARAFFINS , C +-C

AROMATICS & NAPHTHENES KEROSINE DO C -C $

GAS O IL DO C $-C $

VGO DO C $-C *

RESIDUE ASPHALTIC C * ONWARDS


8/48

Base of the Crude Oil

1 !EY FR"CTIO# METHOD

S$ %r "t &'(&' oF

Fr 1 Fr)

*)+',)-+oC. *)-+,/''

oC.

0' H2

B"SE

P ' 3)+1 or less ' 3-&) or less

I ' 3)+1,' 3&') ' 4/0 to ' 3-&)

# ' 3&') or hea5ier ' 4/0 or hea5ier


9/48

) CH"R"CTERI6"TIO# F"CTOR

3√TB!uo$ = -----------------------

Sp.Gr. 60/60 oFTB = Mean Av. Boiling Point in Degree Rankin(a S!ppo"e #e $ave %r!&e a""a' &i"tillation &ata

BP 300oF

)0* ++0 o

FFBP ),0 oF

)0* &ata i" availa le t$en #e "$o!l& on"i&er ita" ol!1e Average Boiling Point ( ABP

ABP = ++0 oF

FBP , BP ),0 , 300Slope o t$e %!rve=---------------- = ------------- 200 200

= ., o

F *


10/48

TB(Mean Average Boiling Point an e&eter1ine& ro1 t$e !rve #$i $ "$o#"&i eren e to e a&&e& to ABP in 4 a5i" v"Slope o t$e a""a' in a5i".

Fro1 t$e !rve t$i" &i eren e o1e" -6o

Ft$ere ore TB(Mean Average Boiling Point= ++07 ( , 6 = +3+oFTB in Degree Rankin = +3+7+60=,8+( T09T)0 9T,0 &ata are availa le

ABP = (T 097T)0 79T,0 / 3Slope = (T :0 , T20 / 60;it$ t$i" "lope #e al !late t$e &i eren e to ea&&e& #it$ ABP.( T209T)0 9T80 are availa le t$an

ABP = (T 207 T )0 7 T 80 / +

Slope = (T :0 , T20 / 60Re"t o t$e pro e&!re i" "a1e a" a ove .BAS<P 2 .2I 22.)-2 .2#

22.) >?P #a" Propo"e& in 283: ' >?P


11/48

/ . BMCI(a P@ PS %ARB? M


12/48

0 8ISCOSITY %R"8ITY CO#ST"#T

1' 2 , 1 '-+) lo2 *8,/3.8%C 9 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

1' , lo2 *8,/3.:here as

2 9 S$ %r &'(&' oF

8 9 S U S 8is;osit<

B"SE

P ' 3',' 3/

I ' 3/,' 33

# ' 33,' 4+


13/48

HYDROCARBONS:THE COMPOUNDS OF CARBON ANDHYDROGEN

GENERAL FORMULA : C 0H 09

0 ; , ,%.......... ; , ,- ,-*,-'.......... - %

NORMAL ALKANES OR N-PARAFFINS:S ATURATED ALIPHATIC NORMAL CHAINCOMPOUNDS CONSTITUTING HOMOLOGUSSERIES OF GENERAL FORMULA C 0H 09 .


14/48

F?RM> A C B? G P? T RA G<?F

D FF DS

COMPOUNDS FORMULA BOILINGP OINT OC

ETHANE (C 2H6) -88.6P ROPANE (C 3H8) -42.

N-B UTANE (C 4H ! ) -!."N-P ENTANE (C " H 2 ) 36.N-H E#ANE (C 6H 4 ) 68.8N-H EPTANE (C $H 6 ) %8.4

N-O CTANE (C 8H 8 ) 2".$ N-N ONANE (C %H2! ) "!.% N -D ECANE (C ! H22 ) $4.! N-U NDECANE (C H24 ) %".8 N-D ODECANE (C 2 H26 ) 2 6.3 N-T RIDECANE (C 3 H28 ) 234.!

&' .


15/48

C11?" (C ' ):

• THE COMPOUNDS ABOVE (C ' H%*) /.". N -

C ETANE ARE SOLID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

AND SIMILAR IN NATURE TO PARAFFIN WA .

• UPTO (C * H$ ) /.". TETRACONTANE

• BEYOND UPTO (C ).(IN FEW CASES)

• P ARAFFINS ARE LOW IN HEAVY GRADED OILS

• UPTO %+ # IN LIGHT CRUDES (P ARAFFINIC IN

NATURE )

• R ELATIVELY NON REACTIVE & NON POLAR


16/48

SIGNIFICANCE :• O IDATION OF (C $-C % ) N-PARAFFINS RESULTING FATTY

ACIDS FOR SOAP INDUSTRIES

• O IDATION OF (C -C *) N-PARAFFINS RESULTINGSECONDARY ALCOHOLS

• MONO -CHLOROPARAFFINS (C -C % ) AS CUTTING OILADDITIVES , PLASTICI@ERS AND FIRE RETARDANTCHEMICALS .

• S ULPHONATED N -PARAFFINS (C ' -C ) FORBIODEGRADABLE DETERGENTS

• P ARAFFIN WA

• FREE@ING POINT IN ATF

• COLD FLOW PROPERTIES OF DIESEL AND LUBES

• IGNITION QUALITY OF GASOLINE AND DIESESL FUELS .


17/48

ISO PARAFFINS:

BRANCHED PARAFFINIC H DROCARBONS * ENERAL FORMULA OF N -PARAFFINS IS (C +-H2+,2 ).E. .ISO BUTANEISO PENTANE &' .

• (C 4-C 33 ) HAVE BEEN ISOLATED INPETROLEUMS

• P REDOMINANT MEMBERS CARR THESIMPLEST T PE OF SIDE CHAIN .&. CH 3

• HI*HEST CONCENTRATION OF 2- METH LE ALKANES IN (C 6-C 8) RAN*E .

• DI AND TRI SUBSTITUTED ARE LESS ABUNDANT AND ARE MAINL PRESENT INHI*HER BOILIN* FRACTIONS .


18/48

SIGNIFICANCE:ISO PARAFFINS

MOST DESIRABLE COMPONENTS FOR THE

• * ASOLINE (DUE TO HI*H O CTANE NO .)• ATF • LUBRICATIN* OIL

HI*HL) BRANCHED ISOMERS AREUNDESIRABLE IN DIESEL FUEL .

NAPHTHENES

S ATURATED COMPOUNDS

APPEARS AS A RIN* STRUCTURES AND ALSOKNOWN AS CLOSE CHAIN OR C)CLICSATURATED COMPOUNDS . G ENERAL FORMULA (C 0-H 09 )- RN

RN / NUMBER OF NAPHTHENIC RIN*S .


19/48

IN CRUDE OIL NAPHTHENES ARE PRESENT ABOUT "! 0

B) WEI*HT AND ITS 1UANTIT) IS HI*HER IN HEAVIER

FRACTIONS . T HE) OCCUR

• NAPHTHA

• PREDOMINATED IN MOST OF THE GAS OILS

• LUBRICATING OILS

•C

HEMICALLY HIGHLY STABLE HYDROCARBONS.

NAPHTHENES PRESENT IN THE CRUDE OILS AS

• C)CLOPENTANE

• C)CLOHE#ANE THEIR ALK)LATED DERIVATIVES

• C)CLOHEPTANE (B.P 8 OC) HAS ALSO BEEN

IDENTIFIED IN PETROEUM PRODUCTS .


20/48

AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS:

UNSATURATED C CLIC H DROCARBONS

GENERAL FORMULA (C 0 -H ,0-' ) & (C ,0 -H ,0-(, ).

• AROMATICS ARE FOUND ABOUT " 0 BWEI*HT IN CRUDE OILS

• PRESENT AS DERIVATIVES OF BEN ENE ANDPOL NUCLEAR AROMATIC H DROCARBONS(BOTH CONDENSED AND NON CONDENSEDT PES ) AND THEIR HOMOLO*UES .

• THESE H DROCARBONS ARE CHEMICALLREACTIVE AND CAN FORM BOTH SUBSTITUTION

OR ADDITION PRODUCTS• THUS BEHAVE AS SATURATED AS WELL ASUNSATURATED T PE OF H DROCARBONS .

• HI*H AMOUNTS OF POL C CLIC AROMATICS ARE PRESENT IN HEAV *AS OIL LUBRICATIN*OIL AND IN RESIDUES .


21/48

SIGNIFICANCE:THE OCTANE NUMBER OF AROMATIC

H DROCARBONS ARE MUCH HI*HER THAN

PARAFFINS ISOPARAFFINS AND

C CLOPARAFFINS OF THE SAME CARBON

NUMBER THEREFORE AS RESULT OF

REFORMIN* THE NAPHTHA B INCREASIN*

THE CONCENTRATION OF AROMATICS OCTANE

NUMBER CAN BE BOOSTED .

NAPHTHENO AROMATICS

THESE ARE A KIND OF AROMATICH DROCARBONS IN WHICH AROMATIC RIN* ISFUSED WITH AN ALIC CLIC RIN* WITH

ALIPHATIC CHAINS .*&+&5 77 9 ; ' =?


22/48

• #or al $araffi=s ha5e the least desira>le

?=o;?i=2 ;hara;teristi;s@ a=d these >e;o e

$ro2ressi5el< Aorse as the ole;ular At

i=;reases

• Iso,$araffi=s a=d =a$hthe=es ha5e hi2hero;ta=e tha= ;oores$o=di=2 =,$araffi=s@

• O;ta=e =u >er of iso$araffi=s i=;resse as the

de2ree of >ra=;hi=2 of the ;hai= is i=;reased

• Olefi=s ha5e ar?edl< hi2her o;ta=e =u >ers

tha= the ;orres$o=di=2 $araffi=s

• "ro ati;s ha5e the hi2hest o;ta=e =u >er for

the sa e =u >er of ;ar>o= ato s

EFFECT OF COMPOSITIO# O# OCT"#E #O


23/48

O;ta=e =u >ers of all C- Ho=s

Ho=s O;ta=e =u >ers=,He$ta=e 6ero

),/@Di, eth


24/48

@


25/48

SULPHUR COMPOUNDS

S ULPHUR IS PRESENT IN CRUDE OILS ASH DROCARBON T PE AS WELL AS NON -H DROCARBON T PE .

IN CRUDE OILS IT VARIES FROM !. -3.! PERCENTB WEI*HT BUT VALUES UPTO $.! 0 SULPHUR

CONTENT OF CRUDE ARE ALSO KNOWN .

INDIAN CRUDES ARE SWEET IN NATURE CONTAIN ABOUT (!.!"-!.4 0 B WT.) OF SULPHUR .

NON HYDROCARBON TYPE SULPHUR

S ULPHUR IS ALSO FOUND IN CRUDE ASELEMENTAL SULPHUR AND AS H DRO*ENSULPHIDES .


26/48

HYDROCARBON TYPE SULPHUR

S ULPHUR IS PRESENT WITH CARBON H DRO*EN .IT IS FOUND IN THE FORM OF

MERCAPTANS RSH

THIOPHENES C CLIC

SULPHUR COMPOUNDSS ULPHIDES RSR

DISULFIDES RSSR

IN LOW AND MEDIUM MOLECUALR WEI*HT RAN*E(UPTO C 2" ) IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH CARBON ANO# *EN WHERE AS IN HEAVIER FRACTIONS IT IS

ASSOCIATED WITH POL C CLIC MOLECULES WHICHMA ALSO CONTAIN NITRO*EN AND O# *EN .


27/48

H2S (BP 6 .8) TO#IC DISTINCT ODOURPRESENT IN LI*HT PETROLEUM FRACTIONS ANDIN NATURAL *AS ACTS LIKE A WEEK MINERAL

ACID BUT CORROSIVE .THIOL OR MERCAPTANS ARE MORE ACIDICHI*HL VOLATILE AND HAVE DISA*REEABLEODOUR .

S ULPHIDES OR THIOETHERS AND DISULPHIDES ARE RELATIVEL UNSTABLE AND EASILCONVERTED BACK TO MERCAPTAN B HEATIN*THEM .

THIOPHENE AND ITS DERIVATIVE HAVEREASONABL *OOD THERMAL STABILIT .R EFININ* TECHNI1UES REDUCE SULPHIDEPRODUCTS DUE TO THEIR DISA*REEABLEODOUR CORROSIVENESS BECAUSE THEIRCOMBUSTION PRODUCES SULFUROUS ANDSULFURIC ANH DRIDE (SO 2 AND SO 3)


28/48


29/48

EFFECTS OF SULPHUR COMPOUNDSIN CRUDE OIL:

SULPHUR COMPOUNDS ARE MOST UNDESIRABLCONSTITUENTS OF CRUDE OIL .

• CORROSIVE IN NATURE

• ACTS AS *UM PRECURSORS DURIN* STORA*E

• POLLUTION (TO#IC )

• INCREASES DEPOSITS IN EN*INE

• REDUCE LUBRICATIN* OIL LIFE• C AUSES WEAR IN EN*INES

• ACTS AS POISON CATAL ST DURIN

REFORMIN*


30/48

APPLICATION OF SULPHUR COMPOUNDS:

S ULPHUR COMPOUNDS ARE NOT ALWA SHARMFUL TO THE PETROLEUM PRODUCTS . S OMETIME SULPHUR COMPOUNDS NATURALLPRESENT OR DELIBERATEL ADDED TO THEPETROLEUM FRACTIONS .S ULPHUR COMPOUNDS ACTS AS

♦ ANTI -O IDANTS

♦ ADDITIVE FOR HIGH PRESSURE LUBRICANTS

♦ DIESEL FUEL IGNITION QUALITY IMPROVER

♦ CETANE NO .IMPROVER

♦ CUTTING OIL IMPROVER

♦ DETERGENTS

♦ ASPHALT IMROVER


31/48

ORGANO-NITROGEN COMPOUNDS

NITRO*EN COMPOUNDS PRESENT IN CRUDE OI*ENERALL LESS THAN SULPHUR COMPOUNDS IN

WEI*HT PERCENT .MOST OF THE CRUDES CONTAIN !.2 0 WT OFTOTAL NITRO*EN .NITRO*EN COMPOUNDS PRESENT AS BASIC ASWELL AS NONBASIC IN NATURE .

BASIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS

• P RIDINE• 1 UINOLINE• ISO -1UINOLINE

NON BASIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS

• P RROLE• INDOLE•

C ARBA OLE

• P ORPH RINES (P RROLE NUCLEUS )


32/48

EFFECT OF NITROGEN COMPOUNDS IN

CRUDE OIL

• N ITRO*EN COMPOUNDS ACTS

• P OISON TO THE CATAL ST DUE TO BASI

NITRO*ENOUS COMPOUND ADSORPTION ON

THE ACTIVE CENTRES OF THE CATAL ST .

• IT IS A TEMPORAR PHENOMENON .

• T HE COMPOUNDS ALSO IMPART ON THE

DETERIORATION OF THE COLOUR OF

PETROLEUM FRACTIONS .

• 1 UININE 1UINALIDINE DO NOT DECOMPOSE .


33/48

O YGEN COMPOUNDS :O # *EN PRESENT IN THE CRUDE OIL IS RELATIVELLOW VAR IN* FROM TRACES TO MA#IMUM 2 0 BWEI*HT . I TS CONCENTRATION INCREASES WITHINCREASIN* THE BOILIN* POINT THEREFOREO# *EN CONTENT IS FOUND ABOUT 8 0 BWEI*HT .IN RESIDUAL OILS .

O YGEN PRESENTS AS• F ATT ACIDS

• N APHTHENIC ACIDS (M AINL OF C CLOPENATNE

C CLOHE#ANE ))

• P HENOLS

• IN A SPHALTENES AS BRID*E ATOM BETWEEN

POL C CLIC RIN*D


34/48

EFFECT OF O YGEN COMPOUNDSINCRUDE OIL:

CORROSIVE IN NATURE AND CORRODE THEDISTILLATION UNIT .


35/48

HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT NITROGEN &SULPHUR COMPOUNDS

THESE COMPOUNDS PRESENT IN THE CRUDE OIL AS A COMPLE# STRUCTURE KNOWN AS PORPH RINES .

* ENERALL THE ARE PRESENT IN TH

ASPHALTENES 3 RESINS .

A SPHALTENE MOLECULES PROBABL CONSIST OFSHEET COMPRISIN* OF SOME !-2! P ERICONDENSED AROMATIC RIN*S LINKED WITH THENAPHTHENIC AND PARAFFINIC *ROUPS .

A SPHALTENE MOLECULES FORM A**R*ATES

M ICELLES : M OLECULAR WEIGHT %),)))P ARTICLE : M OLECULAR WEIGHT %)))-()))).R ESINS POSSESS LOWER MOLECULAR WEI*HT

("!!- 2!!).


36/48

METALLIC DERIVATIVES

• METALS FOUND IN THE ASH OF PEROLEU

RESIDUE . AND PEROLEUMFRACTIONS AS SUCH .

• ASSOCIATED IN THE BRINES WHICH IS EMULSIFIED

WITH OR AS SUCH IN CONTACT WITH THE CRUDE

OIL

• S ALTS OF OR*ANIC ACIDS PRESENT IN THE CRUDE

OIL PARTICULARL IN CASE OF NI CU V MA BE

PRESENT AS OR*ANIC PORPH RINS ALSO .• METALLIC CONCENTRATION IN THE CRUDES IS

VER OFTEN LESS THAN !. 0 WT .


37/48

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICSOF CRUDE OIL:

• BASIC PROPERTIES• DENSIT API• REID VAPOUR PRESSURE• LI*HT END ANAL SIS

• POUR POINT• VISCOSIT• WA# CONTENT• ASPHALTENES• CARBON RESIDUE• ASH CONTENT• DISTILLATION CHARACTERTISTICS•

BASE OF CRUDE OIL


38/48

IMPURITIES:

• WATER CONTENT• SALT CONTENT

• BS W

• SULPHUR CONTENT

• NITRO*EN CONTENT

• INOR*ANIC AND TOTAL ACID VALUE

• TRACE METALS


39/48

DENSITY 1 API GRAVITY:

MASS (M) DENSITY ; ------------ VOLUME (V)

DENSIT OF THE SAMPLE

SPECIFIC GRAVITY ; --------------------------- DENSIT OF THE WATER (AT SAME TEMPERATURE)

4 ." 1 API GRAVITY ; --------------- - 3 ."

SP.*R AT 6! 6! =F


40/48

DENSITY BY DIGITAL DENSITO-METE

(ASTM-D 4!"2 IP36") FOR PETROLEUM

ITS FRACTION

DENSITY BY CAPILLARY STOPPRE

PYKNOMETER METHOD

(ASTM D-28$ IP- %!)

SIGNIFICANCE• WEI*HT TO VOLUME OR VICE VERS

CALCULATION.• CHACKN* THE CONSISTANC OF CRUD

SUPPL• CONTROL OF REFINER OPERATION• USED IN VARIOS CORRELATION• (BASE OF CRUDE OIL BMCI D.INDE# ND

METHODS ETC.• ALSO *IVES A IDEA ABOUT THE COS

ASSESSMENT OF THE CRUDE OIL


41/48

REID VAPOUR PRESSURE (ASTM D-% % IP-' )DEFINED AS RELATIVE PERCENTA*E

OF*ASEOUS LI*HT H DROCARBONSIN CRUDE OIL.MEASURE OF HOW QUICKLY FUELEVAPORATES:ITS REDUCTION PROVIDES THEMA ORIT OF VOLATILE EMISSIONREDUCTIONS.COMPONENT RVP K C<

PROPANE 4.BUTANE 6.6

CRUDE OIL !.! -!.!"

FOR LPG POTENTIAL

LI*HT END ANAL SIS CARRIED OUT B*LC FOR PERCENTA*E DISTRIBUTIONOF H DROCARBONS UPTO C " .


42/48

SIGNIFICANCE:

• ? AT T4 AFF


43/48

• %? TR?


44/48

FOUR CLASSES OF HYDROCARBONSUSUALLY PRESENT IN PETROLEUM:

• 0-ALKANES

(0-PARAFFINS,@ ; 9 )

• /-ALKANES (ISO PARAFFINS, @ ; 9 )

• ALKYL NAPHTHENES

(CYCLO PARAFFINS, @ ; ,- ,-* "3 .)

• AROMATICS ( @ ; -',-$,- "3 .)


45/48

ALKANES:

A7 +&9 5& ';& 9 ':5 '&@ 7 &+&5 7

>=5?:7 C +H 2+,2.

• A7 +&9 5& 5=? C '= =:' C !! .

• T;& 5& 5&7 ' G&7 +=+-5& ' G& +@

+=+-5=? C 4 =+ 5@9 5&

9 9=?&59.


46/48

POSSIBLE #UMBER OF ISOMERS OF

#ORM"L "L!"#ES:

C"RBO##UMBERS

=,"L!"#ES

B Pt*"t1 E .

#UMBER OFISOMERS

) 36 3, 2 ).6 2,

20 2:+.0 :)2 26.0 3))2) :0.6 +3+:0 3+3.8 36.6 20 +

) +02.: 36.: 20 6

30 ++8.0 +2.2 20 ,

3) +,,.8 +8.3 20 20

+0 ) 6 .+ 202

+) ))0 , . 20 2+

60 62).0 2.) 20 0

,0 6: .8 20)6.+ 20 ,

200 :0:., )8 0 20 36

Refere=;e K M.M.Bo&!"L'n"k'9


47/48

POSSIBLE STRUCTURES OF NAPHTHENES

• ONE RING

• TWO RINGS

• THREE RINGS

• FOUR RINGS


48/48

AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS

DERIVATIVES OF BEN@ENE ANDPOLYNUCLEAR CONDENSED AROMATICS(HOMOLOGUES OF FOLLOWING SERIES)

• ALKYL AROMATICS(@ ; -')• ALKYL NAPHTHALENES(@ ; - )• TRINUCLEAR(@ ; - $)

• TETRA NUCLEAR(@ ; - )• PENTA NUCLEAR• ' OR RINGS STRUCTURES

chemistry of crudes- dr y k sharma

Documents