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PERIODIC TABLE OF THE

ELEMENTS

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HISTORY

In 1789 – Antoine Lavoiser, French physicist-chemist arrangedelements into groups of simple substances that do notdecompose by any means.

In 1829 - Johann Dobereiner studied groups of three elements

which are chemically similar such as chlorine, bromine andiodine.

In 1864 - John Newlands noted that when the first 20 elementswere arranged in the increasing order of their atomic masses,similar properties recurred at periodic interval.

In 1869 – Russian chemist Dimitri Mendeleev  started thedevelopment of the periodic table, arranging chemical elementsby atomic mass. He predicted the discovery of other elements,and left spaces open in his periodic table for them. 

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HISTORY

In 1894 Sir William Ramsay and Lord Rayleigh discovered the

noble gases, which were added to the periodic table as group 0.

In 1945 Glenn Seaborg  identified lanthanides and actinides

(atomic number >92), which are usually placed below theperiodic table.

Mendeleev’s arrangement of the 63 elements lead the way to

the arrangement of element’s in today’s version of the periodic

table. it has become the foundation of modern chemistry

through the years.

Periodic Law states that when the elements are arranged in

the order of increasing atomic number, elements with similar

properties appear at periodic intervals.

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GROUP OR FAMILIES

They are elements arranged in columns. There are two ways of num-

bering the groups:

a. Hindu-Arabic numbers (1-18)- recommended by the

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)in 1985.

b. Roman-numerals – older notation distinguishing A from B.

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Names of the Periodic groups:

• Group 1 (IA,IA): the alkali metals or hydrogen family/lithium family

• Group 2 (IIA,IIA): the alkaline earth metals or beryllium family

• Group 3 (IIIA,IIIB): the scandium family

• Group 4 (IVA,IVB): the titanium family

• Group 5 (VA,VB): the vanadium family

• Group 6 (VIA,VIB): the chromium family

• Group 7 (VIIA,VIIB): the manganese family

• Group 8 (VIII, VIIIB): the iron family

• Group 9 (VIII, VIIIB): the cobalt family

• Group 10 (VIII, VIIIB): the nickel family

• Group 11 (IB,IB): the coinage metals (not an IUPAC-recommended name)or copper family

• Group 12 (IIB,IIB): the zinc family

• Group 13 (IIIB,IIIA): the boron family

• Group 14 (IVB,IVA): the carbon family

• Group 15 (VB,VA): the pnictogens or nitrogen family

• Group 16 (VIB,VIA): the chalcogens or oxygen family

• Group 17 (VIIB,VIIA): the halogens or fluorine family

• Group 18 (Group 0): the noble gases or helium family/neon family

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PERIODS OR SERIES

They are the elements arranged in rows in the

table. They are numbered consecutively from 1

to 7.Period 1- consists of Hydrogen and Helium

only.

Periods 2 and 3- have 8 elements

Periods 4 and 5- have 18 elements each

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TRANSITION ELEMENTS

These are elements found in Periods 4 through

7 between Groups 3 to 12 in the periodic table.

Elements belonging in these groups are mostly

hard and strong. Like typical metals they are

ductile, malleable and good conductors of heat

and electricity. Most transition metals melt and

boil at high temperatures.

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  LANTHANIDES AND ACTINIDES

These are two separate rows of elements found at the bottom

of the table. These periods really belong to Periods 6 and 7

as you would observe in the sequence of atomic numbers. Theyhave been separated so as not to make the table overly wide.

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METALS

METALLOIDS

NONMETALS

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ATOMIC WEIGHT

ATOMIC SYMBOL

ATOMIC NAME

ATOMIC NUMBER