Chemistry Lab Report

Rocket Ship Project

By

Muttawa Wattanakulchai 5861061 Pattaranun Hanwongpaiboon 5861096

Rawida Arphawasin 5861131 Saran Chotipradist 5861137 Sarita Hatakaroon 5861138

General Chemistry Mahidol University International Demonstration School

Tuesday 24th January 2017

Instructed by Ms. Sorasaree Tonsiengsom

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Table of Contents 1. Abstract 2.Introduction-overview (inging)

Atomic and Molecular Structure ● Atom

● Definitions ● Structure

● Element ● Definitions ● Atomic Number & Atomic Mass ● Location on the Periodic Table ● Groups of Element on the Periodic Table

● Molecule ● Definitions ● Molecular Formula ● Molecular Mass / Molecular weight

Chemical Reaction ● Law of Conservation of Mass ● Chemical Equation

● Reactants and Products ● Balancing Chemical Equations

● Moles ● Definition ● Convert Mass into Moles ● Reading Equation in Moles ● Moles-Moles Factor

● Calculation with Mole factors ● Identify Moles and Mass in Chemical Reaction ● Convert Moles to Grams ● Formula

● Calculation Mass of Reactants ● Calculation Mass of Products ● Limiting Reagents and Percent Yield

● Formula Acids and Bases

● Definition ● Arrhenius Acid-Base’s Definitions ● Bronsted-Lowry Acid-Base’s Definitions ● Lewis Denitions

● Acid ● Definition ● Properties ● Relations between pH and Concentration

● Formula ● Base

● Definition ● Properties ● Relations between pOH and Concentration

● Formula

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3.Objective (ling) 4.Materials and Methods (golf)

5.Result (golf)

a) Data Table 6.Discussion Question

a.) What happen when vinegar react with baking soda? Please write chemical equation

b.) Describe physical and chemical properties of reactants c.) Identify limiting reagent and excess reagent of the best result d.) Show calculation of your best result e.) Discuss what cause errors from the experiment f.) Suggest how to improve your accuracy

7.Calculation (Poom) 8. Suggestion (Ling) 9. Conclusion (Ling) 10.Reference https://global.britannica.com/science/chemical-reaction http://www.middleschoolchemistry.com/lessonplans/chapter6/lesson1

1. Abstract

This report present about the vinegar - baking soda rocket. In this experiment we

determined ratio of sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid for correct distance. Moreover, we

also look at a basement of rocket and shape of rocket to specify a direction.

For this experiment, we tested a rocket ship to launch about 20 meters from the

ground by using two substances, which were sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid to make

the carbon dioxide gas to launch the rocket. We learned that when the sodium bicarbonate

and acetic acid mixed together, the pressure caused by the mixture created carbon dioxide

gas and made a rocket ship launched. The result of the experiment was rocket would reach

a goal if we used sodium bicarbonate more than acetic acid. Therefore, the acetic acid is a

limiting agent.

2. Introduction-Overview

Atomic and Molecular Structure

Atom is the smallest amount of an element. Atoms are made up of three particles:

protons, neutrons, and electrons. Both the protons and neutrons are in the nucleus.

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Protons have a positive charge, and neutrons have no charge. Electrons are in orbitals

around the nucleus, which have a negative charge.

The Number of protons determines the atomic number, but neutron number may

change, so mass number (protons and neutrons) may changes. Isotopes are the forms of an

element that the same element may contain various numbers of neutrons. The chemical

properties of isotopes are the same, but the physical properties of some isotopes may be

different. For example, an atomic number of 8, which is oxygen can have 8, 9, or 10

neutrons.

The element is a substance consisting of atoms, which all have the same number of

protons and same atomic number. The atomic number represents the number of protons in an

atom.

Each element on the periodic table has a different atomic number and increasing

through the periods. The value on the periodic table for atomic number increase, beginning at

1 and increasing values that are more than 100. On the periodic table, the atomic number can

be found directly above the symbol for the element, usually in the top right corner. Atomic

numbers are unique to each element, and help to describe the characteristics of the atom.

The different rows of elements are called periods. The period number of an element

shows the highest energy level an electron in that element occupies. The number of electrons

in a period increases as one moves down the periodic table; therefore, as the energy level of

the atom increases, the number of energy sub-levels per energy level increases.

Elements in the same column on the periodic table called a group. They have identical

valence electron configurations and consequently. For instance, all of the elements in group

18 are noble gas. Element groups can be either nonmetals or metals. Metal elements are

usually good for both electricity and heat.

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Molecules form when two or more atoms form a chemical bond with each other. The

molecular formula is an expression of the number and type of atoms that are present in a

single molecule of substance. The empirical formula is also known as the simplest formula. It

is the ratio of elements present in the compound. The molecular mass or molecular weight is

the mass of a substance and is expressed in unified atomic mass units (u).

Chemical Reaction

In a chemical reaction, the atoms and molecules that interact with each other are

called reactant. Also, the atoms and molecules that produced by the reaction are called

product. Substances can be either chemical elements or compounds. Therefore, the chemical

reaction is a process of one or more substances (reactants) are converted to one or more

different substances (products). A chemical reaction rearranges the component of atoms of

reactants to create different substances as products.

Acids and Bases

Acid is the substance that has pH less than 7. It can turn blue litmus to red color and

turn methyl orange to red. Acids neutralize bases producing salt and water. It increases

hydronium ion concentration in the solution. Acid is electrolyzed. When it react with

carbonate, it will produce salt water and carbon dioxide. When it react with active metal, it

will produce hydrogen. The taste of acid is sour and pH less than 7. Acids neutralize bases

producing salt and water. It increases H+ ion concentration in solution. In addition, acids

react with carbonates to produce a salt, water, CO2, and active metals to produce hydrogen.

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Base is the substance that has pH over 7. When place base substance to the litmus

paper, it will turn to blue color.The taste of base is bitter and pH greater than 7. Bases

neutralize acids producing salt and water. It increases OH-ion concentration in solution. In

addition, bases are electrolytes and feel slippery.

There are three theories of acid and base that are Arrhenius’s theory,

Bronsted-Lowry’s theory, and Lewis’s theory. Arrhenius gave a definition of acids as

substances, which produce hydrogen ions in solution and gave a definition of bases as

substances, which produce hydroxide ions in solution. For Bronsted-Lowry Acid-Base’s

Definitions, acids are proton (hydrogen ion) donor, and bases are proton (hydrogen ion)

acceptor. Also, Lewis’s Definition of acids are electron pair acceptor, and bases are electron

pair donor.

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3. Objective

Purpose of the experiment is to determined ratio of baking soda and vinegar for

correct distance which are 20 meters from a base. Moreover, we also look at a base of

rocket and shape of rocket to specify a direction.

4. Material and Medthod

Materials

● Acrylic Aerosol Spray Paint ● Acrylic Lacquer Spray

● All Purpose Adhesive ● Box Cutter ● Duct Tape ● Marker ● Protractor ● Scissors

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● A4 Card Case

● Baking Soda

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● Balance

● Feature Board

● Hammer

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● Hinges

● Modelling Clay

● Nails

● Phillips-head Screwdriver

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● Phillips-head Screws

● Rubber Stopper

● Tissue Paper

● Saw

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● 1.25Liter Plastic Bottle

● 2 Wooden Planks

● 5% Distilled Vinegar Medthod

Making Base 1.Draw lines using marker and use saw to cut the wooden plank on the lines

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2. Stick wooden plank together by using hammer and nails as in the picture below ให้มีท่ีพิง

3. screw the hinge on a wooden plank …. by using phillips-head screws and phillips-head screwdriver

4. Set up the base by using protracter to measure the desirable angle เอาไมม้าคํา้

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Making Rocket

1. Clean the 1.25liter plastic bottle and remove its label

2. Make nosecone of the rocket by folding A4 card case and use duct tape to keep its cone shape

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3. Make 3 fins of rocket from feature board by using scissors and split feature board to increase surface area to stick with the bottle

4. Apply acrylic aerosol spray paint on bottle, fins, and nosecone, wait until they are dry. Then, apply acrylic lacquer spray on them to keep color be long-lasting

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5. Mold modeling clay to put it inside nosecone of rocket to increase the weight of rocket and the accuracy

6. Stick nosecone and 3 fins to the bottle using all purpose adhesive as in the picture below

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Launching Rocket

1. Set up the base by using protracter to measure the desirable angle เอาไมม้าคํา้

2. Prepare baking soda by putting baking soda in a sheet of tissue paper and roll a sheet of tissue paper 3. Pour vinegar into the rocket

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4. Carefully put the roll of tissue paper containing baking soda into the rocket

5. Quickly close the opening of rocket with rubber stopper tightly

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6. Quickly place the rocket on the base

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5.Result

Trials Vinegar Used

Baking soda used

Mass of Rocket

Distance Covered

Angle of Propulsion

1 400 mL 20.00g 106.60 g 5 m 45°

2 350 mL 20.01g 106.60 g 8 m 40°

3 300 mL 19.03g 106.60 g 8 m 40°

4 300 mL 20.64g 106.60 g 7 m 40°

5 300 mL 20.00g 106.60 g 10.5 m 40°

6 300 mL 22.04g 106.60 g 14.5 m 40°

7 300 mL 21.20g 106.60 g 19.6 m 40°

In first launch, we use 400 mL of acetic acid and 20.00 g of sodium bicarbonate. We set the angle of propulsion equal to 45 degree and the rocket’s distance cover 5 meters. In second launch, we use 350 mL of acetic acid and 20.01 g of sodium bicarbonate. We change the angle of propulsion equal to 40 degree and the rocket’s distance cover 8 meters. In third launch, we change the quality of acetic acid to 300 mL and 19.03 g of sodium bicarbonate. rocket’s distance cover 8 meters. In fourth launch, we change the quality of sodium bicarbonate 20.64 g. The rocket’s distance cover 7 meters. In fifth launch, we change the quality of sodium bicarbonate 20.00 g. The rocket’s distance cover 10.5 meters. In sixth launch, we change the quality of sodium bicarbonate 22.04 g. The rocket’s distance cover 14.5 meters. In seventh launch, we change the quality of sodium bicarbonate 21.20 g. The rocket’s distance cover 19.6 meters.

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6.Discussion Question

a.) What happen when vinegar react with baking soda? Please write chemical equation

Salt(sodium acetate), water and carbon dioxide are created, when vinegar(acetic acid)

reacts with baking soda(sodium bicarbonate).

b.) Describe physical and chemical properties of reactants

The physical properties of vinegar are various, which depend on the type of fruits that

produce the amount of minerals, vitamins, fibers, and an organic compound. Vinegar is

mainly dilute aqueous solution of acetic acids. It also has properties of boiling and freezing

points depend on acetic acids. Vinegar has pH or potential hydrogen, which is a level that

indicates the number of hydrogen ions in the solution. The chemical properties of vinegar are

pH less than7. Most vinegar is a 5 percent solution. Therefore, it is acidic and has pH of 2.4.

Baking soda or we knew as Sodium Bicarbonate. The physical properties of them are

the powdery or solid substance and can be used for cooking. Baking soda is flammability,

toxicity, and easily decomposed by acids. It begins to decompose at 20 degree Celsius in the

water solution. The chemical properties of Baking soda are pH more than 7. Therefore, it is

basic.

c.) Identify limiting reagent and excess reagent of the best result

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Limiting reagent of the best result is the vinegar or the acetic acid. The mol the the acetic

acid is 0.2498 mol. The amount of excess reagent is equal to 0.0026 mol.

d.) Show calculation of your best result

CH3COOH

Molecular weight 60.05 g/mol

Weight 300 mL

100 mL have 5 g. of CH3COOH

300 mL have 15g. of CH3COOH

Mol 60.05/15 mol = 0.2498 mol ----> limiting agent

NaHCO3

Molecular weight 84.001 g/mol

Weight 21.20 g

Mol 84.001/21.20 mol = 0.2524 mol

CO2

Molecular weight 44.01 g/mol

Mol 0.2498 mol

Weight 44.01 21.20 g = 10.99 g×

e.) Discuss what cause errors from the experiment

The things that cause errors from the experiment is base is not strong enough it easy

to break down because material is not really strong.Nosecone of the rocket should stick with

body of the rocket because while rocket is lead up to reach the goals, most of the time

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nosecone is breakdown so, rocket is fluctuate.The last things is both substance is not

accurate in every round. In each round it will have factor to loss some of substance for

example wind or spillage.

f.) Suggest how to improve your accuracy

Material should be concisely to cover both substance. For baking soda, we have to

put in tissue paper so first factor is while we transfer baking soda from a plastic bags to

tissue paper

a small dist of baking soda will slightly spread out and another factor is the wind make

baking soda flow out. In addition, vinegar is easily to spill out while we transfer from test tube

to body of a rocket. so,we should be carefully in every process because if we can improve

those problems our result will accuracy.

We need to build the rocket that has the mass that suitable for resist to the air

resistance while launching. If the rocket is too light,the wind direction might alters the

pathway of the rocket as it launched either disabling the accuracy of the result. If the rocket

is too heavy, it might not be able to launch out. Also, with the chemicals, we need to be more

accurate in the process of weighing either with the acetic acid and the sodium bicarbonate.

In addition along the calculation part, if we take a deeper observation along the used

reactants, the quantity of those chemical is really matters. For instance, in a case of having a

few amount of the excess reagent and an appropriate amount of limiting reagent that is able

to produce carbon dioxide to launch the rocket appropriately.

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7.Calculation

Vinegar Used Baking soda used CO2 released

1 400 mL 20.00g 9.764 g

2 350 mL 20.01g 9.769 g

3 300 mL 19.03g 9.970 g

4 300 mL 20.06g 10.52 g

5 300 mL 20.00g 9.764 g

6 300 mL 22.04g 10.99 g

7 300 mL 21.20g 10.99 g

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CH3COOH

Molecular weight 60.05 g/mol

Weight 300 mL

100 mL have 5 g. of CH3COOH

300 mL have 15g. of CH3COOH

Mol 60.05/15 mol = 0.2498 mol ----> limiting agent

NaHCO3

Molecular weight 84.001 g/mol

Weight 21.20 g

Mol 84.001/21.20 mol = 0.2524 mol

CO2

Molecular weight 44.01 g/mol

Mol 0.2498 mol

Weight 44.01 21.20 g = 10.99 g×

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8. Suggestion

After the we experimented the rocket launching behaviors, we need to improve in

various ways whether in a concept of chemistry that deals with the chemical substances or

the physics concepts that deal with the rocket ship and the launcher either with the material

used for the rocket construction.

In the first point for our improvement, we need to change nosecone materials. Due to

our observation while we were launching the rocket, our nose cone fell down often. After we

launched for four times it start to broke. According to those situation, it provides a massively

sign of vulnerability. Therefore, with our fifth trials, our process of contributing nosecone was

altered. By adding more elastic thick tape to wrap around the cone for an additional

protection for it. Moreover, our glue that we used to attached the nose cone to the rocket is

vulnerable which also considered as one of the factor that weakening our rocket’s nose

cone. Hence, we changed to use the super glue instead then we wrapped with the elastic

tape for a stronger protection to our nosecone. The way we filled the substances considered

as one of the factor that led to our failure of experimenting. As the reaction among those

substances that we used were hazardous therefore, the way of filling the substances into the

pop bottle (aka. the rocket ship’s body) is needed to be safe and accurate for

everyone.Especially, with the experimenters. Initially we use the plastic tube that was fit in

into the1 cab of the rocket side or where the propellant will spilled out which made our group

faced to a problem of an overtime to fit the plastic tube in when we were experimenting.

Bunch of times, the substances were spilled out due to the fear of explosion. Therefore, we

use the tissue papers to folded the substances instead.Lastly, with our launcher design

which led to the inaccurate of the angle degrees as the rocket placed on. This error caused

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an enormous effect to our result as the propellant released it is necessary to for the

propellant to hit on the ground to push our rocket ship toward.

9.Conclusion

In conclusion, our group design the rocket that has the mass that suitable for resist to

the air resistance while launching and calculate the amount acetic acid and sodium

bicarbonate that produce enough carbon dioxide gas to make the pressure that push the

rocket up. In the experiment, it has some error during the trials. We need to improve our

materials like nosecone and the basement. The results of the experiment was rocket will

reach the goals if we used sodium bicarbonate more than acetic acid. Therefore, the acetic

acid is a limiting agent for rocket experiment.

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