8/14/2019 Chemistry-Glossary of Terms

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Chemistry: Glossary of Terms

Absolute Zero - The theoretical lowest temperature possible at which all-molecular motion ceases. Absolute zero, 0 K or -273.15C,has never been reached.

Acid - Generally, a substance that reacts with bases to form a salt, several different definitions of acids have been proposed bydifferent scientists (listed in parentheses). 1) (Arrhenius) a compound that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; 2) (Brnsted-Lowry) a compound capable of donating hydrogen ions, 3) (Lewis) a compound that can accept a pair ofelectrons from a base.

Acid Rain - Rain with a pH less than 5.

Activation Energy - The energy required to initiate a chemical reaction or process, abbreviated Ea. For example, a cigarette lighterrequires activation energy (provided in the form of a spark) to initiate the reaction of fuel with oxygen.

Adsorb - To adhere in an extremely thin layer of molecules (as of gases, solutes, or liquids) to the surfaces of solid bodies or liquidswith which a substance is in contact.

Asthenosphere - The semi-molten layer of the earth which starts at ~70-200 km depth and ends at 660 km depth. The asthenosphereis part of the mantle, and is composed primarily of the rockperidotite. The asthenosphere can flow very slowly, allowing rigid piecesof the lithosphere to move around on top of it.

Alcohol - An organic compound containing a hydroxyl group. Common examples include methanol (CH3OH) and ethanol(CH3CH2OH).

Alkanes - A group ofhydrocarbons with the general formula CnH(2n+2). Alkanes contain no carbon-carbon multiple bonds; commonexamples include methane and propane.

Alkenes - A group of hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH(2n). Alkenes contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond;common examples include ethylene.

Alkyne - A group ofhydrocarbons with the general formula CnH(2n-2). Alkynes contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond; commonexamples include ethyne also known as acetylene.

Alpha Particle - A type of particle that is ejected from radioactive nuclei. Alpha particles consist of two protons and two neutrons andthus are equivalent to helium nuclei.

Alveolar - Pertaining to an alveolus.

Alveoli -The plural ofalveolus.

Alveolus - A small sac-like structure in the body, especially common in the lung. A lung alveolus has extremely thin walls that aid inthe exchange of gases including O2 and CO2.

Amino Acid - Biochemical molecules that contain at least one amine group (-NH2) and at least one carboxylic acid group (-COOH)and conform to the general formula NH2-R-COOH, where R is an organic molecule. Amino acids are essential basic building blocksofproteins.

Amphibious - Having the ability to live both on land and in water.

Andean Margin - A convergentplate boundary, where oceanic crust is being subducted beneath continental crust. Named after theAndes Mountains in South America, which are the classic example of a continent-ocean convergence.

Angstrom (ngstrom) - A unit of length equivalent to 10-10 meters. 1 = 0.0000000001 m.

Anion - An ion that migrates to the anode in an electrical cell; a negatively charged ion.

Anode - A positively charged terminal in an electrical cell.

Aquifer - A porous and permeable body of rock or sediment through which groundwater flows.

Atom - The smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of the element. Atoms can exist alone or in combinationswith other atoms forming molecules.

Atomic Mass - The average mass of an atom of an element, usually expressed in atomic mass units. The term is often usedinterchangeably with atomic weight.

Atomic Mass Unit - One atomic massunit (amu or u) is defined as 1/12 the mass of the standard carbon-12 isotope, or 1.66 10-27

kg.

4503235.doc 1 C J Higgs ~ RES ~ 2008

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8/14/2019 Chemistry-Glossary of Terms

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Chemistry: Glossary of Terms

Atomic Number - The number ofprotons in an atomic nucleus.

Atomic Unit - Compare with Bohr radius and hartree. A system of non-SI units used in quantum chemistry to simplify calculationsand mathematical expressions. The definitions of atomic units include physical constants (like the speed oflight, the rest mass of theelectron, and other quantities that never change), so that all constants drop out of expressions when atomic units are used.

Atomic Weight - As listed on the periodic table, the atomic weight is a weighted average of the masses of stable isotopes of anelement that occur in nature. Given in grams, the atomic weight is the weight of one mole ofatoms of an element. Atomic weight isoften used interchangeably with atomic mass.

Attenuation/attenuate - The behaviour of waves as they radiate out from a source. As distance from the source increases, intensity ofthe waves decreases. Attenuation occurs because the same amount ofenergy is being spread out over a larger area.

Basalt - A dark, fine-grained igneous rock formed by cooling of iron- and magnesium-rich lava above the surface of the earth. Basaltis the main component of the oceanic crust of the earth.

Base - Generally, a substance that reacts with acids to form a salt, several different definitions of bases have been proposed bydifferent scientists (listed in parentheses). 1) (Arrhenius) a compound that releases hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution; 2) (Brnsted-Lowry) a molecule orion that accepts hydrogen ions from solution; 3) (Lewis) a molecule orion that donates an electron pair to anacid.

Binomial - A formal two-word name given to each species, based on the combination of a genus name and a species name.

Biodiversity - The variety and abundance of life and its ecological context, including the different kinds of organisms, the numbers ofspecies, the variations in their genes, and the complexity of their ecological conditions.

Biogeochemical - of or relating to the partitioning and cycling of chemical elements and compounds between the living and nonlivingparts of an ecosystem

Biomass - The combined mass of living or once-living organisms in a given area.

Biosphere - The part of the world in which life can exist.

Buffer - A substance that when added to solution compensates for any change in hydrogen ion concentration following the addition ofan acid or a base, and thus maintains a relatively constantpH. Buffers can react with and neutralize small amounts of either acids orbases.

Buoyant Force - The upward pressure exerted on an object by a fluid in which the object rests.

Calcareous - Containing calcium.

Carbonic Acid - The weakacid formed when CO2 dissolves in water.

Cartesian Plane - The Cartesian plane, named after the mathematician Rene Descartes, is a plane with a rectangular coordinatesystem that associates each point in the plane with a unique pair of numbers in an ordered pair of the form (x, y). The x value is thehorizontal coordinate and the y value is the vertical coordinate.

Cathode - A negatively charged terminal in an electrical cell.Cathode Ray - A negatively charged beam of particles (electrons) that are emitted from the negative terminal in a vacuum tube.

Cation - An ion that migrates to the cathode in an electrical cell; a positively charged ion.

Chemical Bond - A link between atoms. See ionic bond and covalent bond.

Chemical Reaction - A process in which atoms and molecules recombine by forming or breaking chemical bonds. Chemicalreactions form newproducts that have different chemical properties than the initial reacting material.

Classification (biological Classification) - The arranging of groups of organisms into sets or divisions on the basis of theirevolutionary relationships.

Combustion - Commonly referred to as burning, a chemical reaction between a fuel (for example wood) and an oxidizing agent (forexample oxygen) that produces heat (and usually, light).

Compound - A material formed by the chemical combination of elements in defined proportions. Compounds can be chemicallydecomposed into simpler substances.

4503235.doc 2 C J Higgs ~ RES ~ 2008

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8/14/2019 Chemistry-Glossary of Terms

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Chemistry: Glossary of Terms

Conchoidal Fracture - A type of breakage that produces a smooth, curved surface. Conchoidal fracture occurs when a substance hasuniform strength in all directions and no pre-existing planes of atomic weakness. This generally occurs in two types of substances:minerals like quartz whose atomic structure consists of equally strong bonds in all directions, and volcanic glass, called obsidian,which has no definitive crystal structure.

Conic Section - A curve formed by the intersection of a cone with a plane. This often results in a circle, ellipse or parabola.

Continental Crust - The uppermost layer of the earth that forms the continents. Unlike oceanic crust, continental crust is created anddestroyed very slowly, so there is some continental crust on the earth as old as 4 billion years. Continental crust ranges from 10-70 km

thick and is composed primarily ofgranite.

Continental Drift - The theory proposed in 1915 by Alfred Wegener, a German geophysicist and meteorologist. The theory stated thatthe continents had once been joined into one supercontinent, called Pangaea. About 200 million years ago, Pangaea broke apart andthe continents drifted to their present positions. Wegener based his theory on the similarity of fossils and rock types on the east coastof South America and the west coast of Africa. The theory was widely ridiculed at the time because Wegener had not proposed adriving force for such drift.

Convection - The movement or circulation of a fluid due to variations in its density as a result of the transfer ofheat within the fluid.

Convergent Boundary - A plate boundary where two plates are moving towards each other.

Core - The innermost layer of the earth, which starts at ~2900 km depth. The core is composed mainly of iron and consists of a

molten outer core and a solid inner core.

Coulomb - A metric unit ofelectrical charge equal to the charge on 6.24 1018electrons.

Covalent Bond - A very strong chemical bond formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons. Multiple covalent bonds can be formedwhen multiple pairs ofelectrons are shared between atoms. Covalent bonds are generally characterized in two types, polar and non-polar covalent bonds.

Covalent Molecule - A molecule held together by covalent bonds, that is, pairs of electrons shared between atoms. Covalentmolecules are true chemical molecules whose interaction with othermolecules is influenced by whether a polarmolecule ornon-polarmolecule is formed.

Crust - The uppermost 5-70 km of the earth. There are two types of crust: continental and oceanic. Continental crust ranges from 10-70 km thick and has a composition approximating that of granite.Oceanic crust, on the other hand, is approximately 5 km thick andhas a composition similar to basalt, making it significantly denser than continental crust.

Crystal - A solid of defined shape that is bound by plane surfaces (facets) that intersect at characteristic angles. The shape of a crystalis defined by the bonding and/or interaction between atoms, ions, ormolecules that make up the solid. The substances, planar anglesand defects in a crystal affect the electrical and optical properties (including colour) of the crystal.

Cytoplasm - The internal fluid of a cell (called cytosol) along with all dissolved materials and cellular organelles except for thenucleus. The cytoplasm is the primary site for chemical activity in the cell.

Daughter - A material that is derived from the breakdown or division of another. For example, a product of the radioactive decay ofan element; or a cell or cells that are derived from the division of a parent cell.

Decompose - To break up into constituent parts by or as if by a chemical process, to rot.

Denitrification - The loss or removal of nitrogen or nitrogen compounds; specifically: reduction of nitrates or nitrites commonly bybacteria (as in soil) that usually results in the escape of nitrogen into the air.

Density - A measure of the compactness of a substance given by the mass per unit volume (d = m/v). Common units of densityinclude g/ml, g/cm3, and kg/L. A measure of lead is not heavier than an equivalent measure of styrofoam, it is denser.

Diatomic - A molecule that contains two atoms. All of the non-inert gases occur as diatomic molecules: H2, O2, N2, F2, and Cl2.

Diffusion - The movement ofatoms ormolecules from one part of a medium to another caused by their random thermal motion. Theresult of diffusion is a tendency for particles to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Dipole - An asymmetrical distribution ofelectrical charge across an object. Polarmolecules contain a dipole.

Dipole-dipole Interaction - An interaction between two or more moleculardipoles resulting from the attraction between oppositelycharged ends of the molecules.

4503235.doc 3 C J Higgs ~ RES ~ 2008

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8/14/2019 Chemistry-Glossary of Terms

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8/14/2019 Chemistry-Glossary of Terms

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Chemistry: Glossary of Terms

Extrusion - A process by which viscous magma is emitted from below the surface of the earth to cool on the surface.

Folk Taxonomy - The names given to organisms and phenomena on the basis of cultural tradition as opposed to scientific study.

Force - The result of an interaction that is capable of changing the state of motion of an object. A 'push or pull' on an object resultingfrom its interaction with another object.

Frequency - The rate at which a vibration occurs that constitutes a wave, either in a material or in an electromagnetic field, usuallymeasured in hertz (Hz).

Genus - A taxonomic category one rank or step above Species in the Linnaean system, and which may include one or many species init.

Geosphere - The part of the world in which there are rocks and minerals.

Glacial Period - Any of those parts of geologic time from Precambrian onward when a much larger portion of the earth was coveredby glaciers than at present.

Granite - A light-collared, coarse-grained igneous rock formed by cooling of silica-rich magma below the surface of the earth.Granite is considered to be the average composition of the continental crust of the earth.

Greenhouse Effect - The greenhouse effect is created by gases like carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere. Carbon dioxide and

other greenhouse gases allow radiation from the sun to pass through the atmosphere; the earth then absorbs this radiation and emitsheat. That heat is absorbed by the greenhouse gases, resulting in atmospheric warming.

Greenhouse Gas - A greenhouse gas is a component of the atmosphere that absorbs heat radiated by the earth and subsequentlywarms the atmosphere, creating what is commonly known as the greenhouse effect. Common greenhouse gases include carbondioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), water vapour, and sulfate (SO4).

Ground State - The lowest energy state for an atom ormolecule. When an atom is in its ground state, its electrons fill the lowestenergy levels before they begin to occupy higher orbitals.

Groundwater - Water that fills pore space in rocks and sediments and forms a subsurface aquifer. Groundwater is distinct from soilmoisture, which does not completely fill pore spaces and is immediately beneath the surface.

Half-life - The time required for half of the original amount of a substance to undergo a process. For example, the time required forhalf of the atoms of a radioactive substance to undergo decay; or the time required for half of an ingested substance to be excretedfrom the body.

Heat - A measure of the total internal energy of a substance that can be increased or decreased when objects with differenttemperatures are placed into contact. Heat is a process, not a property of a material.

Heterogeneous Mixture - A mixture of two or more substances that can be easily separated by common physical means (i.e. settling,filtration, etc.). A mixture in which the components can be visibly distinguished. For example, oil and water.

Homeothermic - Of, or pertaining to, the maintenance of a uniform temperature regardless of the temperature of the surroundings. Inbiology, synonymous with warm-blooded.

Homogeneous Mixture - A mixture of two or more substances that cannot be easily separated by common physical means (i.e.settling, filtration, etc.). A mixture with no visible separation between its components. For example, salt and water.

Hot Spot - A fixed plume of hot magma, which rises through the mantle and creates volcanoes on the earths surface. The HawaiianIsland chain is an example of a hot spot. Because the plumes are fixed, the hot spots record past plate motions.

Hydrocarbon - An organic compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon.

Hydrogen Bond - A strong dipole-dipole attraction between two or more molecules, at least one of which has a hydrogen atombonded to an electron-withdrawing atom. More specifically, a weak bond formed between a hydrogen atom on one molecule whichhas developed a partial positive charge because of its bonding to an electronegative atom (commonly N, O, or F) and anelectronegative atom on anothermolecule.

Hydrophilic - Literally meaning water loving, a substance that readily associates with water. Often polar molecules or some ionicmolecules that easily dissolve in or form solutions with water.

Hydrophobic - Literally meaning water fearing, a substance that has little affinity for water. Generally, non-polar molecules that donot dissolve in or form solutions with water. Compare to hydrophilic.

4503235.doc 5 C J Higgs ~ RES ~ 2008

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8/14/2019 Chemistry-Glossary of Terms

6/10

Chemistry: Glossary of Terms

Hydroxyl - An -OH group within a molecule.

Inert - Deficient in active properties; especially: lacking a usual or anticipated chemical or biological action.

Intensive Property - A property of matter that is independent of the amount of material present. Common intensive properties includeboiling point, colour, density, melting point, and solubility.

Interglacial Period - Any of those parts of geologic time from Precambrian onward when a similar or lesser portion of the earth wascovered by glaciers than at present.

Interstitial - Pertaining to or located between the small spaces and gaps between tissues in an organism.

Ion - An atom ormolecule that has acquired an electrical charge by either gaining or losing electrons. A cation is an ion that has lostelectrons and acquired a positive charge. An anion is an ion that has gained electrons and acquired a negative charge.

Ionic Bond - A chemical bond characterized by electrostatic attraction between ions of opposite charge. The formation of an ionicbond involves a complete transfer of electrons between atoms, and can be predicted when one bonding atom has a much higherelectronegativity than the other.

Ionic Compound - A chemical compound held together by ionic bonds, that is, electrostatic attraction between positive and negativeions. Ionic compounds generally form ordered structures in which each cation is surrounded by several anions and vice versa. Thusionic compounds commonly form complex lattices rather than true molecules.

Isomers - Molecules with identical molecular formulas but differing in the sequence of bonding or arrangement in space of theiratoms, i.e. their structural formulas.

Isotope - Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons in their atomic nucleus. Isotopes have the same chemicalproperties and atomic numberbut different atomic masses. Isotopes can differ greatly in nuclear stability.

joule - A metric unit ofworkand energy. 1 joule (J) = 1 kgm2/s2.

Kinetic Energy - The energy an object possesses by virtue of its motion. An object of mass m moving at velocity v has a kineticenergy of mv2.

Lattice - A characteristic pattern formed by the spatial distribution of repeating units.

Leaching - Dissolving out by the action of a percolating liquid.

Light - A form ofelectromagnetic radiation. Visible light is that associated with stimulating the organs of sight, which for normalhuman vision ranges in wavelength from 3900 to 7700 angstroms.

Limestone - A sedimentary rock composed mainly of calcite (CaCO3). Limestone forms through chemical precipitation in warm,shallow seas, and often contains marine fossils.

Limiting Reactant - A reactant that limits the amount ofproduct produced in a chemical reaction.

Line Spectra - An emission spectrum of light that contains very sharply defined lines. Line spectra are given off when matter is

heated or excited in some way and each line corresponds to a wavelength of light given off during an electron transition from anexcited state to the ground state.

Linnaean Hierarchy - The seven major categories of biological classification based on Linnaeus system: Kingdom, Phylum, Class,Order, Family, Genus, and Species.

Lipids - A diverse group oforganic molecules that contain long hydrocarbon chains or rings and are hydrophobic. Examples are fats,oils, waxes, and steroids.

Lithosphere - The rigid upper layer of the earth consisting of the crust and the uppermantle. The earths tectonic plates are composedof pieces of the lithosphere. The lithosphere ranges in thickness from 10-12 km underneath the oceans to 70-200 km at the continents.

Magma - Molten rock below the surface of the earth.

Mantle - The middle portion of the interior of the earth, starting below the crust at 5-70 km below the earths surface and continuingto a depth of 2900 km. The mantle is composed mainly of the rockperidotite.

Mesosphere - 1. The lowermost portion of the mantle. 2. The layer of the atmosphere above the stratosphere, where temperaturedecreases with altitude.

4503235.doc 6 C J Higgs ~ RES ~ 2008

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8/14/2019 Chemistry-Glossary of Terms

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Chemistry: Glossary of Terms

Metabolism - A sequence of biochemical reactions in living organisms that converts food into energy used to drive other biologicalprocesses. Also, the sequence of transformations foreign compounds undergo inside a living cell.

Mid-ocean Ridges - A linear, elevated region of the ocean floor where magma is up welling, extruding, and new crust is forming. Theridges are often referred to by their more specific names: Mid-Atlantic Ridge, East Pacific Rise, etc.

Millibar (mb) - A unit of measurement of atmospheric pressure equivalent to 1 gram per square centimetre. Average sea levelpressure is 1013 mb, equivalent to one Atmosphere.

Mineral - A naturally formed, inorganic solid with a specific chemical composition and characteristic crystal structure. Examples ofminerals include quartz (SiO2), salt (also called halite, NaCl), graphite (C). Rocks are formed of one or more minerals.

Mineralization - Conversion into an inorganic form.

Moho - The commonly used abbreviation of the Mohorovicic Discontinuity, the boundary between the crust and the mantle.

Mohorovicic Discontinuity - The boundary within the earth between the crust and the mantle, as indicated by the refraction andvelocity change ofseismic waves recognized by Andrija Mohorovicic. The depth of the Mohorovicic Discontinuity is ~5-7 km belowoceanic crust and ~10-70 km below continental crust.

Mole - An amount equal to Avogadros number or 6.02 1023. One mole ofatoms is equal to 6.02 1023atoms.

Molecular Weight - The formula weight of a compound, given by summing the atomic weights ofatoms in the compound. Given ingrams, the molecular weight is the weight of one mole ofmolecules in a compound.

Molecule - A particle formed by the chemical bonding of two or more atoms. The molecule is the smallest particle of a chemicalcompound that retains the chemical properties of the compound.

Neutral - Generally defined as neither one thing nor another. 1. Electrically neutral refers to having no net electrical charge, usuallyachieved by having an equal number of positive and negative charges, atoms are electrically neutral. 2. In acid/base chemistry, neutralrefers to a solution that is neitheracid norbase. A neutral solution contains equal concentrations of H+ and OH-, and has a pH = 7.

Neutralization - The chemical process of making a solution of acid orbase into a neutral solutionby adding eitherbase or acid,respectively. A process represented by the reaction: Acid + Base --> H2O + Salt

Neutron - A sub-atomic particle with no charge and a mass of 1.675 10-27 kg. Neutrons are found in the nucleus ofatoms. Compareto the proton.

Nitrification - The oxidation (as by bacteria) of ammonium salts to nitrites and the further oxidation of nitrites to nitrates.

Nitrogen Fixation - The assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, most commonly through metabolic processes of soilmicroorganisms. Other agents of nitrogen fixation include lightning, forest fires, and the industrial process used to manufacturesynthetic fertilizers.

Non-polar Covalent Bond - A covalent bond in which electrons are equally shared between bonding atoms. A non-polar covalentbond is formed when both atoms participating in a bond have an equal or nearly equal affinity forelectrons (electronegativity). A non-polar bond will result in a symmetric distribution ofelectron charge across the bonding pair.

Non-polar Molecule - A molecule that has an equal distribution of bonding electrons across it. Non-polarmolecules are formed bynon-polar covalent bonds or when polar covalent bonds result in a symmetric distribution ofelectrical charge, the configuration + - - +for example.

Nucleic Acid - A group ofpolymers made of repeating units of phosphoric acid and sugar to which nucleotide bases are attached. Thetwo most common examples are DNA and RNA.

Nucleotide Base - A nitrogen containingbase that is a constituent of a nucleic acid. Examples are adenine, guanine, thymine, uracil,and cytosine.

Nucleus - 1. [Atomic] A tiny, dense positively charged mass at the heart of an atom. The nucleus is composed ofprotons andneutrons, and contains nearly all of the mass of the atom while occupying only a tiny fraction of the volume. 2. [Cellular] The internal

structure present in some cells that contains genetic material.

Oceanic Crust - The uppermost layer of the earth beneath the ocean basins. Oceanic crust is constantly forming at mid-ocean ridgesand is constantly being destroyed at subduction zones, thus the oldest oceanic crust on the earth is about 160 million years old.Oceanic crust is composed ofbasalt and is 5-7 km thick.

4503235.doc 7 C J Higgs ~ RES ~ 2008

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8/14/2019 Chemistry-Glossary of Terms

8/10

Chemistry: Glossary of Terms

Organic Molecule - Organic molecules are molecules that contain carbon bonded to hydrogen. Organic molecules may contain otherelements as well, especially O, N, Cl, and others. Use of the term 'organic' dates to the 19th century, when it was believed that organicmolecules could only be derived from living organisms.

Organism - A living being.

Oxidation State - The effective charge of an atom orelement that indicates the extent or possibility of its oxidation.

Ozone Layer - A layer of higher than average concentrations of ozone within the stratosphere. Within the ozone layer, concentration

are still in the range of 8-12 parts per million (ppm); concentrations outside of the ozone layer are around 0.02 ppm.

P-wave - A compression wave produced by an earthquake. The P is from the Italian primero, indicating that the P-waves were thefirst to arrive at seismic stations.

Paleomagnetic Reversals - The history of reversals in polarity of the earths magnetic field, as recorded in magnetic minerals withinigneous rocks.

Pangaea - The supercontinent, which existed from about 300-200 million years ago. During this time, all of the continents weregathered into a single land mass.

Parent - the material or source from which something is derived.

Peptide - A shortpolymer(~2-10 units) ofamino acids.

Peridotite - A rock composed primarily of the mineral olivine. The high percentage of iron and magnesium in olivine creates a verydense rock. Peridotite is the main rock within the mantle.

pH - A symbol representing a measure of the effective concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, pH = -log [H+]. pH is a measureof the acidity (orbasicity) of a solution, where values of 0 to 14 are possible. Acid solutions have a pH < 7, basic solutions have pH >7, neutral solutions have pH = 7.

Phospholipid - A lipid or glyceride that contains a phosphate group. The phosphate group imparts a polar side to the molecule, whilethe lipid end remains relatively non-polar. Phospholipids are the main form of lipid in cell membranes.

Photosynthesis - Formation of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and a source of hydrogen (as water) in the chlorophyll-containingtissues of plants exposed to light.

Plat