chemistry (chapters 2 – 5)
TRANSCRIPT
Chemistry (Chapters 2 – 5)
neutroncharge: Ømass: 1 amu (or dalton)
protoncharge: +mass: 1 amu (or dalton)
electron (e-)charge: -mass: “0” amu (or dalton)
8
16 atomicsymbol
atomic mass(amu or dalton)
atomicnumber
2numberof atoms
Mg12
24
N7
14
Na11
22
C6
12
C6
11
C6
12
C6
14
isotopes (“iso” = same; “tope” = atom)
radioisotope
shells and orbitals . . .
shells and energy . . .
3 types of chemical bonding(remember atoms “want” 8 e- in their outer most shells)
oxidizedred
uced
3 types of chemical bonding
(“co” = share; “valent” = electron)
3 types of chemical bonding
Water and its properties . . .
a) universal solvent
b) cohesive molecules
c) stability of temperature and state
d) ice floats
universal solvent. . .
a) universal solvent
b) cohesive molecules
c) stability of temperature and state
d) ice floats
a) universal solvent
b) cohesive molecules
c) stability of temperature and state
d) ice floats
statesof matter
solid liquid gas
density
high medium low
540 c
alorie
s / gra
m
80 ca
lories
/ gram
a) universal solvent
b) cohesive molecules
c) stability of temperature and state
d) ice floats
frozenwater (ice)
frozenbenzene
Density of water
0.00060.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0 4 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature (C)
Den
sity
(g/m
l)
gas(steam)
Density of water
0.9718
0.00060.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0 4 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature (C)
Den
sity
(g/m
l)
gas(steam)
Density of water
0.9832 0.9718
0.00060.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0 4 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature (C)
Den
sity
(g/m
l)
gas(steam)
Density of water
0.9922 0.9832 0.9718
0.00060.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0 4 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature (C)
Den
sity
(g/m
l)
gas(steam)
Density of water
0.9982 0.9922 0.9832 0.9718
0.00060.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0 4 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature (C)
Den
sity
(g/m
l)
gas(steam)
Density of water
1.0000 0.9982 0.9922 0.9832 0.9718
0.00060.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0 4 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature (C)
Den
sity
(g/m
l)
gas(steam)
gas(steam)
liquid(water)
Density of water
1.0000 0.9982 0.9922 0.9832 0.9718
0.00060.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0 4 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature (C)
Den
sity
(g/m
l)
solid water (ice)denser than liquid
water
therefore, itsinks
gas(steam)
liquid(water)
Density of water
0.91501.0000 0.9982 0.9922 0.9832 0.9718
0.00060.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0 4 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature (C)
Den
sity
(g/m
l)
solid(ice) liquid
(water)
gas(steam)
solid water (ice) isactually less
dense than liquidwater
therefore, itfloats!
dissociation of water . . .
acids = substances that donate H+ (protons) to solutions
bases = substances that absorb H+ (protons) from solutions
HCl H+ + Cl-
H2SO4 H+ + HSO4-
NaOH Na+ + OH-
NH3 + H+ NH4+
gastric juice is 104
(10,000) times stronger acid than urine
bleach is 102 (100)times stronger base than milk of magnesia
buffers = substances that stabilize or maintain pH therebyensuring homeostasis
NaOH + HCl
Na+ OH- H+ Cl-
NaCl + H2O
carbon and life
organic compoundscontain carbon &
hydrogen
C6H12O6
CH4
C17H21NO4
functional groups . . .
isomers (“iso” = same; “mer” = molecule) . . .
macromolecules
monomers (“mono” = singular; “mer” = molecule)
polymers (“poly” = many; “mer” = molecule)
thereforemonomer1 + monomer2 + monomer3 + . . . . = polymer
puttin’ ‘emtogether!
takin’ ‘emapart!
classes of organic molecules
carbohydrates
monomers polymers
glucose, fructose,galactose, ribose,
deoxyribose
maltose, sucrose,starch, cellulose,
chitin
monosaccharides disaccharides,polysaccharides
Range: Florida to Mexico and, by introduction, indoors in warm buildings from Antarctica to Greenland.
Range Worldwide, wherever there are frost-free storage areas for food.
classes of organic molecules
monomers polymers
lipids glycerol, fatty (palmitic) acids
triglycerides,fats, waxes, oils,phospholipids,steroids
triglyceride
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
HC
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
HC
H
H
C
H
HH
C
O
OC
H
H
C
O
OC
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
HC
H
H
C
HC
H
H
C
H
H
C
HC
H
H
C
H
HH
C
O
OC
HH
C
H
H
C
HC
HC
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
HC
H
H
C
H
HH
H
saturated fatunpoly
H
H
phospholipid
amphipathic or ambivalent
cholesterol
Both Sexes:
•Increased risk of mood disturbances including mania and depression
•Increased risk of psychosis•Increased risk of aggressive acts
which may injure self or others•Increased risk of cardiovascular
disease•Increased risk of liver disease and
cancer•Increased risk of kidney disease
and cancer•Risk of HIV and Hepatitis B & C
from contaminated needles•Acne•Decreased sex drive•Baldness•Water retention•Muscle cramps•Aching joints•Increased risk of muscle tears•Increased risk of tendon injuries•Increased risk of nose bleeds•Insomnia•Decrease in immune system
effectiveness•Infertility•Mental Addiction
Men:
•Increased risk of prostate enlargement and cancer
•Decreased testicular size
•Gynecomastia (growth of breasts)
Women:
•Increased risk of cervical and endometrial cancer
•Increased risk of osteoporosis
•Irreversible enlargement of the clitoris
•Irreversible hoarsening and deepening of the voice
•Irreversible increase in facial and body hair
•Decreased breast size
•Amenorrhea
•Uterine atrophy
is it worth it?
classes of organic molecules
monomers polymers
proteins amino acids
protein functions . . .
primary
normal red blood cells
sickle cell anemia red blood cells
secondary
tertiary
quaternary
primary to quarternary
temperature, pH
classes of organic molecules
nucleic acids
monomers polymers
nucleotides
ribose nucleicacid (RNA),deoxyribosenucleic acid (DNA)
3 basic components:a) pentose sugar,b) phosphate group,c) nitrogenous base
RNA
DNA
Could we really be a monkey’s uncle?
end of materialfor Test I
