CHEMISTRYCLASS XII

CHEMISTRY[Class XII]

Strictly according to new syllabus prescribed byCentral Board of Secondary Education (CBSE)

andState Boards of Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Bihar, Jharkhand,

Kerala, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Punjab, Uttarakhand andother States following NCERT curriculum

ByDr. N.K. SHARMAM.Sc., M.Ed., Ph.D.

Lecturer in ChemistryNutan Vidya Mandir

Dilshad Garden, Delhi

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CHEMISTRY—XII

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Bran

ches

This book isdedicated

tomy mother

Late. Smt. Kaushaliya

WithImmense Love and Regards

Aim not for what you are,But what you could be,

Challenge yourself,Release your hidden potential.

Contents

Pages

Syllabus (xi–xiv)1. The Solid State ... 12. Solutions ... 333. Electrochemistry ... 834. Chemical Kinetics ... 1205. Surface Chemistry ... 1676. General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements ... 1857. p-Block Elements ... 2038. The d- and f-Block Elements ... 2389. Co-ordination Compounds ... 264

10. Haloalkanes and Haloarenes ... 29711. Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers ... 33312. Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids ... 37013. Amines ... 41314. Biomolecules ... 44815. Polymers ... 46716. Chemistry in Everyday Life ... 481

Appendix I : Important Formulae ... 494Appendix II : Important Inorganic Reactions ... 505Appendix III : Important Structure of Molecules ... 515Appendix IV : Reasoning Questions on p-Block, and

d and f-Block Elements ... 519Appendix V : Important Reasoning Questions ... 526Appendix VI : Important Name of Reactions ... 534Appendix VII : Some Important Reaction for Distinguishing between

Pairs of Organic Compounds ... 542Appendix VIII : Mechanism ... 548Appendix IX : Some Commercially Important Compounds and

their Preparations ... 551Appendix X : Important Conversions ... 553

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CBSE Sample Question PaperSolved Practice Sample Question Paper-1 ... 567Solved Practice Sample Question Paper-2 ... 575Solved Practice Sample Question Paper-3 ... 583Solved Practice Sample Question Paper-4 ... 592Sample Practice Papers for Board Examination ... 604Revision Test Paper–2016 ... 617Examination Paper–2016 ... 621

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LETTER TO THE STUDENTSDear students,

In this age of nail-biting competition, it really helps to be well-equipped with the subjectin order to break the ice in the competitive area. So, while the market is flooded with numerousrepetitions of books which handy help your intellectuality and competency, we have endeavouredto reach out to your wider examination needs in this edition. Keeping in mind the broadercomprehensive needs of the subject, we have put in our best efforts in this book.

I am highly thankful to late P. Singh, Founder Chairman, Nutan Vidya Mandir, whohad been always a guiding lamp to me.

I thankfully acknowledge the co-ordination and guidance of the respected ChairmanShri Sanjay Singh, Deputy Chairperson, Ms. Sarita Singh and Vice Principal Sh. C.B. Tiwari,Nutan Vidya Mandir, Dilshad Garden, Delhi.

I am thankful to my better half Ms. Bindu Sharma, who is always a source of inspirationto me. Few words of thanks and love for family members who patiently accepted me absenteismand supported me for this task. I am thankful to my friends, whose interaction has alwaysencouraged me in developing this book.

Although I have taken care of and laid down all efforts to remove any discrepancywhich might have crept in, yet criticism or suggestions are always solicited from your end.Thanking you in anticipation for your co-operation.

Please do write to author or our publishers.Wishing for your success.

—AUTHOR

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CRACKING THE EXAMINATION IN CHEMISTRY

Tips and Tricks to do well in the exams.Description: Chemistry is as scoring as Maths. It will carry 70 marks. The rest 30

marks will be for the practical exam in the school.

POINTS TO REMEMBER

� Know your syllabus and exam structure well. You must know the division of syllabusinto various units and their weightage clearly.

� Physical chemistry portion is very scoring.� In inorganic chemistry, spend more time on s-block and p-block elements unit.� Organic portion requires regular revision.� Once the textbook is revised, you may go through various school examination papers.� Close to the examinations, one should only practise sample papers and take mock tests.

Understand your strengths and weak points.� Revise the portions where you think you need improvement and further consolidate

your strengths. This can make a huge difference to your final results and your confidence.� Spend 10 minutes going through the question paper first and plan how you will take

the exam. Attempt the questions that you know well.� Two days before the exams one should relax rather than learning new topics. It is

important not to keep yourself busy all night revising the entire curriculum just beforethe exams.

� Prioritize the revision of the important topics.� Eat sensibly. Drink plenty of water and energy juices.� Always think positive. Getting worried about how difficult the subject is and how your

preparation is not up to the mark, will make the things more difficult.� It’s better to complete a small project than to leave a big one half done.� Commit your life, your plans, your hopes, your dreams, and your fears to God through

prayer everyday. In return you will have peace and success in your life.

CHEMISTRY—CLASS XII (Theory)

Total Periods: 160

One Paper (Theory) Time : 3 Hours 70 Marks

Unit No. Title No. of Periods Marks

I. Solid State 10II. Solutions 10

III. Electrochemistry 12 23IV. Chemical Kinetics 10V. Surface Chemistry 08

VI. General Principles and Processes ofIsolation of Elements 08

VII. p-Block Elements 12 19VIII. d- and f-Block Elements 12

IX. Coordination Compounds 12X. Haloalkanes and Haloarenes 10

XI. Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 10XII. Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 10

XIII. Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen 10 28XIV. Biomolecules 12XV. Polymers 08

XVI. Chemistry in Everyday Life 06

Total 160 70

Unit I : Solid State (Periods 10)

� Classification of solids based on different binding forces : Molecular, ionic, covalent andmetallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea). Unit cell in twodimensional and three dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell, packingin solids, packing efficiency, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell,point defects, electrical and magnetic properties. Bond theory of metals, conductors,semiconductors and insulators and n and p type semiconductors.

Syllabus

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Unit II : Solutions (Periods 10)

� Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubilityof gases in liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties—relative lowering of vapourpressure, Raoult’s law, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmoticpressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormalmolecular mass. Van’t Hoff factor.

Unit III : Electrochemistry (Periods 12)

� Redox reactions, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity,variations of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch’s Law, electrolysis and law ofelectrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell—electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells, leadaccumulator, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation and itsapplication to chemical cells, Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell,fuel cells, corrosion.

Unit IV : Chemical Kinetics (Periods 10)

� Rate of a reaction (Average and instantaneous), factors affecting rate of reaction:concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction, rate law andspecific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half life (only for zero and firstorder reactions), concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematicaltreatment). Activation energy, Arrhenious equation.

Unit V : Surface Chemistry (Periods 8)

� Adsorption : Physisorption and chemisorption, factors affecting adsorption of gases onsolids, catalysis, homogenous and heterogenous activity and selectivity; enzyme catalysiscolloidal state, distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspensions ; lyophilic,lyophobic, multimolecular and macromolecular colloids ; properties of colloids ; Tyndalleffect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation ; emulsion—types of emulsions.

Unit VI : General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements (Periods 8)

� Principles and methods of extracting : Concentration, oxidation, reduction—electro-lytic method and refining ; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium, copper,zinc and iron.

Unit VII : p-Block Elements (Periods 12)

� Group 15 elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence,oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties ; Nitrogen preparation,properties and uses; compounds of nitrogen, preparation and properties of ammoniaand nitric acid, oxides of nitrogen (structure only), phosphorous-allotropic forms,compounds of phosphorous : preparation and properties of phosphine, halides andoxoacids (elementary idea only).

� Group 16 elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states,occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, dioxygen : preparation, propertiesand uses, classification of oxides, Ozone, Sulphur—allotropic forms ; compounds ofsulphur : preparation, properties and uses of sulphur-dioxide, sulphuric acid : industrialprocess of manufacture, properties and uses, oxoacids of sulphur (structures only).

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� Group 17 elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states,occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties ; compounds of halogens,preparation, properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, interhalogencompounds, oxoacids of halogens (structures only).

� Group 18 elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trendsin physical and chemical properties, uses.

Unit VIII : d- and f-Block Elements (Periods 12)

� General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics oftransition metals, general trends in properties of the first row transition metals —metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalyticproperty, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation, preparationand properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.

� Lanthanoids : Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity andlanthanoid contraction and its consequences.

� Actinoids : Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids.Unit IX : Coordination Compounds (Periods 12)

� Coordination compounds : Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour,magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordinationcompounds. Bonding, Werner’s theory, VBT, and CFT ; Structure and sterioisomerism,importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative inclusion, extraction of metalsand biological system).

Unit X : Haloalkanes and Haloarenes (Periods 10)

� Haloalkanes : Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical properties,mechanism of substitution reactions, optical rotation.

� Haloarenes : Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogenin monosubstituted compounds only).

� Uses and environmental effects of dichloromethane, trichloromethane,tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.

Unit XI : Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers (Periods 10)

� Alcohols : Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties(of primary alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols,mechanism of dehydration, uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol.

� Phenols : Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties,acidic nature of phenol, electrophillic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.

� Ethers : Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.

Unit XII : Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids (Periods 10)

� Aldehydes and ketones : Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods ofpreparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition,reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes ; uses.

� Carboxylic acids : Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical andchemical properties ; uses.

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Golden Chemistry Class XII (NewEdition)

Publisher : Laxmi Publications ISBN : 9789351381556 Author : N K Sharma

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