chemistry 008
DESCRIPTION
bio basics lecture power point for chemistryTRANSCRIPT
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Chemistry as a
Foundation for Biology
Thursday September 3rd
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The Big Ideas• Part 1: Atoms and Elements
– Pruning the periodic table
• Part 2: Basics of bonding– Types of bonds– Implications of different bond types
• Part 3: Application of bonding– The identification of carbon and functional groups– The importance of water
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Part 1:Atoms and Elements
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The
Ato
mNucleus(6 protons + 6 neutrons)
Electron
Proton
Neutron
Carbon atom
+ ++
+
++ +
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Nitrogen (N)8%
Phosphorus (P)3%
Sulfur (S)Potassium (K)Calcium (Ca)Sodium (Na)Chlorine (Cl)Magnesium (Mg)2%
Others1%
Hydrogen (H)9%
Oxygen (O)30%
Carbon (C)47%
Elements of Life
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A simplified biology periodic tableAbundance in cells
High Low Trace None
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Core Questions
• What do elements in a column of the periodic table have in common?
• What do elements in a row of the periodic table have in common?
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Part 2:Basics of Bonding
…this means we are talking about electrons
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Core Questions
• How do we define a bond?
• What determines how many bonds an atom can form with other atoms?
• What determines the type of bond that forms between two atoms?
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Bond RepresentationsHydrogen gas
H2
Methane
CH4
Ammonia
NH3
Water
H2O
H-H
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The number of bonds an atom can form is determined by its valence:
i.e., the number of unpaired electrons.
• We’ll just memorize this for now:• Hydrogen (H) forms 1 bond• Carbon (C) forms 4 bonds• Nitrogen (N) forms 3 bonds• Oxygen (O) forms 2 bonds• Phosphorous (P) forms 5 bonds • Sulfur (S) can form either 2 or 6 bonds
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Multiple Bonds
Single bonds
Double bonds
Triple bonds
WaterH2O
AmmoniaNH3
MethaneCH4
Carbon dioxideCO2
Molecular nitrogenN2
(from a different textbook)
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The nature of a bond is determined by the relative electronegativities of two atoms:
i.e., a measure of their ability to attract electronsGoing across the table, the number of shells stays the same while the number of protons inside the nucleus increase, thus there is more attraction to electrons; Going down the table, the number of
shells increase thus there is less attraction between the protons in nucleus and electrons. Increasing electronegativity
Incr
easi
ng e
lect
rone
gativ
ity
WHY???
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Which is more electronegative?
• Carbon (C) or Nitrogen (N)?• Carbon (C) or Oxygen (O)?• Sodium (Na) or Chloride (Cl)?• Phosphorous (P) or Oxygen (O)?• Carbon (C) or Hydrogen (H)?
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Types of Bonds(think electronegativity)
Equal sharing of electrons
Nonpolar covalent bonds(atoms have no charge)
Polar covalent bonds(atoms have partial charge)
Transfer of electrons
Ionic bonds(atoms have full charge)
Hydrogen Methane Ammonia Water Sodium chloride
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What type of bond should _____ form with _____?
• Carbon and Carbon• Carbon and Hydrogen• Carbon and Oxygen• Hydrogen and Oxygen• Oxygen and Phosphorous• Sodium and Chloride
Bond choices: nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, ionic
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Part 3:Application of Bonding
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Core Questions
• What about the chemical property of water allows it to play such a central role in biology?
• How can we use these basic bonding properties to define ‘functional groups’ and predict chemical properties of biomolecules?
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Polar covalent bonds within a single water molecule
(leads to partial charges on H and O)
d- d-
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Partial charges permit hydrogen bonds between water molecules
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Water Questions
• Why don’t oil (a mixture of carbon and hydrogen) and water mix?
• Why does spreading salt (NaCl) on a sidewalk in winter melt the ice?
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Functional Groups
(ketones & aldehydes)
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Functional Group Question: Describe the chemical properties of this molecule
Valine (an amino acid)
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Functional Group Question: Describe the chemical properties of this molecule
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Functional Group Question: Describe the chemical properties of this molecule
Fatty acid (a building block of lipids)
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And one more functional group
Phosphate in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
H
OH OH OH