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Chemicals

Awareness

2

The World of

Chemicals

• Universe of Chemicals >

5 Million

• Industrial Inventories ~

55,000

• Regulated

Occupationally ~ 600

3

Toxicology

Poisons - the adverse effects (efek merugikan) of

substances on living systems.

“All substances are poisons; There is none

which is not a poison. The right dose

differentiates a poison from a remedy…”

– Paracelsus (1493-1541)

Chemical Toxicology – The potential adverse effects and

control of chemicals in the workplace.

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Toxicants

Toxins

Poisons

• Substances that produce adverse

biological effects of any nature

• May be chemical or physical in nature

• Effects may be of various types (acute,

chronic, etc.)

• Specific proteins produced by living

organisms

(Mushroom toxin or tetanus toxin)

• Most exhibit immediate effects

Toxicants that cause immediate

death or illness when experienced in

very small amounts

5

Basic Concepts

• Toxicity – capacity to cause injury

• Hazard – potential harm associated

with a specific substance under

potential exposure conditions

• Risk – the likelihood or chance that

harm will occur under actual

conditions

(Toxicity) X (Exposure) = Risk

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Basic Concepts

• All chemicals have the capacity to

be toxic

• All chemicals act in the body

according to the principles of

chemistry, physics and biology

• Natural chemicals are not inherently

harmless

• Synthetic chemicals are not

inherently hazardous

• The dose make the poison

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The Dose Makes the Poison

Chemical Beneficial Dose Toxic Dose

Aspirin 300-1000 mg 1000-30,000mg

Vitamin A 500 units/d 50,000 units/d

Oxygen 20% in air 50-100% in air

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Lethal Dose

Ethyl Alcohol 7060

Sodium Chloride 3000

Naphthalene 1760

Ferrous Sulfate 1500

Aspirin 1000

Formaldehyde 800

Ammonia 350

Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide 350

Caffeine 192

Phenobarbital 150

Chlorpheniramine Maleate 118

DDT 100

Strychnine Sulfate 2

Nicotine 1

Dioxin 0.0001

Botulinus Toxin 0.00001

Agent LD50 (mg/kg)

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There are no harmless substances.

Only harmless ways ofusing substances.

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Routes of Chemicals

Exposure

Breathing Zone

Inhalation*

Absorption

Ingestion

Injection

*Most important

route of entry

Eyes

• How can you know that a

chemical is toxic or hazardous?

• How can you handle

chemicals?

• Is a chemical harmful?

• How can we identify chemicals?

MSDS

HARM SYMBOOLS

Sumber : MSDS, Soemanto, Puslitbang LIPI (2000)

RANKING DAN SIMBOL BAHAYA BAHAN KIMIA

MENURUT NEPA-USA

NO

BAHAYA KESEHATAN

(HEALTH)

BAHAYA

KEBAKARAN (FIRE)

BAHAYA

REAKTIVITAS

(REACTIVITY)

4 Penyebab kematian,

cedera fatal, meskipun

ada pertolongan

Segera menguap dalam

keadaan normal dan

dapat terbakar secara

cepat

Mudah meledak atau

diledakkan, sensitif

terhadap panas dan

mekanik

3 Berakibat serius pada

keterpaan singkat,

meskipun ada

pertolongan

Cair atau padat, dapat

dinyalakan pada suhu

biasa

Mudah meledak tetapi

memerlukan penyebab

panas dan tumbukan

kuat

2 Keterpaan intensif dan

terus menerus berakibat

serius, kecuali ada

pertolongan

Perlu sedikit pemanasan

sebelum bahan dapat

terbakar

Tidak stabil, bereaksi

hebat, tapi tidak

meledak

1 Penyebab iritasi atau

cedera ringan

Dapat dibakar, tetapi

memerlukan pemanasan

lebih dulu

Stabil pada suhu

normal. Tetapi tidak

stabil pada suhu tinggi

0 Tidak berbahaya

terhadap kesehatan

meskipun kena panas

(api)

Bahan tidak dapat

dibakar sama sekali

Stabil, tidak reaktif

meskipun kena panas

atau suhu tinggi

1

23

Simbol

bahaya

Natrium

W

W

Jangan

disiram

dengan air

Sumber : MSDS, Soemanto, Puslitbang LIPI (2000)

Chemicals awareness

Chemicals

Solid Liquids Gas

1. Solid

a. Unhygroscopic solid, and can not

menyublim, example : amylum, sodium

carbonate

b. Hygroscopic solid, exp: NaOH, KSCN

c. Vapourable solid

exp: Iodium, Ammonium carbonate,

Kamper (naftalen)

d. Light sensitive solid: exp: AgNO3, KMnO4

e. Water sensitive solid, exp: Na, K.

f. Oxygen/air sensitive solid,Exp: phosphorous

2. LIQUID

a. Liquid/Normal, exp: aquadest,

b. Vapourable liquid, exp: ammonia, ether, HCl,

acetone, chloroform

c. Liquid that easy to bind water vapour,

Exp: Sulphuric acid

a. Flamable liquid, exp: ether, methanol,

aceton, gasoline, kerosine

Hygroscopic solid: placed

into covered bottled, wrapt with

plastic

vapourable solid: place into glass

bottle or plastic, rest a ¼ of space

for air.

light sensitive solid: placed into dark

bottle or tak tembus cahaya,cover it

tightly

water sensitive solid:

immersed into kerosine

oxygen/air sensitive solid: place and

immesed in water

do not place a solid mixtures as

oxidators, catalist and substance that

easy to burn

exp: KClO3, MnO2, sucrose

b. Liquid

placed in closely pack bottle

spare the space a ¼ part of the bottle for liquid

vapour

the flamable liquid have to keep away from fire

for oxidator liquids, place into fumehood

Use the suitable SPA if you want to take

harmful liquids

• Do not put the harmful liquids in the up side of

rack

Handle chemicals

Use fumehood if you work with hazardous chemicals

Toxic vapourable chemicals should be placed in fumehood

c. Gas

Place the gas vessel safely

use kran with spuyer that have to

maintain periodically

place in cold room (if it is possible)

He

keep away from heat

or fire

keep the vessel safe

(make not easy to fall)

Work Laboratory Instruction

1. Identify 5 chemicals in the front desk.

2. Find the MSDS of its in MSDS Book.

3. Report your work into journal

Chemicals Formula Structure Harm

symbols

Handling

chemicals awareness - anna-permanasari.staf.upi.edu · liquid/normal, exp: aquadest, b. vapourable...

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