chemical for consumers (form 5 chapter 5 spm)

8/17/2019 Chemical for Consumers (Form 5 Chapter 5 SPM)

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chemical-for-consumers-form-5-chapter-5-spm 1/16

Chapter 5: Chemicals for Consumers



2

5.1: Soap

& Detergent

5: Chemicals

for Consumers5.2: Food

Additives

5.3: edicine5.1 Soap &

Detergent



3

Preparation of

Soap Introduction The Effectiveness

of the Cleansing

Action of Soap &

Detergent

The Cleansing

Action of Soap &

Detergent

Detergent

Additives

Preparation of

Detergent



4

d e f r o m a n i m a l f a t s o r v e g e t a b l e o i l b y s a p o n i f i c a t i o n C h e m i c a l s u b s t a n c e u s e d t o r e m o v e g r e a s e a n d d i r t

! o r m e d f r o m

n e u t r a l i " a t i o n b e t # e e n f a t t y a c i d & a n a l $ a l i

s o d i u m o r p o t a s s i u m s a l t s o f l o n g % c h a i n f a t t y a c i d s D e t e r g e n t i s a s a l t b u t f o r m e d f r o m p e t r o l e u m

! n t r o d u c t i o n

t y p e s o f d e t e r g e n t s '

a s o d i u m a l $ y l s u l p h a t e

b s o d i u m a l $ y l b e n " e n e s u l p h o n a t e

e ( a m p l e s o f s o a p s '

a s o d i u m s t e a r a t e

b s o d i u m p a l m i a t e

) e n e r a l f o r m u l a o f s o a p i s * C + + % , a - o r * C + + % . -



Palm oil is slo#ly boiled

#ith / mol dm%0 of ,a+1 solution for 2/minutes

,aCl is then added3 soap is percipitated out

from the solution as the solubility of soap in#ater is reduced and separated from the solution

The mi(ture is filteredThe solid soap is rinsed#ith #ater to remove glycerol and e(cess ,a+1

Additives such as perfumes3 colouring anddisinfectants are addedto soap #hich is then pressed into bars

5

a. Sodium al"#l sulphate

$reparation of Detergent

%. Sodium al"#l%enene sulphonate

Sulphonation

Long-chain alcohol + concentrated H2SO4

alkyl sulphonic acid

Al$ylation

4ong%chain al$ene - ben"ene

al$ylben"ene

Sulphonation

Al$ylben"ene - concentrated 1 S+5

al$ylben"ene sulphonic acid - 1 +

,eutralisation

Alkyl sulphonic acid + NaOH

sodium alkyl sulphate + H2O

,eutralisation

Al$ylben"ene sulphonic acid - ,a+1

sodium al$ylben"ene sulphonate - 1 +

$reparation of Soaps 'Saponification(. Ester - al$ali salt of fatty acid - glycerol



The cleansing action of a soap or detergent on a dirty shirt'

The Cleansing Action of Soap & Detergent

)rease is %ro"en up and lifted

off the surface. *eat andmechanical agitation during

ru%%ing and scru%%ing can

help this process.

Soap or detergent dissolves

in +ater, reduces the surfacetension of +ater and

increase the +etting a%ilit#

of +ater.

-he h#dropho%ic part

dissolves in grease and h#drophilic part

dissolves in +ater.



!

-he h#drophilic end

surrounds the grease. insing +ashed a+a#

the grease droplets andleave the surface clean.

-he grease is suspended

and dispersed in +ater

as tin# oil droplets,

forming an emulsion.

*ard +ater

/ contains Ca20 &

g 20 ions

Acidic +ater

/ contains *0 ions

Soap Soap

-he effectiveness of thecleansing action of soap

and detergent.



"

#H3$#H2%&#OO-Na+ + H+

#H3$#H2%&#OOH + Na+

2#H3$#H2%& #OO- Na+

#H3 #H2 &#OO 2 + 2Na+

Detergent Detergent

#H3$#H2%&&OSO3- Na+ + H+

#H3$#H2%&&OSO3-H+ + Na+

2#H3$#H2%&&OSO3- Na+ + #a2+

#H3 #H2 &&OSO3- 2 #a2+ +2Na+

To bleach the #hite fabrics but does

not bleach the dye on the colouredhitening

To enhance the surfactant efficiency by lo#ering

the #ater hardness uilder

To ma$e the solid detergent dry and

enable the li6uid detergent to be

poured easilyFiller 'Dr#ing



&*



5ffect of Additives on

4ur *ealth

$reservatives can causeheart attac", dia%etes,asthma & cancer.

Antio3idants ma#cause hair loss &damage to the liverand "idne#.

Flavourings ma# result in

chest pain, nausea,headache & neurological pro%lems.

Artificial colouringsma# cause increase ofh#peractivit# inchildrens.

&&



&3

- r a d i t i o n a l e d i c i n e % + b t a i n e d f r o m p l a n t s a n d a n i m a l s T h e y a r e n o t p r o c e s s e d c h e m i c a l l y

o d e r n e d i c i n e p r o c e s s e d c h e m i c a l T h e y a r e u s u a l l y m a d e i n t o a p i l l 3 t a b l e t 3 c a p s u l e 3 l i 6 u i d o r o i n t m e n t

5 . 3 e d i c i n e s

S i d e f f e c t s o f o d e r n e d i c i n e % M a y c a u s e s i d e e f f e c t s e s p e c i a l l y # h e n t a $ e n i n o v e r d o s e



&4

) i n g e r / T o t r e a t s t o m a c h a c h e s P r e v e n t s f l u & $ e e p s b o d y # a r m r l i c / T r e a t h i g h c h o l e s t e r o l 3 h e a r t d i s e a s e s & h i g h b l o o d p r e s s u r e ) i n s e n g / T o l o # e r b l o o d g l u c o s e & c o n t r o l t h e b l o o d p r e s s u r e

6 e m o n g r a s s / A s a m o s 6 u i t o r e p e l l e n t T r e a t c o u g h 3 h e a d a c h e s & s t o m a c h a c h e s

e d u c e s m a l a r i a f e v e r & c o u g h T r e a t g a s t r i c & d i g e s t i o n p r o b l e m s

- o n g " a t A l i / I n c r e a s e m a l e l i b i d o

p i m p l e s 1 e a l s # o u n d P r e v e n t s s $ i n d a m a g e C o n t r o l s b l o o d p r e s s u r e

) r e e n t e a / P r e v e n t s b r e a s t 3 s t o m a c h & s $ i n c a n c e r 4 o # e r s c h o l e s t e r o l l e v e l s & p r o t e c t s

A l o e v e r a / 1 e a l # o u n d s T r e a t a s t h m a 3 o s t e o a r t h r i t i s & s u n b u r n

- r a d i t i o n a l e d i c i n e



&5

Modern Medicine

Antibiotics PsychotherapeuticAnalgesics

Stimulant- ncreases alertness

o, the central nerous system.

/0amples1 amphetamine

methyl- phenidate ca,,eine.

Penicillin- /0tracted ,rom

,ungus Penicillium

notatum #ures

tuerculosis $6%

pneumonia gonorrhoea

syphilis meningitis middle ear in,ection.

Aspirin- reats ,eer. 7elie,

pain such as headaches

toothache. 6est taken a,ter

,ood. Not suitale ,or pregnant

mothers children. 8ay

cause internal leeding.

Antidepressant- reats

depression. /0amples1

tran9uillisers ariturates.Streptomycin- :roduced

y soil acteria

Streptomyces griseous

#ures tuerculosis $6%

;hooping cough pneumonia.

Paracetamol- 7elie, pain

such as muscle and <oint

pains period pain ,eer.

Suitale ,or children.

Antipsychotic- reats psychiatricillness such as schi=ophrenia

mood disorders. /0amples1

chlorproma=ine haloperidol

clo=apine.

Codeine- A stronger

analgesic used in headache

talets cough medicines.

8ay cause dro;siness.



Side Effectsof ModernMedicine

Analgesics

Aspirin- 7aises the pro4a4ility o, getting7eye>s syndrome in children.

Paracetamol- #auses 4lood disorders3 skin rashes ;hen it is taken on aregular 4asis ,or a long time.

Antibiotics

Penicillin- #auses allergic reaction2di,,iculty 4reathing 3 easily 4ruising.

Streptomycin- #auses in<ury to the kidneys3 ner-e damage that can result in ner-edamage.

PsychotherapeuticMedicines

Stimulants- #ause addiction2

insomnia 3 ;eight loss.

Antipsychotic Medicines- #ausedro;siness 3 rapid heart4eat.

Tranquillisers- #auses addiction2respiratory di,,iculties 3 insomnia

&

chemical for consumers (form 5 chapter 5 spm)

Documents