chemical equations 1. water and what is known from its equation. 2h 2 + o2o2o2o2→ 2h 2 o...
TRANSCRIPT
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CHEMICAL CHEMICAL EQUATIONSEQUATIONS
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Water and what is known from its Water and what is known from its equation.equation.
2H2H22 ++ OO22 →→ 2H2H22OO
hydrogenhydrogen ++ oxygenoxygen →→ waterwater
4 atoms H4 atoms H ++ 2 atoms O2 atoms O →→ 4 atoms H + 4 atoms H +
2 atoms O2 atoms O
2 molecules H + 1 molecule O → 2 molecules water
2 moles H 2 moles H ++ 1 mole O1 mole O →→ 2 moles water *** 2 moles water ***
4 amu H 4 amu H ++ 32 amu O 32 amu O →→ 36 amu water 36 amu water
4 grams H 4 grams H ++ 32 grams O32 grams O →→ 36 grams water 36 grams water
*** Note that molecules and moles always have the SAME RATIOS 22
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CHEMICAL REACTIONSCHEMICAL REACTIONS
one or more substances are changed one or more substances are changed into different substancesinto different substances
Represented by chemical equationsRepresented by chemical equations• 2H2H22 (g) + O (g) + O22(g) (g) 2H 2H22O(g)O(g)
REACTANTSREACTANTS PRODUCTS PRODUCTS
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Show the substances undergoing Show the substances undergoing change and the result(s).change and the result(s).
Show relative amts. of Show relative amts. of elements/cmpds. that take part in elements/cmpds. that take part in the changes the changes [coefficients][coefficients]
See ‘Symbols Used in Chem. Rxn. See ‘Symbols Used in Chem. Rxn. handouthandout
CHEMICAL EQUATIONSCHEMICAL EQUATIONS
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Writing Chemical EquationsWriting Chemical Equations11.1
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Writing Chemical EquationsWriting Chemical Equations
iron + oxygen iron + oxygen iron(III) oxide iron(III) oxide
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Writing Chemical EquationsWriting Chemical Equations
Hydrogen Peroxide Hydrogen Peroxide Water and Oxygen Water and Oxygen
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The PVC Method The PVC Method to to WRITING A BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATIONWRITING A BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATION
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•Pair the elements properly
•Valences give subscripts
•Coefficients balance the equation
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WRITING A BALANCED WRITING A BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATIONCHEMICAL EQUATION
Tips:Tips:
Start with element that appears only once Start with element that appears only once on each side.on each side.
Save oxygen and hydrogen for lastSave oxygen and hydrogen for last
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Lithium aluminum hydrideLithium aluminum hydride reacts with reacts with waterwater to to produce produce lithium hydroxidelithium hydroxide, , aluminum aluminum
hydroxidehydroxide and and hydrogen gashydrogen gas..
LiAlHLiAlH4 4 + H+ H22O O LiOH + Al(OH) LiOH + Al(OH)33 + H + H22
LiAlHLiAlH44 + + 44HH22O O LiOH + Al(OH) LiOH + Al(OH)33 + +
HH22
LiAlHLiAlH44 + + 44HH22O O LiOH + Al(OH) LiOH + Al(OH)33 + +
44HH22
*Note that hydrogen is *Note that hydrogen is didiatomic when not atomic when not bonded to other elements.bonded to other elements. 1111
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Diatomic MoleculesDiatomic Molecules
HHarvey arvey BrOFINClBrOFINCl
H. BrOFINCl
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Persistent difficulty ?Persistent difficulty ?
Check all FORMULAS to make sure they are correctCheck all FORMULAS to make sure they are correct
• KK22(SO(SO44) v K) v K22(SO(SO33))
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Ammonia reacts with oxygen gas to Ammonia reacts with oxygen gas to produce nitrogen dioxide and produce nitrogen dioxide and
water.water.
NHNH33 + O + O22 NO NO22 + H + H22OO 22NHNH33 + O + O22 NO NO2 2 + + 33HH22OO 22NHNH33 + O + O22 22NONO2 2 + + 33HH22OO 22NHNH33 + + 7/27/2OO22 22NONO2 2 + + 33HH22OO 44NHNH33 + + 77OO22 44NONO22 + + 66HH22OO
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SynthesisSynthesis
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Common Types of Chemical Common Types of Chemical ReactionsReactionsSynthesisSynthesis
two or more simple compounds two or more simple compounds combine to form a more complicated combine to form a more complicated one one
General form : General form : A + B ---> ABA + B ---> AB
Iron and sulfur to form iron (II) Iron and sulfur to form iron (II) sulfide:sulfide:
8 Fe + S8 Fe + S88 ---> 8 FeS ---> 8 FeS
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DecompositionDecomposition
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Common Types of Chemical Common Types of Chemical ReactionsReactions
DecompositionDecomposition opposite of a synthesis reaction opposite of a synthesis reaction complex molecule breaks down to complex molecule breaks down to
make simpler ones make simpler ones General form: General form: AB ---> A + BAB ---> A + B
Hydrogen peroxide decomposes to water and Hydrogen peroxide decomposes to water and oxygen gas:oxygen gas:
HH22OO22 H H22O +OO +O22
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Single ReplacementSingle Replacement
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Common Types of Chemical Common Types of Chemical ReactionsReactions
Single ReplacementSingle Replacement one element trades places with one element trades places with
another element in a compound another element in a compound General form: General form: AA+++ BC ---> AC + B+ BC ---> AC + B, ,
or or AA-- + BC ---> BA + C + BC ---> BA + C
Zinc replaces copper in copper sulfide solution:Zinc replaces copper in copper sulfide solution:
Zn +Zn + CuSOCuSO4 4 ZnSO ZnSO4 4 + Cu+ Cu
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Double ReplacementDouble Replacement
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Common Types of Chemical Common Types of Chemical ReactionsReactions
Double ReplacementDouble Replacement cations (positive ions) of two different cations (positive ions) of two different
molecules switch places, forming two molecules switch places, forming two entirely different compounds entirely different compounds
General form: General form:
AB + CD ---> AD + CBAB + CD ---> AD + CB Sodium Chloride (salt) solution reacts with silver Sodium Chloride (salt) solution reacts with silver
nitrate to produce silver chloride and sodium nitrate to produce silver chloride and sodium nitrate.nitrate.
NaCl +AgNONaCl +AgNO3 3 AgCl AgCl + NaNO + NaNO332222
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Common Types of Chemical Common Types of Chemical ReactionsReactions
CombustionCombustion oxygen combines with a compound oxygen combines with a compound
containing carbon, hydrogen and containing carbon, hydrogen and sometimes oxygen sometimes oxygen
forms forms waterwater and and carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide. . General Form: General Form: CCxxHHyy CO CO22 + H + H22OO Exothermic Exothermic Burning of naphthalene: Burning of naphthalene:
CC1010HH88 + 12 O + 12 O22 ---> 10 CO ---> 10 CO22 + 4 H + 4 H22OO2424
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Review and ForeshadowReview and Foreshadow
Video• Logic and rules for balancing chemical Logic and rules for balancing chemical
equations are reviewedequations are reviewed• Types of chemical reactions are introducedTypes of chemical reactions are introduced
Take NotesTake Notes Quiz (10 points) @ end of videoQuiz (10 points) @ end of video
• NameName• PeriodPeriod• Number 1-10Number 1-10
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Decomposition: Special Decomposition: Special CasesCases
Anions and cations do not separate Anions and cations do not separate as expected.as expected.
X = any metalX = any metal
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Metal carbonates Metal carbonates
XCOXCO3 3 XO + CO XO + CO22 metal oxide & carbon dioxidemetal oxide & carbon dioxide
CaCOCaCO33 CaO + CO CaO + CO22
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Metal hydroxidesMetal hydroxides
XOH XOH XO + H XO + H22O O metal oxide & watermetal oxide & water
Ca(OH)Ca(OH)22 CaO + H CaO + H22OO
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Metal chloratesMetal chlorates
XClOXClO33 XCl + O XCl + O22 metal chloride & oxygen gasmetal chloride & oxygen gas
Ca(ClOCa(ClO33))22 CaCl CaCl22 + 3O + 3O22
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Single Replacement Single Replacement ReactionsReactions
AA+++ BC ---> AC + B, or+ BC ---> AC + B, or AA- - + BC ---> BA + C + BC ---> BA + C
Are the free elements always able to Are the free elements always able to replace the element in the compound?replace the element in the compound?
How can we tell when / if the free How can we tell when / if the free elements will successfully replace the elements will successfully replace the element in the compound?element in the compound?
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Activity Series [partial listing]Activity Series [partial listing]
MetalsMetals Decreasing Decreasing ActivityActivity
HalogensHalogens
lithium lithium ↓↓ fluorinefluorine
potassiumpotassium ↓↓ chlorine chlorine
calcium calcium ↓↓ bromine bromine
sodium sodium ↓↓ oxygenoxygen
magnesiummagnesium ↓↓ iodine iodine
aluminumaluminum ↓↓ sulfur sulfur
zinc zinc ↓↓
chromium chromium ↓↓
ironiron ↓↓ 3131
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Will these reactions occur?Will these reactions occur?
ZnCOZnCO33 + H + H22 ?? ZnCOZnCO33 + H + H22 N.R.N.R.
AgCl + Mg AgCl + Mg ?? 2AgCl + Mg 2AgCl + Mg MgClMgCl22 + 2Ag + 2Ag
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Replacing HYDROGEN in WATERReplacing HYDROGEN in WATER
Water is Water is unusually stableunusually stable..
Replacing the hydrogen in water depends Replacing the hydrogen in water depends on:on:• Placement of free element on Placement of free element on activity activity
series, series, andand• TEMPERATURETEMPERATURE
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Replacing HYDROGEN in WATERReplacing HYDROGEN in WATER
• << 175 oC 175 oC X + HX + H22O O X XOHOH + H + H22
Metal hydroxide hydrogen gasMetal hydroxide hydrogen gas Ca + 2HCa + 2H22O O Ca(OH) Ca(OH)22 + H + H22
• > 175oC> 175oC X + HX + H22O O X XOO + H + H22
Metal oxide hydrogen gasMetal oxide hydrogen gas Ca + HCa + H22O O CaO + H CaO + H22
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Double Replacement Double Replacement ReactionsReactions
AB + CD ---> AD + CBAB + CD ---> AD + CB When a double replacement When a double replacement
reaction occurs one of the reaction occurs one of the following are produced:following are produced:• gasgas• precipitateprecipitate
an insoluble solid that forms when two an insoluble solid that forms when two liquids are mixedliquids are mixed
• waterwater These rxn also called acid-base rxnThese rxn also called acid-base rxn
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SOLUBILITYSOLUBILITY The property of a substance to dissolveThe property of a substance to dissolve
• WaterWater• Universal solventUniversal solvent
Solubility Table - handoutSolubility Table - handout
NaCl + AgNONaCl + AgNO33 NaNO NaNO33 + AgCl + AgCl 2NaCl + Fe(NO2NaCl + Fe(NO33))22 2NaNO 2NaNO33 + FeCl + FeCl2 2 NR NR (no double replacement(no double replacement
products made)products made)
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Predicting Reaction ProductsPredicting Reaction Products
Analyze the reactants. Analyze the reactants. Decide what Decide what patternpattern of chemical of chemical
reaction the reactants will fit.reaction the reactants will fit.
Na and HNa and H22SOSO44
• a a single elementsingle element and a and a compoundcompound fit the fit the
single replacementsingle replacement pattern. pattern. HH22 and O and O22
• two elements fit the two elements fit the synthesissynthesis pattern pattern..
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Use the pattern to decide which Use the pattern to decide which elements will go together. elements will go together.
[REMEMBER to refer to the [REMEMBER to refer to the Activity SeriesActivity Series for for single replacement reactions.]single replacement reactions.]
Na + HNa + H22SOSO44 → →
• Na replaces H [Na stronger than H]; H Na replaces H [Na stronger than H]; H becomes lone element.becomes lone element.
• 2Na + H2Na + H22SOSO44 → Na → Na22SOSO4 4 + H + H22
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Use Use valences valences to form good chemical to form good chemical formulas to represent the products. formulas to represent the products.
The sum of the valences equals The sum of the valences equals zerozero in a in a chemical formula.chemical formula.
NaNa+1+1; SO; SO44--22
• 2Na + H2Na + H22SOSO44 → Na → Na22SOSO44 + H + H22
Write the diatomic elements as HWrite the diatomic elements as H22, Br, Br22, O, O22, , FF22, I, I22, N, N22, and Cl, and Cl22. when they are . when they are by by themselves.themselves.. (H. (Henry enry BrOFINCl)BrOFINCl)
• 22HH22 + + OO22 → 2H → 2H22O O 3939
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Balance the equations using Balance the equations using coefficientscoefficients
(BIG numbers placed in FRONT of the chemical formula.)(BIG numbers placed in FRONT of the chemical formula.)
22Na + HNa + H22SOSO44 → Na → Na22SOSO44 + H + H22 22HH22 + O + O22 → → 22HH22O O
Balance Balance H, OH, O lastlast..
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Nuclear EquationsNuclear Equations
Nuclear equations result in the Nuclear equations result in the change of one element into another change of one element into another
transmutationtransmutation • 238238 number of protons + neutrons number of protons + neutrons
92 92 UU number of protons number of protons (determines identity of (determines identity of atom)atom)
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α particle decayα particle decay
238238 234 4 234 4
9292 U U 9090 Th + Th + 22HeHe thorium α particlethorium α particle
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β particle decayβ particle decay 234 234 0234 234 0
9090 Th Th 9191 Pa + - Pa + -11e-e- protactinium β particleprotactinium β particle
Decay continues until a stable Decay continues until a stable substance is reached.substance is reached.
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K capture decayK capture decay 100 0 100100 0 100
4646 Pd + - Pd + -11e- e- 4545 Rh Rh
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Rules for balancing nuclear Rules for balancing nuclear equationsequations
The sum of the mass numbers (top) The sum of the mass numbers (top) is the same on both sides of the is the same on both sides of the equation.equation.
The sum of the electric charges The sum of the electric charges (bottom) is the same on both sides of (bottom) is the same on both sides of the equation.the equation.
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Find the unknown productFind the unknown product
18 018 0 9F 9F +1 e- + ? +1 e- + ?
Find the massFind the mass 18 = 0 + x18 = 0 + x 18 = x18 = x
18 0 18 0 1818 9 F 9 F + 1e- + ? + 1e- + ?
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230?V X230?V X
Find the chargeFind the charge
9 = 1 + x9 = 1 + x 8 = x8 = x
18 0 1818 0 18
9F 9F +1e- + +1e- + 88 ? ?
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Find the element Find the element
18 0 1818 0 18
99F F +1+1e- + e- + 88 OO
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