Chemical Control

Chemical ControlThe Endocrine SystemHypothalamus- link between two systems

LHProlactinAnterior PituitaryGHTSHFSHACTHMSHGonadotropinsFollicle stimulating hormone -FSHLuteinizing hormone- LHStimulates the production of gametes in ovaries and testesStimulates the release of gonadal hormones in males and femalesStimulates the ovulation of the egg and the formation of the corpus lutea in the follicle, which will release progesterone- the pregnancy hormoneStimulates the Leydig cells in testes to release androgens, such as testosterone

TheHypothalamus (GnRH) Pituitary (FSH-LH) Testes (T)ConnectionGrowth Hormone (GH)

Prolactin- Milk production inIn mammary glands

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone(TSH)Stimulates the thyroid to release its hormone: thyroxine

Influences metabolic rate, growth, and development.Thyroid and Parathyroid

Calcitonin- causes calcium to be stored on bones (decreases calcium in blood)Parathormone- relases calcium stored on bones ( increases calcium in blood)ACTH

Glucocorticoids- cortisol- targets theLiver and other tissues to release Glucose.Mineralcorticoids-aldosterone- increases reabsorption of Na+ in kidneys and excretion of K+, controls volume of ICF and bloodStress!Adrenal CortexAnterior PituitaryNegative feedback

Control of Blood PressureMSH- melanocyte Stimulating HormoneRegulate synthesis of melanin in melanocytes in skin and hair, also linked to appetite and sexual arousal

Posterior PituitaryOxytocinADH- antidiuretic hormone(aka Vasopressin)Hormones made in the HYPOTHALAMUS but stored in theOxytocin

LOVE

Positive FeedbackADH- Antidiuretic Hormone

Stimulus- decreased blood pressure, increased osmotic concentration,dehydrationTarget/Response-Arterial walls/Vasoconstriction for increased pressure,Distal tubule of kidneys/reabsorption of water for increased blood volume and pressure.

Adrenal Medulla-controlled by Hypothalamus, not by releasing hormones,But by NERVES!!Stress!

Epinephrine -Norepinephrineaka Adrenaline

Fight or Flight response

Sudden response to fear, anger, pain, or physical exertion

Causes vasoconstrictionaka Noradrenaline

Rest and Digest response

Responsible for return to homeostasis

However, causes vasoconstriction, too

Pancreas-Insulin and GlucagonAntagonistic hormones that control blood glucose levelsBeta cellsAlpha cellsLocal MediatorsEnzymes affecting nearby tissuesGastrin and Secretin and CCK

Negative FeedbackProstaglandins

Heat MemoryContraction/ relaxation of musclesThymosin in the Thymus

Stimulates the development of T lymphocytesAnd now for something completely different.The Pineal Gland- tHe Third eye

Produces melatonin-Which communicates information on environmental lighting to other tissues in the body

Light detected by the retina of the eye first send the stimulus to the hypothalamus, fibers from the hypothalamus descend to the spinal cord and then to ganglia outside the spinal cord.

From there a post-ganglian neuron relays the information to the pineal gland (similar to the adrenal gland).

Melatonin has important effects in integrating photoperiod and affecting circadian rhythms. It has significant effects on reproduction, sleep-wake cycles and other phenomena showing circadian rhythm.

Are YOU Awake??