chemical basis of life chapter 2: section 3. organic vs. inorganic chemicals in the human body...
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Organic vs. Inorganic Chemicals in the Human Body•Organic: chemicals that contain carbon
and hydrogen atoms▫Compounds dissolve in organic liquids,
such as ether or alcohol. ▫Can dissolve in water but do not release
ions and are called nonelectrolytes.•Inorganic: chemical substances that lack
carbon and hydrogen atoms.▫Dissolve/react with water to release ions;
electrolytes
Inorganic Substances: Water• Most abundant compound in living material and
accounts for 2/3 of the weight of an adult human.• Important solvent because substances dissolve in it
▫Solute: substance dissolved in water and broken down into smaller and smaller pieces.
• Moves chemicals within the body▫Aqueous portions of blood carry substances such as
oxygen, sugars, salts, and vitamins, from digestive organs to respiratory organs.
• Can absorb and transport heat▫Blood carries heat released from muscle cells during
exercise from deeper parts to the surface.
Inorganic Substances: Oxygen
•Oxygen enters through respiratory organs and transported by blood
•RBCs bind and carry oxygen•Cellular organelles use oxygen to release
energy from sugar glucose and other nutrients.
•Released energy drives the cell’s metabolic activities
Inorganic Substances: Carbon Dioxide
•Simple, carbon-containing compound •Produced as a waste-product when
certain metabolic processes release energy, and it is exhausted by the lungs
Inorganic Substances: Salts
•Salt is a compound composed of oppositely-charged ions
•Abundant in tissues and fluids•Provide necessary compounds such as:
▫Refer to handout •Important in metabolic processes:
▫Transport of substances into and out of cells
▫Muscle contraction▫Nerve impulse conduction
Organic Substances: Carbohydrates•Carbohydrates: provide much of the
energy cells require•Supply materials to build certain cell
structures and often are stored as reserve energy supplies
•Consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen▫Contain twice as many hydrogen as water;
think of H2O, C6H12O6, and C12H22O11.
•Carbon atoms of carbohydrate molecules join in chains whose lengths vary with the type of carbohydrate
•Shorter chains = sugars•Sugars w/6-carbon atoms= simple sugars
or monosaccharides, and are the building blocks of complex carbohydrates▫Examples of simple sugars: glucose,
fructose, galactose
Organic Substances: Carbohydrates
•Complex carbohydrates: number of simple sugar molecules link to form molecules of varying sizes.
•Disaccharides: (double sugars) molecules contain two simple sugar building blocks▫Examples: sucrose and lactose
•Polysaccharides: made up of many simple sugar units joined together▫Example: plant starch; and animals
(humans) synthesize glycogen
Organic Substances: Carbohydrates
Organic Substances: Lipids
•Lipids: insoluble in water but soluble in certain organic solvents, such as ether or chloroform.
•Include a variety of compounds that are vital to cell functions: ▫Fats (most common)▫Phospholipids▫Steroids
•Fats: primarily to store energy for cellular activities
•Store more energy, gram for gram, than carbohydrate molecules.
•Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.▫Unlike carbohydrates, fats have a much
smaller portion of oxygen atoms.
Organic Substances: Lipids
•Building blocks of fat molecules are:▫Fatty Acids▫Glycerol
•Each glycerol binds with 3 fatty acid molecules to produce a single fat, or triglyceride, molecule.
•Glycerol portions are identical but fatty acid portions are different because there are many kinds of fatty acids.▫Variations in fatty acid chains create different
kinds of fatty acids.
Organic Substances: Lipids
•Saturated▫Each carbon atom is bound to as many
hydrogen atoms as possible and is thus saturated with hydrogen atoms
•Unsaturated▫Fatty acids with double bonds
•Polysaturated▫Fatty acids with MANY double bonds
Organic Substances: Lipids
•Like fatty acids, there are different kinds of fat molecules.
•Saturated fats▫Made of saturated fatty acids
•Unsaturated fats▫Made of unsaturated fatty acids
Organic Substances: Lipids
•Phospholipids: contains a glycerol portion and a fatty acid portion, but it only has a two fatty acid chains.
•Place for third chain is replaced by a phosphate group
•Hydrophilic head- water-loving•Hydrophobic tails- water-hating•Important in cellular structure
Organic Substances: Lipids
•Steroid: complex structures that contain 4 connected rings of carbon atoms
•Cholesterol is a very important steroid for body cells and is used to synthesize other steroids
•Other steroids include:▫Sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone,
testosterone)▫Several hormones from adrenal gland
Organic Substances: Lipids
•Protein: wide variety of functions; structural materials, energy sources, hormones.
•Glycoproteins: proteins and carbohydrates that serve as a receptor on a cell’s surface and bond to specific molecules.
•Antibodies detect and destroy foreign substances in the body.
•Enzymes make metabolism occur faster and are EXTREMELY important.
Organic Substances: Proteins
•Proteins composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, plus nitrogen and sometimes sulfur atoms.
•Building blocks of proteins are called amino acids. ▫There are 20 different kinds of amino acids
that occur commonly in living organisms.
Organic Substances: Proteins
•Protein structure:▫Primary▫Secondary▫Tertiary▫Quaternary
•Each level of structure increases complexity•Protein 3D shape = conformation•When hydrogen bonds holding protein shape
break because of heat, radiation, electricity, pH, or chemicals, the protein denatures.
Organic Substances: Proteins
•Nucleic Acids: form genes and take part in protein synthesis
•Usually large and complex molecules•Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and phosphorus, which form the building blocks of nucleotides. ▫5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and one
of several nitrogenous bases
Organic Substances: Nucleic Acids
•Two kinds of Nucleic Acids▫RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Nucleotides contain ribose Single chain but can fold into various shapes
to control when genes are accessed▫DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Nucleotides contain deoxyribose Double chain that is held together by
hydrogen bonds
Organic Substances: Nucleic Acids