CHEMICAL AND ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY

SYSTEMS

NATIONAL CENTRE FOR CATALYSIS RESEARCH

4TH SPECIAL COURSE OF THE CENTRE FOR THIS YEAR

WHY THIS COURSE AND WHY THIS TIME

• One need not emphasize the knowledge in energy in today’s context• Various options are considered, debated and even scared but clarity

among the generations is lacking• Even though it is already late it is necessary that we prepare ourselves

before the radical change impounds on us• This course is concentrated on some specific forms of energy which

according to us are the ones which will or may take over and it is stated that other forms also have equal chances of succeeding and hence omission of them in this course does not undermine their importance

• Why then is this selection – as usual it is the privilege of the person holding the course and his knowledge domain and comfort level to state it mildly

Coverage expected for further suggestions

• Fossil fuels oil, Natural gas, coal• Nuclear energy some fundamentals of fusion

and fission• Electrochemical energy systems – batteries (all

class of batteries), Super capacitors, Fuel cells.• Hydrogen energy – Production and storage• Some aspects of solar energy –Solar cells.

KNOWLEDGE DOMAIN

• Physical and chemical sciences• Materials science and technology• Some aspects of engineering and design• Some awareness of social requirements

Why do we need to address this ?

• 1. The need to restrict increase in energy consumption.

• 2. the need to evolve alternate energy sources as a substitute to conventional(?) energy sources

• 3.the evaluation of haw far these new energy sources can serve as replacement for conventional energy sources.

Primary energy consumption by Fuel (1973)(in terms of million tonnes of oil equivalent)

* former soviet union as a wholeworld USA UK USSR* Japan China India

Oil 2940 763 75 849 208 104 48

Natural gas

1556 432 50 520 36 13 7

Coal 2387 453 67 379 69 553 108

Hydro 524 77 12 56 19 30 9.6

Nuclear 404 124 12 41 46 - 0.4

World energy consumption

Year Quantity (Q/Year) 1Q= 1018BTU=2.52x1017kcal

1970 0.24

1985 1.02

2000 2.1

2050 6.0

Remaining reserves of fossil fuel (as estimated)

Fuel Proven energy reserves in ZJ (end of 2009) (103)7

Coal 19.8

Oil 8.1

Gas 8.1

ENERGY SCENARIO IN INDIA

• India ranks fifth in the world in terms ofenergy consumption

• Commercial energy consumption in India3.5% of the world consumption in 2002

• Average annual growth rate of energyconsumption about 6% during 1981-2002

Summary of Reserve Data as 2008Country Reserves 109bbl Production 106bbl/d Reserve life

Saudi Arabia 267(21.5%) 10.2 72

Canada 179(14.5%) 3.3 149

Iran 138(11.1) 4.0 95

Iraq 115(9.3%) 2.1 150

Kuwait 104(8.4%) 2.6 110

Venezuela 99(8%) 2.7 88

UAE 98(7.9%) 2.9 93

Russia 60 9.9 17

Libya 41 1.7 66

Nigeria 36 2.4 41

Kazakhstan 30 1.4 59

US 21 7.5 8

China 16 3.9 11

Quatar 15 0.9 46

Algeria 12 2.2 15

Brazil/ Mexico 12/12 2.3/3.5 14/9

Total (top 17) 1243 63.5 54

The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere(* estimated $ projected values)

Year Amount (ppm)1860 290*1970 320*1985 345*1987 348*1988 351*2000 400*2020 540$

2050 700$

Expected Relative contribution to global warming in the period 1980-2050

Gas Relative contribution (%)

Carbon dioxide 47

Methane 14

Nitrous oxide 10

CFC-11 10

CFC-12 19

Halogens small

Acid Rain

320 environmental pollutants – among them 60 cause cancer Methylene chloride, benzene, formaldehyde, butadiene and carbon tetrachlorideCO can killsome forms of airborne hydrocarbons are carcinogenicreact and produce NO and O2

in presence sunlight produce ozone and smog

Ozone in upper atmosphere protects but in lower atmosphere health hazard (1% decrease 2% increase in UV)

The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere(* estimated $ projected values)

Year Amount (ppm)1860 290*1970 320*1985 345*1987 348*1988 351*2000 400*2020 540$

2050 700$

Expected Relative contribution to global warming in the period 1980-2050

Gas Relative contribution (%)

Carbon dioxide 47

Methane 14

Nitrous oxide 10

CFC-11 10

CFC-12 19

Halogens small

Alternative Approach• Abundant availability• Renewable in nature• Environmentally clean• High energy content• Low cost• Easily storable• Economically transportable• Conveniently usable• Socially compatible

Electrochemical Power Sources

• Portable power – galvanic cell is the answer

• Primary and secondary• Lead acid batteries for submarines• Fuel cells life support systems• Dry cell or Leclanche cell for portable

lights, transistorized radio etc• Silver zinc, reserve Mg for Military

applications