chem f5 (print,label)
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NAME: RAJA ROSENANI BINTI RAJA ABDULLAH
CLASS: 5 ADIODA
SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY
TEACHER’S NAME:
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BIL. TOPICS PAGES1. SOAP AND DETERGENT
a) Definition of soap and examples of soapb) History of soap manufacturingc) Preparation of soap through saponificationd) Definition of detergent and examples of detergente) Preparation of detergentf) The cleansing of soap and detergentg) Comparison of the effectiveness of cleansing action of soap and
detergent in hard waterh) The purpose of adding detergent additivesi) Survey of soap and detergent used
2. FOOD ADDITIVESa) Purpose of using food additivesb) Types, examples and functions of food additivesc) Survey on additives in foodd) Disadvantages of using food additives
3. MEDICINESa) Examples of traditional medicines, their sources and usesb) Types, functions and examples of modern medicinesc) The possible side effects of using modern and traditional medicines
including examplesd) The correct usage of modern and traditional medicinese) Drug abuse
i. List of drugs that are normally abusedii. Reasons why teenagers take drugs
iii. The side effects of the drugs on healthiv. The impacts of drug abuse on our societyv. Ways to prevent the drug abuse
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DEFINITION OF SOAP
1. Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain fatty acids.2. The general formula of a soap can be written as RCOO-Na+ or RCOO-K+, where R is an
alkyl group usually containing 12 or 18 carbon atoms. R can be saturated or unsaturated.
SOAP FORMULASodium laurate CH3(CH2)10COO-Na+
Sodium palmitate CH3(CH2)14COO-Na+
Potassium stearate CH3(CH2)16COO-K+
Potassium oleate CH3(CH2)7CH= CH(CH2)7COO-K+
Table 1.1 The formulae of some examples of soap
THE HISTORY OF SOAP MANUFACTURING
In the past, soap was made by mixing animal fats with alkaline wood
ashes.
Large-scale commercial soapmaking occured in
1791 when a French chemist, Nicholas Leblanc
patented a process for making soda ash or
sodium carbonate from common salt. The process yeilding large quantities of
quality soda ash.
Twenty years later, Belgian chemist Ernest Solvay
developed a process to further reduce the cost of
obtaining soda ash, thereby reducing the cost
of soap manufacturing.
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SAPONIFICATION
1. Boiling fats or oils with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution or concentrated potassium hydroxide solution to produce glycerol and the salts of fatty acids which are the soaps. The general equation for this reaction is : O O II II CH2
-O-C-R CH2-OH R-C-O-Na+
I
O O II IICH2
-O- C-R + 3NaOH CHOH + R- C-O-Na+
O O II IICH2
-O- C-R CH2OH R-C-O-Na+ Oil or fat alkali glycerol soapsWhere the three alkyl groups (R, R’ and R’’) can be the same or different group.
2. The fats and oils are hydrolyses first to form glycerol and fatty acids. The acid then reacts with an alkali to form the corresponding sodium or potassium salts.
3. The following equation shows how soap, sodium palmitate, is prepared.
When concentrated potassium hydroxide is used instead of concentrated sodium hydroxide solution, potassium soap, potassium palmitate is formed.
Potassium soaps are softer, milder than sodium soaps and are usually used for bathing.
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O
- S – O-
O
Na+
R – Alk
yl group
Benzene ring
Sulphonate
group
Sodium ion
DEFINITION OF DETERGENT
1. Detergents are synthetic cleansing agents made from hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum fractions. Thus, detergents are petrochemicals.
2. Detergents can be classified into three main types, depending on the charge on the detergent ion.
a) Anionic detergents where the head of the detergent particle contains a negatively charged ion.Example: R – O – SO3
-Na+ (Sodium alkyl sulphate)
b) Cationic detergents where the head of the detergent particle contains a positively charged ion.Example: R – N (CH3)3
+BR-
c) Non ionic detergents
Example: R – O – CH2CH2OH There are two types of anionic detergents :
a) Detergent molecule with a benzene ring such as sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate.
Positively charged ion
Negatively charged ion
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Where R represents a long hydrocarbon chain.
We can represent the detergent ion, alkylbenzene sulphonate ion, more simply as :
b) Detergent molecule without a benzene ring such as sodium alkyl sulphate.
We can represent the detergent ion, alkyl sulphate ion as:
R – OSO3-
PREPARATION OF DETERGENT
R – – SO 3-
1. Production of lauryl hydrogen sulphate CH₃(CH₂)₉CH₂OH + H₂SO₄ CH₃(CH₂)₉CH₂OSO₃H + H₂O
Lauryl alcohol Lauryl hydrogen sulphate
2. neutralization of lauryl hydrogen sulphate CH₃(CH₂)₉CH₂OSO₃H + NaOH CH₃(CH₂)₉CH₂OSO₃Na + H₂O
Lauryl hydrogen sulphate Sodium lauryl sulphate
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DETERGENT
THE CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP AND DETERGENT
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP AND DETERGENT
Condition Soap DetergentHard water (contain calcium & magnesium ion)
Form an insoluble precipitate = soap scum (formation of soap scum causes wastage of soap)
Detergent is effective cleaner. Form soluble substances = calcium or magnesium salts (do not form scum)
Soft water (do not contain calcium & magnesium ion)
Soap is effective cleaner.
Detergent is effective cleaner.
Acidic water (contain hydrogen ion)
Form insoluble long-chain fatty acids (reduces the amount of soap used for cleaning)
Detergent is effective cleaner. Form soluble substances (Do not form scum)
Environment Soap is biodegradable Soap is non-biodegradable
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ADDITIVES AND FUNCTIONS
Biological enzymesBiological
enzymes in detergents can break down fat
and protein molecules in
food stains. The fatty acids,
glycerol and amino acids
produced are soluble in water
and are removed during
washing.
PerfumesPerfumes are
added to make clothes smell
fresh and clean
Drying agents ; Sodium
sulphate and sodium silicate
Anhydrous sodium sulphate
and sodium silicate (Na2S2O3)
are used as drying agents to ensure that the
detergent in powdered firm is
always in a dry condition.
StabilisersThe functions of stabilizers is to
prevents the formation of
foam
Whitening / bleaching
agents : sodium perborateBleaches
(bleaching agents) remove coloured stains
by oxidation process. When coloured stanis
are oxidized, the colour will disappear
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PURPOSES OF FOOD
PRESERVATIVES
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TYPES, EXAMPLES AND FUNCTIONS OF FOOD ADDITIVES
TYPES EXAMPLES FUNCTIONSPreservatives
sodium nitrite, sodium benzoate
to inhibit or prevent the growth of moulds, yeast and bacteria that spoil food
Stabilizer gelatin and acacia gum to improve the texture of foodsThickener gelatin and acacia gum Thickeners are substances which, when
added to the mixture, increase its viscosity without substantially modifying its other properties.
Flavouring agents
Monosodium glutamate(MSG), aspartame
to enhance the taste of food
Dye azo compounds, triphenyl compounds
added to food to replace colors lost during preparation, or to make food look more attractive.
Antioxidants ascorbic acid to prevent spoilage of food due to oxidation by oxygen
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Effects on health
Allergy: MSG Carcinogenic: NaNO₂ Brain damage: MSG Hyperactivity: sodium benzoate leukemia: Aspartame
Effects on environment
A B C D
My advice:
Avoiding the different types of food additives can help improve many health problems. Have a better understanding about preservatives in food and what they can do to you.
If you are on the road to improving your health, enjoy looking after yourself, to keep you looking younger, you need to be familiar with some of the preservatives to avoid.
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Sea cucumber (gamat)
To treat Japanese encephalitis and hole in the heart
Centipede
To treat lockjaw and convulsions
Ant
To treat hepatitis B
Traditional medicines
Derived from plants and animals
Plant Local name UsesAloe vera Lidah buaya Sap used to relieved pain from burnsBetel Sireh Leaves relieved sore eyesBitter gourd Peria Fruit used to cure diabetesCoconut Kelapa Young coconut water reduces feverGarlic Bawang putih Reduces infection and hypertensionGinger Halia Reduces inflammation and improves blood
circulation and digestionGinseng Ginseng Roots maintain good health
Hibiscus Bunga Raya Leaves relieves headache and hair lossTurmeric Kunyit Cures pimples
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PICTURES
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TYPES EXAMPLES FUNCTIONSANALGESICS Paracetamol
Aspirin Codeine
reduces fever, relieves flu symptoms and relieves pain but it does not reduce inflammation
Aspirin is used for relief, particularly where there is inflammation involved, such as arthritic pain and dental pain.
used in headache tables and cough medicines but cause drowsiness
ANTIBOITICS Penicillin Streptomycin
treat diseases, caused by bacteria, such as pneumonia, gonorrhea and syphilis
treat tuberculosis, whooping cough and some forms of pneumonia.
PSYCOTHERAPEUTIC 1. StimulantMethylphenidate, Dextroamphetamine, Amphetamine
2. AntipsychoticsBarbiturates, Tranquilisers
3. AntidepressantsChlorpromazine, Haloperidol, Clozapine
to reduce fatigue to reduce tension and anxiety to treat psychiatric illness
Modern medicine
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Example Side effectsMethylphenidate, dextroamphetamine, amphetamine
High dose or excessive use of stimulants over long periods of time can lead to anxiety, hallucinations, severe depression, or physical and psychological dependence.
Tranquilisers Tranquilisers cause drowsiness, poor coordinationor lightheadadness. Overdose of these drugs can lead to respiratory difficulties, sleeplessness, coma and even death
Barbiturates Barbiturates cause addition. People who rely on barbiturates to fight against insomnia sometimes kill themselves accidentally by taking an overdose
Aspirin Can cause bleeding in the stomach because aspirin is vey acidic. Can cause allergic reactions, skin rashes and asthmatic attacks
Paracetamol Liver damageCodeine Addiction, depression and nausea.Morphine Addiction
Traditional medicine
Example Side effectQuinine Hearing lossKava-kava liver damage
THE CORRECT USAGE OF OF MODERN AND TRADITIONAL MEDICINE
1. Self-medicationDo not prescribe medicines for yourself (self-medication) or for other people. Discuss with your doctor and listen to him concerning the medicine to be taken.
2. Follow the instructions givenFollow the instructions given by your doctor or pharmacist concerning the dosage and method of taking the medicine.
3. Medicines for adult and childrenMedicines for adult should not be given to children and vice versa.
4. Side effectsVisit the doctor immediately if there are symptoms of allergy or other effects of the drugs.
5. Expiry dateLike foods, medicines also have expiry date. Do not take medicines after their expiry dates.
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List the drugs that are normally abused. Ecstasy Morphine Ice Nicotine
Give reasons why teenagers take drugs Stress Poverty Influenced by peers
The side effects of the drugs on health Ecstasy can cause depression and anxiety Morphine can cause addiction Ice can cause stroke and injuries to the liver and kidneys Nicotine can cause addiction
The impact of drug abuse to the society The increase of drug addict in the society Lead to grey society Increase of crime rate in the society
Ways to prevent drug abuse Use the correct amount of dosage Use the drug for the correct purpose