Chem 140 Section AInstructor: Ken Marr

Weekly Schedule“Lecture” 9 -10, MWF in STB-2

“Lab” 8 -10 , Tu in STB-2

8 -10 , Th in STB-5

Chem 140 Section CInstructor: Ken Marr

Weekly Schedule“Lecture” 10 –11, MWF in STB-2

“Lab” 10-12 , Tu in STB-2

10-12 , Th in STB-5

Chem 140 Section EInstructor: Ken Marr

Weekly Schedule“Lecture” 1 - 2, MWF in STB-2

“Lab” 1 - 3 , Tu in STB-2

1 - 3 , Th in STB-5

Day 1 Activities Introduction to Course

» Briefly Review Course Outline/Syllabus Homework Assignments

» Reading: See Chem 140 schedule » Lab: Do Prelab assignment for the “Measurement and

Density” Lab» Stamped Assignment #1: Chapter 1 HW

– due Tues. 10/01/02 ……But start now!!!– Note: 10/2 is a very special day for your instructor!!

Begin Chapter 1» Alice 1 and 2

CHEMISTRY

The Study ofMatter and theChanges thatMatterUndergoes andThe EnergyAssociated withThe Changes

Chemistry

Oceanography Atmospheric Sciences

Economics

Engineering Physics Medicine

Governments

Geology

Anthropology

Biology

Astronomy

Politics

People

Chemistry as the Central Science

Chapter# 1 : Keys to the Study of Chemistry

1.1 Some Fundamental Definitions1.2 Chemical Arts and the Origins of Modern Chemistry1.3 The Scientific Approach: Developing a Model1.4 Chemical Problem Solving1.5 Measurement in Scientific Study1.6 Uncertainty in Measurement: Significant Figures

Measurement and Significant Figures

Measured Numbers are Never Exact...Why?» Which Graduated Cylinder is the most precise?» How is precision indicated when we record a

measurement?

The Number of Significant Figures in aMeasurement Depends Upon the

Measuring Device

Fig 1.14 3e

Significant Figures We use significant figures to indicate the

maximum precision of a measurement Significant Figures

»The number of digits that are known with certainty, plus one that is uncertain

»Significant figures are used only with measured quantities.

»Some numbers are exact and do not have any uncertainty......e.g...’s??

More Examples

Record the exact length in centimeters, cm (T2c)

Record the exact amounts for numbers 1-11 (T2d)

Sig. Fig. Rules to memorize.....(See page 27-30 Silberberg 3e)

1. All nonzero numbers are significante.g. 23.8 g, 2345 km, 11 mL, 5 inches

2. Zeros between nonzero digits are significant i.e. Sandwiched zeros are significant

e.g. 509 m, 2001 mL, 2050.1 L3. Zeros preceding the 1st nonzero digit are not

significant.......they serve only to locate the decimal point

e.g. 0.083 m, 0.000306 L– Try converting these numbers to Scientific Notation

to prove this!

More Sig. Fig. Rules Involving Zeros

4. Zeros at the end of number that include a decimal point are significant

» 0.800, 11.40, 10.00, 400.

5. Zeros at the end of a number without a decimal point are not significant... The Greenwater Rule!

» 40, 8800, 300, – Use of underlining and decimal points

Examples of Significant Digits in Numbers

Number - Sig digits Number - Sig digits

0.0050 L 1.34000 x 107 nm 0.00012 kg 87,000 L 83.0001 L 78,002.3 ng0.006002 g 0.000007800 g875,000 oz 1.089 x 10 -6L 30,000 kg 0.0000010048 oz 5.0000 m3 6.67000 kg23,001.00 lbs 2.70879000 ml 0.000108 g 1.0008000 kg 1,470,000 L 1,000,000,000 g

Rounding off Numbers Rounding off is used to drop non-significant

numbers» Rule 1

When the 1st digit after those you want to retain is 4 of less, that digit and all others to the right are dropped

Round off the following to 3 sig. figs.» 105.29, 189.49999, 1.003, 100.3, 1001

Rounding off Numbers Rule 2

When the 1st digit after those you want to retain is 5 or greater, that digit and all others to the right are dropped and the last digit retained is increased by one

Round off the following to 4 sig. figs.» 10.87519, 13.59800, 99.999, 1042.5

Sig. Figs. in Calculations

The Central Idea.....» The result of a calculation based on

measurements can not be more precise than the least precise measurement!

Some Rules to, yes, memorize......

Sig. Figs. in Multiplication and Division

“The Chain Rule”» Your answer must contain the same

number of sig figs as the measurement with the fewest sig figs.....Some e.g...’s...

(3.04) x (2.2) = 6.688 = ???

(2.00) / (0.3 ) = 6.666... = ???

(18.4) x (4.0) = 1.1117824 = ???

(66.2)

Sig. Figs. in Addition and Subtraction

“The Decimal Rule” » The answer must have the same precision

as the least precise measurement...or...– Your answer must be expressed to the same

number of decimal places as the measurement with the fewest decimal places.

The number of sig figs are not considered, only the number of decimal places are considered!!!

» Some examples..

Sig. Figs. in Addition and Subtraction

Examples.....» 12.89 + 12.1 + 11.803 + 19 = 55.793 = ?

» 1786 - 130 = 1656 = ???» 7331 + 0.495 = 7331.495 = ???

Scientific Notation

Scientific Notation» Writing a number as a number between 1

and 10 times a power of 10» WHY DO IT???

The Rules...

How to Write Numbers in Scientific Notation

1. Move the decimal point in the original number so that it is located after the first nonzero digit» e.g. 5682 ????

2. Multiply this number by the proper power of 10» The power of 10 is equal to the number of places the

decimal point was moved. POSITIVE IF MOVED TO THE LEFT NEGATIVE IF MOVED TO THE RIGHT

Examples.... Express the following numbers in scientific

notation...» 0.0421» 150,000» 5899

Express the following in “longhand” » 5.30 x 10-4

» 8.000 x 106

Meaning of Powers of 10

103 = 10-3 = 102 = 10-2 = 101 = 10-1 = 100 =

Metric System

System of measure built around standard or base units

Uses factors of 10 to express larger or smaller numbers of these units

Table 1. 2 (p. 17, 3e) SI - Base UnitsPhysical Quantity Unit Name Abbreviation

Mass Kilogram kg

Length meter m

Time second s

Temperature Kelvin K

Electric current ampere A

Amount of substance mole mol

Luminous intensity candela cd

Metric Base Units and their Abbreviations

Length Mass Volume Temperature

» Prefixes are added to these base units for quantities larger or smaller than the base unit

– Prefixes are a multiple of 10

Table 1.3 Common Decimal Prefixes Used with SI Units.

Prefix Prefix Number Word Exponential Symbol Notation

tera T 1,000,000,000,000 trillion 1012

giga G 1,000,000,000 billion 109

Mega M 1,000,000 million 106

Kilo k 1,000 thousand 103

hecto h 100 hundred 102

deka da 10 ten 101

----- ---- 1 one 100

deci d 0.1 tenth 10-1

centi c 0.01 hundredth 10-2

milli m 0.001 thousandth 10-3

micro millionth 10-6

nano n 0.000000001 billionth 10-9

pico p 0.000000000001 trillionth 10-12

femto f 0.000000000000001 quadrillionth 10-15

Common Metric Prefixes Memorize the Symbol, Numerical Value,

and Power of 10 Equivalent for.....» kilo-» centi-» milli-» micro-» nano-

Common Prefix Applications

Length: » km 1 km = ? m » cm 1 cm = ? m » mm 1 mm = ? m » µm 1 µm = ? m » nm 1 nm = ? m

Common Prefix Applications

Mass» kg 1 kg = ? g» mg 1 mg = ? g» µg 1 µg = ? g

Common Prefix Applications

Volume» mL 1 mL = ? L» µL 1 µL = ? L

Important Relationships Length

» 1 m = ?? cm » 1 m = ?? mm» 1 m = ?? µm» 1 cm = ?? mm

Important Relationships

Mass» 1 g = ?? mg» 1 kg = ?? g» 1 kg = ?? lb..

Some Volume Relationships in SI Units

Fig. 1.9

Important Relationships

Volume» 1 L = ?? mL » 1 mL = ?? cm3

» 1 L = ?? cm3

» 1 L = 1.057 qt.

Solving Chemistry ProblemsDevelop a Plan Carryout Plan Check Answer 1. Developing a Plan: Read the problem carefully!

• Clarify the know and unknown: What information is given? What are you trying to find?

• Think about how to solve the problem before you start to juggle numbers

Suggest steps from the known to unknown Determine principles involved and the relationships

needed Use sample problems as a guides

• Map out the strategy you will follow

Solving Chemistry Problems (cont.)

2. Solve the problem: Carry out your plan» Set up problem in a neat, organized, and logical

way!» Unwanted units should cancel to give the desired

unit of measure» Make a rough estimate of the answer before

using your calculator» Round off to correct number of sig. figs.» Answer must have correct units

Solving Chemistry Problems (cont.)

3. Check your answer» Is it reasonable?» Correct nits? » Same “ballpark” as a rough estimate? » Makes chemical sense?

Problem Solving: Some Examples

1. How many hours would it take a pump to remove the water from a flooded basement that is about 30 feet wide and 50 feet long with water at a depth of about 2 feet? The pump has a capacity of 80 liters per minute. See Table 1.4, Common SI-English Equivalent Quantities, page 18 Silberberg 3e.

1062 min = 17.7 hours = 20 hours

Metric Conversion Factors

Be able to do conversions within the metric system involving the common metric prefixes» kilo-» centi-» milli-» micro-» nano-

– e.g. #32 on page 43

Metric - English Conversions

Given metric - English conversion factors, be able to convert between these two systems

You do not have to memorize metric to English conversions factors

Measurement of Temperature

Heat vs. Temperature» Temperature (SI unit: Kelvin, K)

– A measure of how hot or cold an object is relative to another object

– Also measured in degrees Celsius, oC

» Heat (SI unit: joule, J)– The energy transferred between objects at different

temperatures– A form of energy associated with the motion of atoms

and molecules (the small particles of matter)– Also measured in calories, cal

Application: Heat vs. Temperature

Which contains more heat...» 1 mL of water at 90 oC or 1 liter of water at

90 oC ?» 1 burning match or 10 burning matches?

Temperature Conversions

The boiling point of Liquid Nitrogen is - 195.8 oC, what is the temperature in Kelvin and degrees Fahrenheit?

T (in K) = T (in oC) + 273.15T (in K) = -195.8 + 273.15 = 77.35 K = 77.4 K

T (in oF) = 9/5 T (in oC) + 32T (in oF) = 9/5 ( -195.8oC) +32 = -320.4 oF

The normal body temperature is 98.6oF, what is it in Kelvinand degrees Celsius?T (in oC) = [ T (in oF) - 32] 5/9T (in oC) = [ 98.6oF - 32] 5/9 = 37.0 oC

T (in K) = T (in oC) + 273.15T (in K) = 37.0 oC + 273.15 = 310.2

Density Density = mass (g) / Volume (mL or cm3 or L)

» Physical characteristic of a substance» Aids in identification of a substance» Calculated by.....

– divide the mass of a substance by the volume occupied by that mass

– Units mass in grams volume

» Solids and Liquids: mL or cm3

» Gasses: L

Density

Densities vary with temperature!» Why??

Would you expect densities to increase or decrease as the temperature increases?

Density Immiscible liquids and solids separate into

layers according to their densities» List the order from top to bottom when the following

are mixed– Hg (13.5525 g/mL) – Carbon Tetrachloride (1.59525 g/mL)– Mg (1.7425 g/mL)– Water (1.004 g/mL)

What do the superscripts mean next to each density listed above?

Calculations Involving Density Be able to calculate the density, mass, or

volume of a substance » Use the plug and chug method or use density as a

conversion factor Practice makes perfect....

Specific Gravity Compares the density of a liquid or solid to that

of water... Units???» Sp. Gravity = dsolid or liquid / dwater

– Usually use dwater @ 4oC = 1.000g/mL

Compares the density of a gas to that of air...... Units???» Sp. Gravity = dgas/ dair

Mass vs. Weight

Mass» Amount of matter in an object» Independent of location» Measure with a balance by comparison with

other known masses

Mass vs. Weight

Weight» Measures earth’s gravitational attraction on

an object» Measure with a scale

– measures force against a spring

» Depends on– position relative to earth– motion of object w.r.t. the earth

Scientific Approach: Developing a Model

Observations : Natural phenomena and measured events; universally consistent ones can be stated as a natural law.

Hypothesis: Tentative proposal that explains observations.

Experiment: Procedure to test hypothesis; measures one variable at a time.

Model (Theory): Set of conceptual assumptions that explains data from accumulated experiments; predicts related phenomena.

Further Experiment: Tests predictions based on model.