GCSE Geography Revision

Key themes Exam: 22nd May 2014

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READ the question:

Recognise - the pattern / feature / processExplain – use connectives (so, because, therefore, etc.)Analyse – give advantages and disadvantages, weigh upDescribe – use data from resources and own knowledge

(SEE) For Case Studies / sustainability questions:

Sustainable development is using resources today in a way that helps to protect them for the future. Sustainability must balance:

Social – families, communities, peopleEconomic – jobs and moneyEnvironmental – natural and built environment

(PEEL) For explain / case study questions:

Point – state your opinion, make your pointEvidence – back up what you say with facts, detail, examplesExplain – give reasons for what you sayLink – link back to the original question, a concluding sentence

Exam command words

Key Geographical Themes topics:

Theme 1 Rivers & Coasts Theme 2 Population & Settlement Theme 3 Natural Hazards (your SDME topic – 13th May

exam)

NAME:

TEACHER:

Exam Board =

OCR B Geography from 2012

Exam Board =

OCR B Geography from 2012

Command word: What it meansCompare Show similarities and differences. A balanced answer is

required.Consider Describe and give your thoughts on the subject.Contrast Point out only the differences between two items.Define Explain the precise meaning of a concept / word.

Describe Say what something is like, how it works, use adjectives.Discuss Explain an item or concept, give details about it using info /

examples / facts. Give both points of view & come to a conclusion.

Examine Investigate in detail, offer evidence for and against.Explain Offer a detailed and exact explanation of an idea or principle.

Identify / State Express the relevant points briefly and clearly.Illustrate Provide examples to demonstrate or prove a subject.

Justify Give reasons to support your answer / argument, and the main objections

Summarise / Outline Provide a short summary of all the info on a subject

It might be useful to underline command words in an exam question.

Answering the questions…..

[1mark] questions = can be answered with a single word or simple sentence, often using data or fact. E.g. Name a climatic hazard = drought [1]

[2mark] questions = either needs two simple sentences, often using data OR needs one point then explained. E.g. Explain why LEDCs have a higher death rate = poor healthcare leading to diseases [P] and a lack of food [P] [2] OR LEDCs have a higher death rate due to a lack of medicine [P] and healthcare which means they cannot treat illnesses and disease so die more easily [E] [2]

[4mark] questions = requires you to explain, compare, consider evidence, use facts, refer to examples. The answer should be detailed. You should probably describe and explain using P.E.E.L. E.g. Using the sources, suggest how afforestation may affect river flow= Afforestation is the planting of trees / vegetation [P], which can reduce river volume and increase the lag time as seen on the hydrograph at Point A [Ev]. This is because vegetation increases interception which reduces surface runoff [Ex] and therefore the amount of water entering the river and how quickly it gets there will be reduced [L]. [4]

Theme 1 Rivers & Coasts checklist

Now I’ve reached the end of the Rivers & Coasts unit:

Yes Think so No

I can understand and define the 4 types of erosion

I can explain how the geology of an area influences how rapidly it is eroded

I can describe and explain longshore drift & its effects

I can name types of hard & soft coastal management

I can name types of hard & soft river management

I can evaluate how sustainable landform management is

I can name and describe a case study of coastal erosion and the management used to protect it

I can name and describe a case study of river flooding and the responses to flooding in an MEDC

I can give examples of primary & secondary impacts of floods

I can explain why river flooding occurs

I can describe, analyse and explain the river hydrograph

I can describe and explain how a river changes from the upper to middle to lower course

I can describe and explain river landforms such as waterfalls, v-shape valleys, gorges, meanders, estuaries, floodplains…

I can describe and explain the causes of rotational cliff slumping and formation of headlands, bays, caves, arches, stacks and stumps

I can describe and explain the formation of beaches, bars, spits and tombolos

I can describe how the coast is used & how this influences coastal management policy

I can describe how a river transports its load and causes erosion and deposition in different areas

I can explain what these terms mean:

attrition abrasion hydraulic action corrosion cliff rotational slumping cliff drainage groynes longshore drift Beach replenishment Gabionsrock armour bays

spits caves, arches, stacks & stumps resistant rock less resistant rock headlands

Theme 2 Population & Settlement checklist

Now I’ve reached the end of the Population & Settlement unit:

Yes Think so No

I can explain the reasons for settlements locating in particular sites

I can name a local settlement and give reasons what location advantages it has -Portsmouth

I can explain the spheres of influence

I can describe and explain the land use models for MEDC’s cities of Hoyt and Burgess

I can give reasons for the patterns of land use in cities

I can describe and draw a diagram to show the settlement hierarchy for my local area (Hamlet, village, town, city)

I can describe the housing in Gunwharf and the positive and negative impacts of the redevelopment.

I can name a sustainable settlement, identify its sustainable features and explain how it is sustainable.

I can explain how land use is changing within cities using the example of Portsmouth - Gunwharf.

I can explain why urbanization is happening in LEDC’s. I can give push and pull factors. I can explain the impacts of urbanization in LEDC cities

I can explain the features of shanty towns and impacts

I can explain what counter-urbanisation is, its causes and effects.

I can identify and give reasons for the types of goods and retail services found in urban and rural settlements

I can explain the reasons for town centre decline & retail service change (include e-tailing, ethical shopping, out-of-town shopping)

I can show how retail provision changes over time through my case study on Portsmouth.

I can explain how population changes over time and explain the Demographic Transition Model

I can explain population growth and the impact of it and of ageing populations

I can explain migration, internal and international. The push and pull factors of migration and impacts to host and country of origin.

I can explain population management strategies that are pro-natalist and anti-natalist and give case study detail.

I can explain what these terms mean:

clone town urbanization counter-urbanization shanty town push/ pull factor suburb urban Sprawl settlement rural CBD Infrastructure convenience goods

retail change CBD inner city anti-natalist suburbs e-tailing

Theme 3 Natural Hazards checklist

Now I’ve reached the end of the natural hazard unit:

Yes Think so No

I can describe the global distribution of volcanoes and earthquakes and give reasons for this pattern of distribution.

I can draw and label the structure of the earth. I can explain how this is important in explaining why earthquakes and volcanoes occur.

I can draw the different plate boundaries and label the features of them. Constructive (divergent), destructive (convergent) and conservative (transform).

I can explain what happens at each type of boundary: divergent, convergent and conservative/transform

I can give examples of economic, environmental and social impacts of earthquakes and volcanoes.

I can give examples of primary and secondary impacts of earthquakes

I can name an earthquake in an LEDC and MEDC and describe the impacts and the responses. E.g. Haiti 2011, Japan 2011

I can name a volcano in a MEDC and LEDC and describe the impacts and responses. E.g. Iceland 2011, Montserrat 1997

I can explain how the impact of natural hazards can be reduced e.g. technology, building techniques, education, prediction, evacuation planning, aid etc

I can describe and explain the global distribution of tropical cyclones and droughts.

I can explain why tropical cyclones occur and in those areas

I can give examples of economic, environmental and social impacts of tropical cyclones

I can name a MEDC & LEDC case study of a tropical storm and its causes, impacts and responses e.g. Hurricane Katrina, USA 2005 & Cyclone Nargis, Burma 2008

I can give reasons for the differences in impacts between LEDC and MEDC

I can explain the physical (climatic) and human (overpopulation) causes of droughts

I can explain the social, economic and environmental impacts of droughts

I can name an MEDC & LEDC drought case study with causes, impacts and responses e.g. Australia La Nina 2011, the Sahel Ethiopia 1985-onward

I can explain why economic development can influence the severity of the impact of a hazard

I can explain why people choose to continue to live in hazardous areas

I can explain what these terms mean:

convection epicentre eye Infrastructure mantle tectonic plate magma Mid Ocean Ridge tsunami levees drought storm surge subduction zone

convergent divergent transform overgrazing overpopulation desertification

Theme 4 Economic Development checklist

Now I’ve reached the end of the Economic Development unit:

Yes Think so No

I can explain what is meant by ‘development’ and how development indicators are used to measure it

I can suggest how development means more than just wealth and be able to explain quality of life

I can describe and explain types of poverty and attempts to reduce poverty

I can suggest what the ‘development gap’ / North-South divide is and why it exists

I can suggest how development can be affected by aid, name different kinds of aid, and describe how sustainable they are

I can describe & evaluate an aid project such as Water Aid, Goat Aid or Computer Aid – including how sustainable it is

I understand what employment structure means & can explain primary, secondary, tertiary & quaternary employment

I can explain how & why employment patterns change over time – comparing LEDC, NIC and MEDC examples

I understand the social, economic & environmental factors that influence where an industry locates and how this changes

I can name, describe & explain the impacts of industries in LEDCs and MEDCs and NICs

I have knowledge of my case studies (primary – Kaweh Ijen sulphur mining, secondary – South Korea manufacturing, tertiary – Portsmouth retail, quaternary – Cambridge science parks)

I can describe and explain what a MNC is and the impacts of it (positive and negative) on the host country (e.g. Coca Cola, India)

I can explain how MNCs and globalisation affect development

I can describe and explain the effects of industries upon the environment

I can explain what these terms mean:

development indicator quality of life HDI sustainable development NIC

absolute poverty relative poverty North-South divide Brandt line bilateral aid

primary employment secondary employment tertiary employment quaternary industry

GDP per capita MNC outsourcing footloose industry globalisation GCSE Geography Case Study revision list

Theme 1 Rivers & Coasts Case Study About Need to knowRiver Derwent, England A River Valley & its

landformsLocationLandforms (waterfalls, meanders, etc,.)Changes over river course

Hengistbury Head

or

Swanage Bay (Old Harry Rocks)

A coastal area and its landforms

LocationLandforms (spit, headland, bay, beaches, caves, arches, stacks, stumps)Causes of and management of landforms

Highcliffe & Barton-on-Sea Management of a coastal area

LocationLandforms and processesBasic geologyTypes of management in place & how sustainable these are. Comparison.

Brisbane 2011 (MEDC) and Zambezi 2009 (LEDC) flood

River flooding in an MEDC and an LEDC

Causes of flood. Location of flood.Impacts (primary, secondary)Responses / management.

Theme 2 Population & Settlement

Case Study About Need to knowChina (anti-natalist) Population management One Child Policy: incentives and

disincentives to reduce birth rate

France (pro-natalist) Population management Boosting population incentives and disincentives

Bed Zed South LondonOrGunwharf Quays redevelopmentOrLondon Olympics – Stratford redevelopment

A case study of urban change to illustrate social, economic and environmental planning and its sustainability.

The social, economic and environmental impacts of settlements.

How settlements can be redeveloped in a sustainable way.

Portsmouth CBD / inner city / suburbs

Example of land use zones in a city

How land use changes throughout a city; CBD, inner city, industrial, inner suburbs, outer suburbs

Portsmouth / Gunwharf Quays retail

A case study to illustrate how retail service provision changes over time.

That the provision of goods and retail services changes over time.

Why services change & how they impact.Rocinha, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil A favela / shanty town (also

rural urban migration)Basic description of shanty town featuresCauses of shanty town development

Mexico – USA (international migration)

Darfur Sudan (refugees)

Causes and consequences (positive and negative) of migration on different scales

Why migration occurs (international, asylum seeking, internal)Impacts of migrationPossible social tensions

Theme 3 Natural Hazards

Each examination question has a case study at the end worth 9 marks. You will need to apply relevant knowledge and understanding of real examples.

Case Study About Need to know:Haiti earthquake 2010 One tectonic hazard

event in an LEDC. Causes, effects (primary / secondary) & response to the hazard.

Be aware that the level of economic development influences the severity of the impact of a hazard, i.e. LEDCs more likely to have greater death toll, MEDCs likely to have more $ damages

Methods of hazard protection, prediction & preparation.

Iceland volcano 2010 One tectonic hazard event in an MEDC.

Cyclone Nargis, Burma (tropical storm)Or

Sahel Ethiopia drought

One climatic hazard event in an LEDC.

Hurricane Katrina, USA (tropical storm)OrAustralia drought (La Nina)

One climatic hazard event in an MEDC.

Theme 4 Economic Development

Case Study About Need to knowGoat Aid / Water Aid Case study of an aid

project in an LEDC (Goat Aid is best)

Why aid is needed, types of aidThat some aid is more sustainable than others & why.

LEDC: sulphur mining (primary) Indonesia, Kawah Ijen volcano

NIC: manufacturing (secondary) in South Korea

MEDC: retail / services (tertiary) in Gunwharf Quays, UK And research & development (quaternary) Cambridge Science Parks

Factors that affect the location of industry in LEDCs and MEDCs

Just need basic detail to suggest why economic activities locate where they do (e.g. access to resources, etc,.)

There are physical and human factors that influence the location of different types of industry.

Industry locations have to change over time (due to competition, lack of resources, environmental decline, lack of workers, etc.)

Coca Cola (secondary manufacturing), India

A case study of a MNC investment in a specific area in an international context.

The effects MNCs have in the areas they choose to locate in and in other places.

Positive & negative social, environmental and economic impacts of MNCs.

Coca Cola, India (secondary)

Or

BP Oil Spill Gulf of Mexico, USA (primary)

A case study of how economic development can affect the environment

How industry can have an impact on the environment.

The impacts of industry.

How these conflicts are managed sustainably.

Remember case study questions are Level marked i.e.:

These examples are best to know in most detail as are more likely to be used and can also cross-over between exam Q topic. e,g. can use Coca Cola for an MNC example AND for environmental impact, can

use Portsmouth for land use change AND retail AND redevelopment.

Level 1 (1-3 marks): basic description showing limited knowledge and understanding. Meaning not communicated very clearly. Little specific fact. A generalised answer.Level 2 (4-6 marks): Refers to named case study, some relevant knowledge demonstrated and some place specific facts/evidence are included to support answer. Meaning is communicated clearly. Answers are explained.Level 3 (7-9 marks): Valid case study given and a full range of place-specific detail used to effectively answer the question. Good knowledge and understanding shown through facts / evidence. Meaning is communicated very clearly. Answer links to key terms and is well explained.

You should write THREE well developed ideas in your answer! P.E.E.L.

Don’t forget SPaG = 3 marks per section, total 9 marks for paper

REMEMBER : Your Geography teachers are here to help you! Come to workshops for support. Email at any time.

AND:

ALL resources, revision materials, case studies, and every lesson resource

used can be found on the GCSE blog

www.geogdebens.wordpress.com

GOOD LUCK!