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Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl Volume 11 | Number 4 | Article 1688 1

Check List the journal of biodiversity data

Brazilian tropical fishes in their southern limit of distribution: checklist of Santa Catarina’s rocky reef ichthyofauna, remarks and new records

Antônio Batista Anderson1, Alfredo Carvalho-Filho2, Renato Araujo Morais1, Lucas Teixeira Nunes1, Juan Pablo Quimbayo1 and Sergio Ricardo Floeter1*

1 Laboratório de Biogeografia e Macroecologia Marinha, Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil

2 Fish Bizz Ltda., Rua Moncorvo Filho, 51, Butantã, São Paulo, SP 05507-060, Brazil* Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: We present a checklist of 278 species of reef fishes recorded along the coastline of Santa Catarina state, the southernmost limit of distribution of tropical ichthyofauna on the coast of Brazil. Twelve new species records for this state are presented: Acanthurus coeruleus, Acanthurus monroviae, Apogon americanus, Cantherhines macrocerus, Chaetodon sedentarius, Chromis flavicauda, Clepticus brasiliensis, Decapterus punctatus, Gymnothorax vicinus, Herpetoichthys regius, Muraena retifera and Stegastes partitus. Stegastes partitus and H. regius are reported for the first time, respectively, from the Southwestern Atlantic and for the coastal part of this region, while Acanthurus monroviae is reported for the second time for the Southwestern Atlantic. We present habitat distribution, trophic structure and comment on biogeographic affinities of this transitional region, discussing both remarkable species presences and absences.

Key words: rocky reefs, Southwestern Atlantic Shelf, Teleostei, Elasmobranchii, Atlantic Subtropical Convergence, upwelling

INTRODUCTIONThe Brazilian reef ichthyofauna has been subject to

considerable research in the past 30 years. This was especially due to the popularization of scuba diving among Brazilian scientists, and to the improvements in genetics and computational power (Floeter et al. 2001; Rocha et al. 2008; Bernardi et al. 2013; Pita et al. 2014). However, this region still remains poorly studied in comparison to other biogeographic provinces in the world (Floeter et al. 2001).

The south and southeastern Brazilian coastline is

characterized by granitic rocky reefs influenced by both warm tropical waters from the Brazil Current and cool waters from the South Atlantic Central Water (SACW). This water mass intrudes on the shallow coastal shelf of this region (Acha et al. 2004), especially during spring and summer northeastern winds, and features temperatures of ≤16°C (Carvalho et al. 1998). In the southernmost part of the Brazilian coast, the cold La Plata Plume Water (PPW) coming from the discharge of the La Plata River (at 35°S) reaches coastal areas during the winter (Möller Jr. et al. 2008). The low temperatures generated by these water masses affect the distribution of tropical marine organisms in the region (Boschi 2000; Floeter et al. 2001, 2008; Spalding et al. 2007; Barneche et al. 2009; Anderson et al. 2014a, 2014b), precluding some of them from establishing southwards. Mangrove forests (Sobrinho et al. 1969), corallith (Capel et al. 2012) and rhodolith beds (Gherardi 2004; Pascelli et al. 2013) are biological features of the landscape that reach their southern limit of distribution in the Southwestern Atlantic, precisely in the state of Santa Catarina. Coincidently, this state also represents the southern limit of occurrence of rocky reefs, with a large stretch of sandy beaches extending from it almost continuously to Uruguay. Therefore, for fishes and other organisms that inhabit hard substrates, Santa Catarina is the southernmost limit of the Brazilian biogeographic province (Floeter et al. 2008; Briggs and Bowen 2012).

There are recent taxonomic inventories from São Paulo (Luiz et al. 2008) and Paraná (Hackradt and Félix-Hackradt 2009) states in Brazil, as well as from the coast of Patagonia, in Argentina (Galván et al. 2009). However, despite its biogeographic importance, taxonomic knowledge on Santa Catarina reef fishes remains largely outdated (e.g., Lema 1976; Lema et al. 1980; Godoy

Check List 11(4): 1688, 13 June 2015 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/11.4.1688ISSN 1809-127X © 2015 Check List and Authors

411

168813 June 2015

Lists of species

mailto:sergio.floeter%40ufsc.br?subject=http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/11.4.1688


Anderson et al. | Checklist of Santa Catarina’s rocky reef ichthyofauna

Data We base this work on over 12 years of underwater

observations using free and scuba diving conducted by the authors (Anderson et al. 2014a; and Marine Macroecology and Biogeography Laboratory photo-graphic data bank), as well as museum vouchers and literature records (i.e., Godoy 1987; Carvalho-Filho 1999; Floeter et al. 2008; Hostim-Silva et al. 2006; Anderson et al. 2014a).

In this paper, we consider reef fish to be those species which are associated with hard substrates after their post-settlement stage, whose habitat includes the continental shelf and islands near the shore, and spend any part of their lifecycle associated with rocky reef systems, including occasional epipelagic and soft substrate species known to occasionally feed, shelter, reproduce or search for cleaning services in rock reefs. Species that have never been observed in reefs in the study region were not considered. This includes species from the families Achiridae, Atherinopsidae, Coryphaenydae, Cynoglossidae, Engraulidae, and some genera of Clupeidae and Scombridae. We consider here species that occur between the surface and depths to 50 m, acknowledging that, albeit deeper occuring species do indeed use reef habitat, we have not been able to adequately sample these depths.

Because of recent changes in the classification of fishes (e.g., Near et al. 2012; Faircloth et al. 2013), fish families are listed alphabetically. We adopted recent taxonomic changes in our classification: Westneat

1987). Only localized (Hostim-Silva et al. 2006) and small-scale initiatives have adressed this issue through the last decade (Barneche et al. 2009; Anderson et al. 2014a). In order to fill this knowledge gap, we provide an updated checklist of reef fishes for the state of Santa Catarina, including twelve new records. Some of these records are largely unexpected given they represent range extensions of many thousands of kilometers over regions where those species were unrecorded, despite the presense of suitable reef habitat.

MATERIALS AND METHODSStudy area

The coast of Santa Catarina is located between the latitudes 25°57′ S and 29°23′ S, representing approxi-mately 7% of the Brazilian coast (Diehl and Horn Filho 1996) (Figure 1). This region is influenced by continental inputs from rivers in the northern part of the coast (i.e., Itapucu, Itajaí-açu, Tijucas and Tubarão Rivers) (Carvalho et al. 1998; Hille et al. 2008). In the southern portion of the state, the upwelling phenomenon during austral summer and the influence of the La Plata River Plume (see PRSF Figure 1) and Sub-Antarctic Water (Subtropical Shelf Front) during austral winter are key oceanographic processes (Piola et al. 2000; Piola et al. 2005). Complex coastal geography, including numer-ous coastal islands, and the out put of various small to medium-sized rivers results in various types of environ-ments, each having its own oceanographic features and species assemblages (Charrid 2011).

Figure 1. Map of South America showing the influence of both warm tropical and cool waters along the southern Brazilian coast. The Santa Catarina state is represented in light blue (SC). The green ellipse represents the southernmost limit of distribution for tropical reef fish. The dashed arc represents the “Arc of Capricorn” region.The dashed and green polygons and numbers represent most sampled areas.



and Alfaro (2005); Craig and Hastings (2007); Smith and Craig (2007); Choat et al. (2012); Boehm et al. (2013); Frable et al. (2013); Knudsen and Clements (2013); and Silveira et al. (2014).

We also included the following information regarding species biology:

Habitat distribution. The physionomy within a rocky reef where a species is usually recorded. We stipulated four different habitat types (Figure 2). The Reef slope (RS) is the zone associated with the presence of rocky substrate ranging from the surface to the point where sediments start to make up a substantial contribution to bottom cover. This reef zone ranges from vertical to gently sloping surfaces and comprise depths varying from six to almost 30 m. The Sandy bottom (SB) is the zone covered essencially by sandy sediments (although silt and clay might also occur in extremely sheltered reefs) adjacent to the rocky reef slope. Carbonate is a minor contributor to these sediments except for a few rhodolith banks that occur in this region. Albeit this could be considered a different zone, fishes that occur in this zone are often the same that occur in sand sediments. Very sparsely scattered granitic boulders also occur in this zone. The Interface (INT) is the transitional zone between the complex rocky reef and the sandy bottom, characterized by hard structures, including some holes, surrounded by a matrix of sand. Water Column (WC) is represented by the pelagic environment adjacent to the rocky reef (adapted from Luiz et al. 2008).

Abundance indicator. Based on a diver’s likelihood of recording a species in its usual habitat and depth range on any given dive (adapted from Feitoza et al. 2003; Luiz et al. 2008; Humann and DeLoach 2014), where CO = common (sightings are frequent);

OC = occasional (sightings are not expected on a regular basis); UN = unusual (sightings occur less than occasionally); and RA = rare (sightings are exceptional).

Geographic range. The ranges of occurrence for spe-cies were based primarily in Floeter et al. (2008) and Carvalho-Filho (1999), with additional notes provided by Galván et al. (2009). Abbreviations are as follow CT = Circumtropical; CG = Circumglobal; AO = Atlantic Ocean; TA = Tropical Atlantic; EA = Eastern Atlantic; WA = Western Atlantic; SWA = Southwestern Atlantic; NWA = Northwestern Atlantic; MAR = Mid-Atlantic Ridge; MED = Mediterranean Sea; WIO = Western Indi-an Ocean; IP = Indo-Pacific Ocean; NWP = Northwestern Pacific; and TEP = Tropical Eastern Pacific (Froese and Pauly 2014). Brazilian Province endemics include species recorded from the southern tip of the Caribbean (Ven-ezuela, Trinidad and Tobago and other islands of the Lesser Antilles), Cape Verde Archipelago and Ascension Island (Freitas et al. 2014), but which have 90% or more of its range in Brazil.

Trophic category. The diet of a species was based both in the literature (Randall 1967, 1996; Carvalho-Filho 1999; Ferreira et al. 2004; Luiz et al. 2008) and indirect observations performed by the authors, where MCAR = Macrocarnivores (species which feed mainly on mobile organisms, such as macroinvertebrates and fishes); MINV = Mobile Invertebrate Feeders (species which feed primarily on benthic mobile invertebrates, such as mollusks, crustaceans, and worms associated with hard or nearby unconsolidated substrate); OMNI = Omnivores (species which feed on a variety of resources, but that necessary include invertebrates and algae); PLANK = Planktivores (species which feed primarily on macro- and microplankton); HERB = Herbivores/Detritivores (species, both nonterritorial and territorial herbivores, which include in their diet detritus and macroalgae) and SINV = Sessile Invertebrate Feeders (species which feed on sessile benthic invertebrates, such as cnidarians, bryozoans, ascidians and sponges).

Record type. The method by which species were recorded and documented: VOU = Museum Vouchers (the institutions and voucher numbers of specimens are provided in Appendix 1); LIT = Literature; PHO = Photographs and SIG = Sighting during underwater fieldwork.

Multivariate analysis. To describe associations of fish families to trophic categories and habitat distribution we employed a Correspondence Analysis (Nenadic and Greenacre 2007) based on species richness (i.e., num-ber of species per family). To avoid distortions caused by highly over-dispersed data, a “Hellinger” transfor-mation was applied before proceeding with statistical analysis (Greenacre 2007).

Figure 2. Hypothetical Santa Catarina rocky reef with examples of reef fish species typically associated with different zones. The Reef slope (RS) is associated to hard substrate, the Sandy bottom (SB) to sediments, the Interface (INT) is a transitional zone between the RS and the SB; and the Water column (WC) is absent on substrate. Examples of species commonly associated with a specific zone: (1) Kyphosus vaigiensis and (2) Stegastes fuscus (RS); (3) Serranus flaviventris (INT); (4) Calamus penna (SB) and (5) Chaetodipterus faber (WC).



RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONA total of 278 reef fish species in 170 genera and 74

families have been recorded along the coast of Santa Catarina during the past 12 years of underwater observations, as well as from the literature and museum vouchers (Table 1, Figure 3).

Based on species richness, the most representative families were Carangidae (20 species), Labridae (19 species), Carcharhinidae (11 species) and Epinephelidae (10 species). The most species-rich genera were Carcharhinus (eight species), followed by Sphoeroides and Sparisoma (five species). A total of 73 species were considered as “common” (CO = 26.3%), 69 species were considered “occasional” (OC = 24.8%), 132 species were considered “rare” (RA = 47.5%) (Figure 4), and four species were considered “unusual” (UN = 1.4%).

Some species are considered as “resident” organisms in the rocky reef systems, which means that they are dependent on the rocky reefs to complete their life cycles (62.6% or 174 species). All the others spend only part of their lives inhabiting the rocky reefs or adjacent habitats, and are able to survive using other habitats.

Trophic StructureThe two dominant trophic groups in this coastal

region were the mobile invertebrate feeders (38.8%) and the macrocarnivores (32.4%), followed by planktivores (8.6%), omnivores (8.3%), herbivores/detritivores (7.6%) and sessile invertebrate feeders (4.3%) (Figure 5).

The high proportion of the mobile invertebrate feeders is a characteristic of reef fish assemblages worldwide (Ferreira et al. 2004; Luiz et al. 2008). The predators herein referred to as macrocarnivores include mainly Carcharhinidae (sharks), Carangidae (jacks and pompanos), Epinephelidae (groupers), Lutjanidae (snappers) and Scombridae (tunas and mackerels). In Santa Catarina, most planktivore species are Clupeidae and of the genus Chromis (Pomacentridae), as well as few species from other families. The herbivore/detritivores are mainly represented by Pomacentridae and Labridae-Scarini species. The sessile invertebrate feeders in this rocky environment are the generalists Chaetodontidae and Pomacanthidae, which consume a considerable amount of cnidarians and sponges, respectively. These families are also known to rely heavily on mobile invertebrates and algae, respectively.

Habitat distribution and threatened speciesDistributions of rocky reef species within the habitat

types, as evidenced herein by the Correspondence Analysis, mirror the classic ecological partitioning by fishes of the Brazilian rocky reef habitats (Sazima 1986). Specifically, apex predators, such as sharks, mesocarnivores, such as Carangidae and Scombridae, as well as Clupeidae and Engraulidae planktivores,

all occupy the water column strata. Herbivores/detritivores, omnivores, mobile invertebrate feeders and Epinephelidae mesocarnivores occupy the reef slope, while mullets and flat fishes dwell on the sandy bottom (Sazima 1986, Figure 6).

Several species are considered threatened according to the IUCN endangered species Red List (IUCN 2015). The relative proportion of threatened species has reached 8.3% (or 23 of 278 species) and encompasses mostly top predators, such as sharks (34.8%) and groupers (17.4%).

Taxonomic updatesFollowing recent revisions of the families Kyphosidae

(Knudsen and Clements 2013), Scaridae (Westneat and Alfaro 2005; Choat et al. 2012) and Serranidae (Craig and Hastings 2007; Smith and Craig 2007), and the genera Hippocampus (Boehm et al. 2013) and Synodus (Frable et al. 2013), some taxonomic updates shall be discussed. The whole family Scaridae is now recognized as a lineage of Labridae and now represents the Tribe Scarini (Westneat and Alfaro 2005; Choat et al. 2012). The family Epinephelidae was split from Serranidae, and the snowy grouper complex Epinephelus niveatus is now included in the previously invalidated genus Hyporthodus (i.e., Hyporthodus niveatus).

In the family Kyphosidae, the former species Kyphosus incisor (Cuvier, 1831), listed from Santa Catarina along with Kyphosus sectatrix (Linnaeus, 1758), both by Carvalho-Filho (1999) and Hostim-Silvaet al. (2006), is now revalidated as Kyphosus vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) (Knudsen and Clements 2013). As this revision is recent, we could not determine wether the other Atlantic species, K. cinerascens and K. bigibbus do occur in Santa Catarina. In the genus Hippocampus, the Southwestern Atlantic species of the H. erectus complex is now considered to harbor two species, being H. erectus restricted to Brazil (Silveira et al. 2014), and the other ranging from Brazil to Uruguay and Argentina under the name of Hippocampus patagonicus Piacentino & Luzzatto, 2004 (Boehm et al. 2013; Silveira et al. 2014). In the Synodus genus, Synodus foetens (Linnaeus, 1766) may be considered restricted to nortwestern Atlantic (Frable et al. 2013). The species recorded for the southern part of Caribbean is now renamed as Synodus bondi Fowler, 1939. Although the authors suggest that the species which occur along Brazilian coast should be S. bondi (and we therefore consider it to), they did not possess a sufficient sampling of Brazilian individuals to avert the possibility that it is yet another species.

New Records and extreme range extensionsDuring this work, twelve species of reef fish were

recorded for the first time for the coast of Santa Catarina: Acanthurus coeruleus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801); Acanthurus monroviae Steindachner, 1876; Apogon


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4)EN

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CGLI

T/VO

U

Sphy

rna

tibur

o (L

inna

eus,

1758

)LC

MCA

RW

CRA

WA

/TEP

LIT

Sp

hyrn

a zy

gaen

a(L

inna

eus,

1758

)VU

M

CAR

WC

RACG

VOU

Acan

thur

idae

Acan

thur

us b

ahia

nus+

Ca

stel

nau,

185

5LC

HER

BRS

/INT/

SBR

OC

SWA

/MA

RSI

G/L

IT/V

OU

/PH

O1,

2,3

Acan

thur

us c

hiru

rgus

(Blo

ch, 1

787)

LCH

ERB

RS/IN

T/SB

RO

CAO

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U/P

HO

1,2,

3

Acan

thur

us co

erul

eus*

Bloc

h &

Sch

neid

er, 1

801

LCH

ERB

RS/IN

T/SB

RRA

WA

/MA

RSI

G/L

IT/P

HO

1,3

Ac

anth

urus

mon

rovi

ae*

Stei

ndac

hner

, 187

6LC

PLA

NK

WC/

RS/IN

T

RAEA

PHO

3

Cont

inue

d



Fam

ilySp

ecie

sA

utho

rity

IUCN

Trop

hic

Hab

itat

REO

ccur

.G

eog.

rang

eRe

c.Ty

pe

Apo

goni

dae

Apog

on a

mer

ican

us*+

Cast

elna

u, 1

855

NE

PLA

NK

RSR

OC

SWA

PHO

3

Apog

on p

seud

omac

ulat

usLo

ngle

y, 1

932

NE

PLA

NK

RSR

OC

WA

/EA

SIG

/LIT

/PH

O1,

2,3

Ph

aeop

tyx

pigm

enta

ria(P

oey,

186

0)LC

PLA

NK

RSR

OC

WA

/EA

SIG

/LIT

/PH

O1,

2,3

Ant

enna

riida

eAn

tenn

ariu

s str

iatu

s(S

haw

, 179

4)N

EM

CAR

RS/IN

TR

RAC

TLI

T

H

istr

io h

istr

io(L

inna

eus,

1758

)N

EM

CAR

RS/IN

T

RAC

TLI

T

Arii

dae

Cath

orop

s spi

xii

(Aga

ssiz

, 182

9)N

EM

CAR

SBO

CW

AVO

U

Gen

iden

s bar

bus

(Lac

epèd

e, 1

803)

NE

MCA

RSB

OC

SWA

VOU

G

enid

ens g

enid

ens

(Cuv

ier,

1829

)LC

MCA

RRS

/INT/

SB

RASW

ASI

G/L

IT/V

OU

/PH

O1,

3

Balis

tidae

Balis

tes c

apris

cus

Gm

elin

, 178

9N

EM

INV

RS/IN

T/SB

RO

CW

A/E

A/M

EDSI

G/L

IT/V

OU

Ba

liste

s vet

ula

Linn

aeus

, 175

8VU

MIN

VRS

/INT/

SBR

RAAO

SIG

/LIT

/PH

O1,

3

Batr

acho

idid

aePo

richt

hys p

oros

issi

mus

(Cuv

ier,

1829

)N

EM

CAR

RS/IN

T/SB

RCO

SWA

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U/P

HO

2,3

Th

alas

soph

ryne

mon

tevi

dens

is

(Ber

g, 1

893)

NE

MCA

RSB

/INT

RA

SWA

LIT

Belo

nida

e St

rong

ylur

a m

arin

a(W

alba

um, 1

792)

N

EO

MN

IW

CO

CW

AVO

U

Ty

losu

rus a

cus

(Lac

epèd

e, 1

803)

NE

MCA

RW

C

RAC

TLI

T

Blen

niid

aeH

yple

uroc

hilu

s fiss

icor

nis

(Quo

y &

Gai

mar

d, 1

824)

NE

MIN

VRS

/INT

RCO

SWA

/EA

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U/P

HO

1,3

Hyp

leur

ochi

lus p

seud

oaeq

uipi

nnis

Bath

, 199

4N

EM

INV

RS/IN

TR

OC

WA

LIT/

VOU

Hyp

sobl

enni

us in

vem

ar

Smith

-Van

iz &

Ace

ro, 1

980

NE

MIN

VRS

RCO

WA

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U

Oph

iobl

enni

us tr

inita

tis+

Mira

nda-

Ribe

iro, 1

919

NE

HER

BRS

RCO

SWA

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U/P

HO

1,3

Para

blen

nius

mar

mor

eus

(Poe

y, 1

876)

NE

OM

NI

RS/IN

TR

COW

ASI

G/L

IT/V

OU

Para

blen

nius

pili

corn

is(C

uvie

r, 18

29)

NE

OM

NI

RS/IN

TR

COSW

A/E

A/M

ED/W

IOSI

G/L

IT/V

OU

Sc

arte

lla c

rista

ta(L

inna

eus,

1758

)N

EH

ERB

RSR

COW

A/E

A/N

WP

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U/P

HO

2,3

Both

idae

Both

us o

cella

tus

(Aga

ssiz

, 183

1)N

EM

INV

SB R

OC

WA

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U

Bo

thus

mac

ulife

rus

(Poe

y, 1

860)

NE

MIN

VSB

O

CW

A/E

ASI

G/L

IT/P

HO

3

Calli

onym

idae

Calli

onym

us b

aird

iJo

rdan

, 188

8N

EM

INV

RS/IN

T/SB

RRA

AOLI

T/VO

U/P

HO

3

Cara

ngid

aeAl

ectis

cili

aris

(Blo

ch, 1

787)

LCM

CAR

WC

RAC

TSI

G/L

IT/P

HO

3

Cara

nx c

ryso

s (M

itchi

ll, 1

815)

LCM

CAR

WC

RO

CAO

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U/P

HO

3

Cara

nx h

ippo

s(L

inna

eus,

1766

)N

EM

CAR

WC

RRA

WA

/EA

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U/P

HO

3

Cara

nx la

tus

Agas

siz,

183

1N

EM

CAR

WC

RRA

AOSI

G/L

IT/V

OU

/PH

O1,

3

Chlo

rosc

ombr

us c

hrys

urus

(Lin

naeu

s, 17

66)

NE

PLA

NK

WC

RRA

WA

/EA

LIT/

VOU

Dec

apte

rus m

acar

ellu

s(C

uvie

r, 18

33)

NE

PLA

NK

WC

OC

CGSI

G/L

IT/P

HO

3

Dec

apte

rus p

unct

atus

*(C

uvie

r, 18

29)

NE

PLA

NK

WC

OC

AOSI

G/P

HO

3

Nau

crat

es d

ucto

r(L

inna

eus,

1758

)N

EM

CAR

WC

RAC

TLI

T

Olig

oplit

es sa

liens

(Blo

ch, 1

793)

NE

PLA

NK

WC

RAW

ASI

G/L

IT/V

OU

/PH

O3

Olig

oplit

es sa

urus

(Blo

ch &

Sch

neid

er, 1

801)

NE

MCA

RW

CRA

WA

/TEP

LIT/

VOU

Pseu

doca

ranx

den

tex

(Blo

ch &

Sch

neid

er, 1

801)

NE

PLA

NK

WC/

SBR

COC

TSI

G/L

IT/V

OU

Sele

ne se

tapi

nnis

(Mitc

hill,

181

5)

NE

MCA

RW

CRA

WA

VOU

Sele

ne v

omer

(L

inna

eus,

1758

) N

EM

CAR

WC

OC

WA

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U/P

HO

3

Serio

la d

umer

ili(R

isso

, 181

0)N

EM

CAR

WC

RO

CCG

SIG

/LIT

/PH

O1,

2,3

Serio

la la

land

iVa

lenc

ienn

es, 1

833

NE

MCA

RW

CR

OC

CGSI

G/L

IT/P

HO

1,3

Serio

la ri

volia

naVa

lenc

ienn

es, 1

833

NE

MCA

RW

CR

OC

CGSI

G/L

IT/P

HO

1,2,

3

Trac

hino

tus c

arol

inus

(Lin

naeu

s, 17

66)

NE

MCA

RW

CR

OC

WA

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U/P

HO

3

Trac

hino

tus f

alca

tus

(Lin

naeu

s, 17

58)

NE

MCA

RW

CR

OC

WA

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U/P

HO

1,3

Trac

hino

tus g

oode

i Jo

rdan

& E

verm

ann,

189

6N

EM

CAR

WC

RO

CW

ASI

G/L

IT/P

HO

1,3

Tabl

e 1.

Con

tinue

d.

Cont

inue

d



Fam

ilySp

ecie

sA

utho

rity

IUCN

Trop

hic

Hab

itat

REO

ccur

.G

eog.

rang

eRe

c.Ty

pe

Tr

achi

notu

s mar

gina

tus

(Cuv

ier,

1832

)N

EM

CAR

WC

RCO

WA

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U/P

HO

3

Cent

ropo

mid

aeCe

ntro

pom

us u

ndec

imal

is(B

loch

, 179

2)N

EM

CAR

RS/IN

T/SB

RCO

WA

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U

Ce

ntro

pom

us p

aral

lelu

sPo

ey, 1

860

NE

MCA

RRS

/INT/

SBR

COW

ASI

G/L

IT/V

OU

/PH

O3

Chae

nops

idae

Embl

emar

iops

is si

gnife

r(G

insb

urg,

194

2)LC

MIN

VRS

/INT

RCO

WA

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U

Chae

todo

ntid

aeCh

aeto

don

sede

ntar

ius*

Poey

, 186

0LC

SIN

VRS

/INT/

SBR

RAW

A/E

ALI

T/PH

O3

Chae

todo

n st

riatu

sLi

nnae

us, 1

758

LCSI

NV

RS/IN

T/SB

RCO

WA

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U

Pr

ogna

thod

es g

uyan

ensi

s(D

uran

d, 1

960)

LCSI

NV

RS/IN

T/SB

RRA

WA

LIT/

VOU

Cirr

hitid

aeAm

blyc

irrhi

tus p

inos

(Mow

bray

, 192

7)N

EM

INV

RS/IN

TR

RAW

A/M

AR

LIT/

PHO

1,2,

3

Clup

eida

eH

aren

gula

clu

peol

a(C

uvie

r, 18

29)

NE

PLA

NK

WC

COW

AVO

U/P

HO

1,3

Opi

stho

nem

a og

linum

(L

eSue

ur, 1

818)

NE

PLA

NK

WC

RAW

ALI

T/VO

U

Sard

inel

la a

urita

Vale

ncie

nnes

, 184

7N

EPL

AN

KW

CRA

WA

/EA

LIT

Sa

rdin

ella

bra

silie

nsis

(S

tein

dach

ner,

1879

)N

EPL

AN

KW

C

COW

ASI

G/L

IT/V

OU

/PH

O3

Dac

tylo

pter

idae

Dac

tylo

pter

us v

olita

ns(L

inna

eus,

1758

)N

EM

INV

INT/

SBR

OC

WA

/EA

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U

Dac

tylo

scop

idae

Dac

tylo

scop

us c

ross

otus

Star

ks, 1

913

NE

MIN

VIN

T/SB

RA

WA

LIT/

VOU

Dac

tylo

scop

us fo

ram

inos

usD

awso

n, 1

982

LCM

INV

INT/

SBRA

WA

LIT

Dac

tylo

scop

us tr

idig

itatu

sG

ill, 1

859

LCM

INV

INT/

SBRA

WA

LIT

Dio

dont

idae

Chilo

myc

teru

s ret

icul

atus

(Lin

naeu

s, 17

58)

NE

SIN

VRS

/INT/

SBR

RACG

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U/P

HO

Chilo

myc

teru

s spi

nosu

s (L

inna

eus,

1758

)N

ESI

NV

RS/IN

T/SB

RO

CSW

ASI

G/L

IT/V

OU

/PH

O1,

3

Dio

don

holo

cant

hus

Linn

aeus

, 175

8N

ESI

NV

RS/IN

T/SB

RO

CC

TSI

G/L

IT/P

HO

3

D

iodo

n hy

strix

Li

nnae

us, 1

758

NE

SIN

VRS

/INT/

SBR

OC

CT

SIG

/LIT

/PH

O1,

3

Eche

neid

aeEc

hene

is n

aucr

ates

Linn

aeus

, 175

8N

EM

CAR

WC

RAC

TLI

T/VO

U/P

HO

2,3

Re

mor

a re

mor

a(L

inna

eus,

1758

)N

EM

CAR

WC

RA

CT

LIT

Eleo

trid

aeEl

eotr

is p

ison

is(G

mel

in, 1

789)

NE

MIN

VRS

/INT

RA

WA

LIT/

VOU

Ephi

ppid

aeCh

aeto

dipt

erus

fabe

r(B

rous

sone

t, 17

82)

NE

MIN

VW

CR

COW

ASI

G/L

IT/V

OU

Epin

ephe

lidae

Epin

ephe

lus a

dsce

nsio

nis

(Osb

eck,

176

5)LC

MCA

RRS

/INT/

SBR

RAAO

SIG

/LIT

Epin

ephe

lus i

taja

ra(L

icht

enst

ein,

182

2)CR

MCA

RRS

/INT/

SBR

RAW

A/E

ALI

T/PH

O1,

2,3

Epin

ephe

lus m

argi

natu

s (L

owe,

183

4)EN

MCA

RRS

/INT/

SBR

COW

A/E

ASI

G/L

IT/V

OU

Epin

ephe

lus m

orio

(Val

enci

enne

s, 18

28)

NT

MCA

RRS

/INT/

SBR

OC

WA

SIG

/LIT

/PH

O1,

3

Hyp

orth

odus

niv

eatu

s(V

alen

cien

nes,

1828

)VU

MCA

RRS

/INT/

SBR

COW

ASI

G/L

IT/V

OU

Myc

tero

perc

a ac

utiro

stris

(Val

enci

enne

s, 18

28)

LCM

CAR

RS/IN

T/SB

RCO

WA

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U/P

HO

1,2,

3

Myc

tero

perc

a bo

naci

(Poe

y, 1

860)

NT

MCA

RRS

/INT/

SBR

OC

WA

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U/P

HO

1,2,

3

Myc

tero

perc

a in

ters

titia

lis(P

oey,

186

0)VU

MCA

RRS

/INT/

SBR

RAW

ASI

G/L

IT/P

HO

1,3

Myc

tero

perc

a m

icro

lepi

s(G

oode

& B

ean,

187

9)LC

MCA

RRS

/INT/

SBR

RAW

ASI

G/L

IT/P

HO

3

Pa

rant

hias

furc

ifer

(Val

enci

enne

s, 18

28)

LCPL

AN

KIN

T/SB

RRA

WA

/EA

SIG

/LIT

/PH

O1,

3

Fist

ular

iidae

Fist

ular

ia p

etim

baLa

cepè

de, 1

803

NE

MCA

RRS

/INT/

SBR

RAW

A/E

A/M

ED/IP

VOU

Fi

stul

aria

taba

caria

Linn

aeus

, 175

8N

EM

CAR

RS/IN

T/SB

RCO

WA

/EA

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U/P

HO

1,3

Ger

reid

aeD

iapt

erus

aur

atus

Ranz

ani,

1842

NE

MIN

VIN

T/SB

COW

ASI

G/L

IT/V

OU

/PH

O3

Dia

pter

us rh

ombe

us

(Cuv

ier,

1829

)N

EM

INV

INT/

SBO

CW

AVO

U

Euci

nost

omus

arg

ente

us

Baird

& G

irard

, 185

5N

EM

INV

INT/

SBO

CEP

/WA

/EA

VOU

Euci

nost

omus

gul

a(Q

uoy

& G

aim

ard,

182

4)N

EM

INV

INT/

SBCO

WA

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U/P

HO

3

Euci

nost

omus

mel

anop

teru

s(B

leek

er, 1

863)

NE

MIN

VIN

T/SB

COW

A/E

ASI

G/L

IT/V

OU

/PH

O3

Eu

gerr

es b

rasi

lianu

s(C

uvie

r, 18

30)

NE

MIN

VIN

T/SB

CO

WA

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U/P

HO

3

Gob

ieso

cida

eG

obie

sox

barb

atul

us

Star

ks, 1

913

NE

MIN

VRS

RAW

ASI

G/L

IT/V

OU

/PH

O3

Tabl

e 1.

Con

tinue

d.

Cont

inue

d

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gill_%28taxonomy%29



Fam

ilySp

ecie

sA

utho

rity

IUCN

Trop

hic

Hab

itat

REO

ccur

.G

eog.

rang

eRe

c.Ty

pe

To

mic

odon

aus

tral

is

Brig

gs 1

955

NE

MIN

VRS

RA

WA

VOU

Gob

iidae

Barb

ulife

r ceu

thoe

cus

(Jor

dan

& G

ilber

t, 18

84)

NE

MIN

VIN

T/SB

RAW

ALI

T/VO

U

Bath

ygob

ius s

opor

ator

(Val

enci

enne

s, 18

37)

NE

MIN

VRS

/INT/

SBCO

EA/W

A/M

EDSI

G/L

IT/V

OU

/PH

O3

Cory

phop

teru

s gla

ucof

raen

um

Gill

, 186

3N

EO

MN

IIN

T/SB

RCO

WA

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U

Cten

ogob

ius s

aepe

palle

ns

(Gilb

ert &

Ran

dall,

196

8)N

EM

INV

INT/

SBRA

WA

SIG

/LIT

/PH

O1,

3

Cten

ogob

ius s

tigm

atic

us(P

oey,

186

0)N

EM

INV

RS/IN

T/SB

RAW

ALI

T/VO

U

Elac

atin

us fi

garo

+Sa

zim

a, M

oura

& R

osa,

199

6N

EM

INV

RS/IN

T/SB

RRA

SWA

LIT/

VOU

Gna

thol

epis

thom

pson

iJo

rdan

, 190

4N

EM

INV

RS/IN

T/SB

RRA

WA

SIG

/LIT

Gob

ioso

ma

hem

igym

num

(Ein

genm

ann

& E

inge

nman

n, 1

888)

NE

MIN

VRS

/INT/

SBRA

WA

LIT/

PHO

3

M

icro

gobi

us m

eeki

Ever

man

n &

Mar

sh, 1

899

NE

MIN

VRS

/INT/

SB

RAW

ALI

T/VO

U

Hae

mul

idae

Anis

otre

mus

surin

amen

sis

(Blo

ch, 1

791)

NE

MIN

VRS

/INT

RCO

WA

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U

Anis

otre

mus

virg

inic

us(L

inna

eus,

1758

)N

EM

INV

RS/IN

TR

COW

ASI

G/L

IT/V

OU

Hae

mul

on a

urol

inea

tum

Cu

vier

, 183

0N

EM

INV

RS/IN

T/SB

RCO

WA

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U

Hae

mul

on st

eind

achn

eri

(Jor

dan

& G

ilber

t, 18

82)

NE

MIN

VRS

/INT/

SBR

OC

WA

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U/P

HO

3

Hae

mul

on p

arra

(Des

mar

est,

1823

)N

EM

INV

RS/IN

T/SB

RO

CW

ASI

G/L

IT/P

HO

3

O

rtho

pris

tis ru

ber

(Cuv

ier,

1830

)N

EM

INV

RS/IN

T/SB

RCO

WA

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U

Hem

iram

phid

aeH

emira

mph

us b

rasi

liens

is(L

inna

eus,

1758

)N

EO

MN

IW

CO

CW

A/E

ASI

G/L

IT/V

OU

/PH

O3

H

ypor

ham

phus

uni

fasc

iatu

s(R

anza

ni, 1

841)

NE

OM

NI

WC

RA

WA

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U/P

HO

3

Hol

ocen

trid

aeH

oloc

entr

us a

dsce

nsio

nis

(Osb

eck,

176

5)N

EM

INV

RS/IN

T/SB

RCO

AOSI

G/L

IT/V

OU

M

yrip

ristis

jaco

bus

Cuvi

er, 1

829

NE

MIN

VRS

/INT

RRA

AOSI

G/L

IT/V

OU

Kyph

osid

aeKy

phos

us se

ctat

rix(L

inna

eus,

1758

)N

EH

ERB

RSR

COC

TSI

G/L

IT/P

HO

3

Ky

phos

us v

aigi

ensi

s(Q

uoy

& G

aim

ard,

182

5)N

EH

ERB

RSR

COC

TSI

G/L

IT/V

OU

Labr

idae

- Bo

dian

us p

ulch

ellu

s(P

oey,

186

0)LC

MIN

VRS

/INT

RO

CW

A/E

ASI

G/L

IT/V

OU

Hyp

sige

nina

eBo

dian

us ru

fus

(Lin

naeu

s, 17

58)

LCM

INV

RS/IN

TR

COW

ASI

G/L

IT/P

HO

1,2,

3

Cl

eptic

us b

rasi

liens

is*+

Hei

ser,

Mou

ra &

Rob

erts

on, 2

000

LCPL

AN

KRS

/WC

RRA

SWA

SIG

/LIT

/PH

O1,

3

Labr

idae

- Ju

lidin

ae

Dor

aton

otus

meg

alep

isG

ünth

er 1

862

LCM

INV

RSR

RAW

ASI

G/L

IT

Hal

icho

eres

bra

silie

nsis

+(B

loch

, 179

1)LC

MIN

VRS

/INT/

SBR

OC

SWA

SIG

/LIT

/PH

O1,

3

Hal

icho

eres

dim

idia

tus

(Aga

ssiz

, 183

1)LC

MIN

VRS

/INT/

SBR

RASW

ASI

G/L

IT/P

HO

3

Hal

icho

eres

poe

yi(S

tein

dach

ner,

1867

)LC

MIN

VRS

/INT/

SBR

COW

ASI

G/L

IT/V

OU

Hal

icho

eres

sazi

mai

+Lu

iz, F

erre

ira &

Roc

ha, 2

009

NE

MIN

VRS

/INT/

SBR

RASW

ASI

G/L

IT/P

HO

3

Thal

asso

ma

noro

nhan

um+

(Bou

leng

er, 1

890)

LCPL

AN

KRS

/INT/

SBR

RASW

ASI

G/L

IT/P

HO

1,3

Xyric

htys

nov

acul

a(L

inna

eus,

1758

)LC

MIN

VSB

RRA

WA

/EA

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U/P

HO

1,3

Labr

idae

- Sc

arin

iCr

ypto

tom

us ro

seus

Co

pe, 1

871

LCH

ERB

RS/IN

T/SB

RCO

WA

/MA

RSI

G/L

IT/V

OU

/PH

O1,

2,3

Nic

hols

ina

usta

Vale

ncie

nnes

, 184

0LC

HER

BRS

/INT

RRA

WA

SIG

/LIT

/PH

O3

Scar

us tr

ispi

nosu

s+

Vale

ncie

nnes

, 184

0EN

HER

BRS

/INT/

SBR

RASW

ALI

T/PH

O1,

3

Scar

us ze

linda

e+M

oura

, Fig

ueire

do &

Saz

ima,

200

1D

DH

ERB

RS/IN

T/SB

RRA

SWA

SIG

/LIT

/PH

O1,

3

Spar

isom

a am

plum

+(R

anza

ni, 1

841)

LC

HER

BRS

/INT/

SBR

COSW

ASI

G/L

IT/P

HO

1,2,

3

Spar

isom

a ax

illar

e+(S

tein

dach

ner,

1878

)LC

HER

BRS

/INT/

SBR

COSW

ASI

G/L

IT/P

HO

1,2,

3

Spar

isom

a fro

ndos

um+

(Aga

ssiz

, 183

1)D

DH

ERB

RS/IN

T/SB

RCO

SWA

/EA

SIG

/LIT

/PH

O1,

2,3

Spar

isom

a ra

dian

s(V

alen

cien

nes,

1840

)LC

HER

BRS

/INT/

SBR

COSW

ASI

G/L

IT/P

HO

1,3

Sp

aris

oma

tuiu

pira

nga+

G

aspa

rini,

Joye

ux &

Flo

eter

, 200

3LC

HER

BRS

/INT/

SBR

OC

SWA

SIG

/LIT

/PH

O1,

2,3

Labr

isom

idae

Labr

isom

us c

ricot

a+

Sazi

ma,

Gas

parin

i & M

oura

, 200

2N

EM

INV

RS/IN

TR

RASW

ASI

G/L

IT/V

OU

/PH

O3

Tabl

e 1.

Con

tinue

d.

Cont

inue

d



ble

1. C

ontin

ued.

Fam

ilySp

ecie

sA

utho

rity

IUCN

Trop

hic

Hab

itat

REO

ccur

.G

eog.

rang

eRe

c.Ty

pe

Labr

isom

us n

uchi

pinn

is(Q

uoy

& G

aim

ard,

182

4)N

EM

INV

RS/IN

TR

COW

A/E

ASI

G/L

IT/V

OU

Mal

acoc

tenu

s del

alan

dii

(Val

enci

enne

s, 18

36)

NE

MIN

VRS

/INT

RCO

WA

SIG

/LIT

/PH

O1,

2,3

Mal

acoc

tenu

s aff.

tria

ngul

atus

+N

EM

INV

RS/IN

TR

RASW

ALI

T/VO

U

Para

clin

us ru

bicu

ndus

(Sta

rks,

1913

)LC

MIN

VRS

/INT

RRA

SWA

LIT

Para

clin

us sp

ecta

tor+

G

uim

arãe

s &

Bac

elar

, 200

2N

EM

INV

RS/IN

TR

OC

SWA

SIG

/LIT

/PH

O1,

3

St

arks

ia b

rasi

liens

is+

(Gilb

ert,

1900

)N

EM

INV

RS/IN

TR

OC

SWA

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U/P

HO

3

Lobo

tidae

Lobo

tes s

urin

amen

sis

(Blo

ch, 1

790)

NE

MCA

RRS

/INT

RA

CT

LIT/

PHO

3

Lutja

nida

eLu

tjanu

s ana

lis(C

uvie

r, 18

28)

VUM

CAR

RS/IN

T/SB

RRA

WA

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U/P

HO

1,3

Lutja

nus c

yano

pter

us(C

uvie

r, 18

28)

VUM

CAR

RS/IN

T/SB

RRA

WA

SIG

/LIT

/PH

O3

Lutja

nus j

ocu

(Blo

ch &

Sch

neid

er, 1

801)

NE

MCA

RRS

/INT/

SBR

RAW

A/M

AR

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U/P

HO

1,3

Rh

ombo

plite

s aur

orub

ens

(Cuv

ier,

1829

)N

EM

CAR

RS/IN

TR

OC

WA

SIG

/LIT

/PH

O1,

3

Mal

acan

thid

aeM

alac

anth

us p

lum

ieri

(Blo

ch, 1

786)

NE

MCA

RRS

/INT/

SBR

OC

WA

/MA

RSI

G/L

IT/V

OU

/PH

O1,

3

Mic

rode

smid

aePt

erel

eotr

is ra

ndal

li+G

aspa

rini,

Roch

a &

Flo

eter

, 200

1N

EM

INV

SBR

OC

SWA

SIG

/LIT

/PH

O1,

3

Mon

acan

thid

aeAl

uter

us m

onoc

eros

(Lin

naeu

s, 17

58)

NE

OM

NI

RS/IN

T/SB

RO

CC

TSI

G/L

IT/P

HO

1,2,

3

Alut

erus

scrip

tus

(Osb

eck,

176

5)N

EO

MN

IRS

/INT/

SBR

RAC

TPH

O/L

IT

Cant

herh

ines

mac

roce

rus*

(Hol

lard

, 185

3)N

ESI

NV

RSR

RAW

A/E

APH

O

Mon

acan

thus

cili

atus

(Mitc

hill,

181

8)N

EO

MN

IRS

/INT/

SBR

RAW

ALI

T/VO

U

Step

hano

lepi

s his

pidu

s(L

inna

eus,

1766

)N

EO

MN

IRS

/INT/

SBR

COW

A/E

ASI

G/L

IT/V

OU

St

epha

nole

pis s

etife

r(B

enne

tt, 1

831)

NE

OM

NI

RS/IN

T/SB

RRA

WA

LIT

Mug

ilida

eM

ugil

cure

ma

Vale

ncie

nnes

, 183

6N

EO

MN

IIN

T/SB

RCO

WA

/EA

/TEP

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U

M

ugil

liza

Vale

ncie

nnes

, 183

6N

EO

MN

IIN

T/SB

CO

WA

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U/P

HO

3

Mul

lidae

Pseu

dupe

neus

mac

ulat

us(B

loch

, 179

3)N

EM

INV

RS/IN

T/SB

RCO

WA

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U

U

pene

us p

arvu

sPo

ey, 1

852

NE

MIN

VRS

/INT/

SB

RAW

ALI

T/PH

O

Mur

aeni

dae

Echi

dna

cate

nata

(Blo

ch, 1

795)

NE

MCA

RRS

RRA

WA

/MA

RLI

T/VO

U

Gym

noth

orax

fune

bris

Ra

nzan

i, 18

39N

EM

CAR

RSR

OC

WA

SIG

/LIT

/PH

O1,

2,3

Gym

noth

orax

mor

inga

(Cuv

ier,1

829)

NE

MCA

RRS

RCO

WA

/MA

RSI

G/L

IT/V

OU

Gym

noth

orax

oce

llatu

sAg

assi

z, 1

831

NE

MCA

RRS

RAAO

VOU

Gym

noth

orax

vic

inus

*(C

aste

lnau

, 185

5)N

EM

CAR

RSR

OC

TAPH

O³

M

urae

na re

tifer

a*G

oode

& B

ean,

188

2N

EM

CAR

INT/

SBR

RAW

APH

O

Ogc

ocep

halid

aeO

gcoc

epha

lus v

espe

rtili

o(L

inna

eus,

1758

)N

EM

INV

RS/IN

T/SB

RCO

WA

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U

Oph

icht

hida

eAh

lia e

gmon

tis(J

orda

n, 1

884)

NE

MIN

VRS

/INT/

SBR

RAW

ALI

T

Myr

icht

hys b

revi

ceps

(Ric

hard

son,

184

8)N

EM

INV

RS/IN

TR

OC

WA

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U

Myr

icht

hys o

cella

tus

(LeS

ueur

, 182

5)N

EM

INV

RS/IN

TR

COW

ASI

G/L

IT/V

OU

Myr

ophi

s pun

ctat

usLü

tken

, 185

2N

EM

INV

RS/IN

T/SB

RAW

ALI

T

Her

peto

icht

hys r

egiu

s*(R

icha

rdso

n, 1

848)

NE

MIN

VIN

T/SB

RU

NEA

SIG

/PH

O3

O

phic

hthu

soph

is(C

aste

lnau

, 185

5)N

EM

INV

INT/

SB

RAW

APH

O

Oph

idiid

aeG

enip

teru

s bra

silie

nsis

Rega

n, 1

903

NE

MIN

VSB

/INT

RASW

ALI

T

Oph

idio

n ho

lbro

oki

Putn

am, 1

874

NE

MIN

VSB

/INT

RAW

ALI

T/VO

U

Ra

neya

bra

silie

nsis

(Kau

p, 1

856)

NE

MIN

VSB

/INT

RA

SWA

LIT

Ost

raci

idae

Acan

thos

trac

ion

poly

goni

usPo

ey, 1

876

NE

OM

NI

RS/IN

T/SB

RO

CW

ASI

G/L

IT/P

HO

1,2,

3

Acan

thos

trac

ion

quad

ricor

nis

(Lin

naeu

s, 17

58)

NE

OM

NI

RS/IN

T/SB

RO

CW

A/E

ASI

G/L

IT/V

OU

La

ctop

hys t

rigon

us(L

inna

eus,

1758

)N

EO

MN

IRS

/INT/

SB

RAW

ALI

T/VO

U

Para

licht

hyid

aeCy

clop

sett

a fim

bria

ta

(Goo

de &

Bea

n, 1

885)

NE

MIN

VSB

OC

WA

SIG

/LIT

/PH

O3

Cont

inue

d



Fam

ilySp

ecie

sA

utho

rity

IUCN

Trop

hic

Hab

itat

REO

ccur

.G

eog.

rang

eRe

c.Ty

pe

Para

licht

hys b

rasi

liens

is(R

anza

ni, 1

842)

NE

MIN

VSB

OC

SWA

LIT/

VOU

Syac

ium

mic

ruru

m

Ranz

ani,

1842

NE

MIN

VSB

RAW

AVO

U

Sy

aciu

m p

apill

osum

(Lin

naeu

s, 17

58)

NE

MIN

VSB

RA

WA

/MA

RLI

T

Pem

pher

idae

Pem

pher

is sc

hom

burg

ki

Mül

ler &

Tro

sche

l, 18

48N

EPL

AN

KRS

/INT

RCO

WA

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U

Poly

nem

idae

Poly

dact

ylus

olig

odon

(Gün

ther

, 186

0)N

EO

MN

IIN

T/SB

RAW

ALI

T

Po

lyda

ctyl

us v

irgin

icus

(Lin

naeu

s, 17

58)

NE

OM

NI

INT/

SB

RAW

ALI

T/VO

U

Pom

acan

thid

aeCe

ntro

pyge

aur

anta

notu

sBu

rges

s, 19

74LC

HER

BRS

/INT

RRA

WA

/EA

SIG

/LIT

/PH

O3

Hol

acan

thus

cili

aris

(Lin

naeu

s, 17

58)

LCSI

NV

RS/IN

T/SB

RRA

WA

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U

Hol

acan

thus

tric

olor

(Blo

ch, 1

795)

LCSI

NV

RS/IN

T/SB

RRA

WA

SIG

/LIT

/PH

O1,

2,3

Pom

acan

thus

arc

uatu

s (L

inna

eus,

1758

)LC

SIN

VRS

/INT/

SBR

RAW

ASI

G/L

IT/P

HO

1,3

Po

mac

anth

us p

aru

(Blo

ch, 1

787)

LCSI

NV

RS/IN

T/SB

RCO

WA

/MA

RSI

G/L

IT/V

OU

Pom

acen

trid

aeAb

udef

duf s

axat

ilis

(Lin

naeu

s, 17

58)

NE

OM

NI

RS/IN

T/SB

RCO

AOSI

G/L

IT/V

OU

Chro

mis

flav

icau

da*

(Gün

ther

, 188

0)D

DPL

AN

KRS

/INT

RRA

WA

/EA

SIG

/LIT

/PH

O3

Chro

mis

juba

una+

Mou

ra, 1

995

NE

PLA

NK

RS/IN

TR

RASW

ASI

G/L

IT/V

OU

/PH

O1,

3

Chro

mis

lim

bata

(Val

enci

enne

s, 18

33)

NE

PLA

NK

RS/IN

TR

COW

A/E

ASI

G/L

IT/P

HO

1,3

Chro

mis

mul

tilin

eata

(Gui

chen

ot, 1

853)

NE

PLA

NK

RS/IN

TR

COAO

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U

Steg

aste

s fus

cus+

(Cuv

ier,

1830

)LC

HER

BRS

/INT

RCO

SWA

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U

St

egas

tes p

artit

us*

(Poe

y, 1

868)

NE

HER

BRS

/INT

RU

NN

WA

SIG

/PH

O3

Steg

aste

s pic

tus+

(Cas

teln

au, 1

855)

NE

HER

BRS

/INT

RCO

SWA

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U

Steg

aste

s var

iabi

lis(C

aste

lnau

, 185

5)N

EH

ERB

RS/IN

TR

COSW

ASI

G/L

IT/V

OU

Pom

atom

idae

Pom

atom

us sa

ltatr

ix(L

inna

eus,

1766

)N

EM

CAR

WC

RCO

CGSI

G/L

IT/V

OU

Pria

cant

hida

eCo

okeo

lus j

apon

icus

(Cuv

ier,

1829

)N

EM

INV

RS/IN

TR

RACG

LIT/

VOU

Pr

iaca

nthu

s are

natu

sCu

vier

, 182

9N

EM

INV

RS/IN

TR

OC

WA

/EA

SIG

/LIT

/VO

U/P

HO

1,3

Rach

ycen

trid

aeRa

chyc

entr

on ca

nadu

m(L

inna

eus

1766

)N

EM

CAR

RS/IN

T/SB

RA

CT

LIT/

VOU

Scia

enid

aeM

entic

irrhu

s am

eric

anus

(Lin

naeu

s, 17

58)

NE

MIN

VIN

T/SB

COW

ALI

T/VO

U/P

HO

Men

ticirr

hus l

ittor

alis

(H

olbr

ook,

184

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Mic

ropo

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ares

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tex

(Cuv

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Pa

requ

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cum

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loch

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chne

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1)N

EM

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Sp

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r, 19

03N

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194

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RS/IN

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Syno

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idae

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(Spi

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WA

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Figure 3. Examples reef fish considered “common” in reefs of Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil. (A) The Tomtate Grunt, Haemulon aurolineatum; (B) Ser-geant Major, Abudefduf saxatilis; (C) Porkfish, Anisotremus virginicus; (D) Banded Butterflyfish, Chaetodon striatus; (E) Reef Croaker, Odontoscion dentex; (F) Dusky Grouper, Epinephelus marginatus; (G) South American Silver Porgy, Diplodus argenteus; (H) Bandtail Puffer, Sphoeroides spengleri.



Figure 4. Examples of reef fish species considered as “rare”in reefs of Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil. (A) Emerald Parrotfish, Nicholsina usta; (B) Guri Sea Catfish, Genidens genidens; (C) Creole-fish, Paranthias furcifer; (D) Sheepshead Porgy, Calamus penna; (E) Brazilian Guitarfish, Rhinobatos horkelii; (F) Queen Triggerfish, Balistes vetula; (G) Flameback Angelfish, Centropyge aurantonotus; (H) Honeycomb Cowfish, Acanthostracion polygonius.



Figure 5. Correspondence analysis based on species richness showing the trophic structure of reef fish ichthyofauna in Santa Catarina’s rocky reef systems. Vectors indicate the feeding habits of species: MINV = mobile invertebrate feeders, MCAR = macrocarnivores, PLANK = planktivores, OMNI = omnivores, HERB = herbivores/detritivores, SINV = sessile invertebrate feeders. Green circles mark the positions of the families. Grey/green circles represent the relative proportion of species for each trophic group.

Figure 6. Habitat distribution of reef fish in Santa Catarina’s rocky reef systems. The vectors indicate the reef’s ecological zones: RS = Reef Slope zone, INT = interface, SB = sandy bottom, WC = water column. Green circles indicate the position of respective families in the rocky reef system (CA). Grey/red circles indicate the relative quantity of threatened species within the families of sharks, tunas and groupers, which are the most threatened groups.



americanus (Castelnau 1855); Cantherhines macrocerus (Hollard, 1853); Chaetodon sedentarius (Poeyi, 1860); Chromis flavicauda (Günther, 1880); Clepticus brasiliensis (Heiser, Moura & Robertson, 2000); Decapterus punctatus (Cuvier, 1829); Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau, 1855); Herpetoichthys regius (Richardson, 1848); Muraena retifera Goode & Bean, 1882 and Stegastes partitus (Poey, 1868). For S. partitus, this is the first documented record for Southwestern Atlantic waters, and for H. regius this is the first record for the coastal Southwestern Atlantic (Figure 7). For Acanthurus monroviae Steindachner, 1876, this is also the second record for Southwestern Atlantic waters. Details on the new records are given below (ordered alphabetically by Order and then Family).

Order Anguilliformes, Family Muraenidae

Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau, 1855) (Figure 7A). One individual was recorded at the approximate depth of 7 m, Arvoredo Marine Biological Reserve, Santa Catarina in 2008. Remarks: Previous southernmost record was the state of Paraná (Hackradt and Félix-Hackradt 2009).

Muraena retifera Goode & Bean, 1882 (Figure 7B). One adult individual was recorded at Xavier Island and another one at Aranhas Island in February 2015 both at the approximate depth of 8 m. Remarks: Previous southernmost record was the state of São Paulo (Carvalho-Filho 1999).

Order Anguilliformes, Family Ophichthidae

Herpetoichthys regius (Richardson, 1848) (Figure 7C and 7D). One large individual (around 90 cm) was recorded at Rancho Norte, Arvoredo Marine Biological Reserve in February 2014, at the approximate depth of 7 m, and another one smaller (around 40 cm) was recorded from Deserta Island, Arvoredo Marine Biological Reserve in May 2014.These two individuals were observed patrolling rhodolith banks that exist at these two locations. Remarks: These individuals represent the first record for the coastal Western Atlantic Ocean. Its native geographic range is the Eastern Atlantic, Ascension and Santa Helena Islands, but it has been recently reported to occur also on Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago (Wirtzet al. 2015). Therefore this is the second report of this species for the Southwestern Atlantic and the first one for the coastal part of this region.

Order Perciformes, Family Acanthuridae

Acanthurus coeruleus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 (Figure 7E). One juvenile individual was recorded at the approximate depth of 8 m, Deserta Island, Arvoredo Marine Biological Reserve, Santa Catarina in 2010, and one adult (ca. 30 cm total leng

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