characterizing groundwater flow velocity and preferential flow zones
TRANSCRIPT
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GROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTSGROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
CHARACTERIZING GROUND-WATER
FLOW VELOCITY AND PREFERENTIAL
FLOW ZONES
The Nielsen Environmental Field School, Inc.
2012 North American Environmental Field Conference & Exposition (East)
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GROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTSGROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
Agenda
• Introductions
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GROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTSGROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
2650 East 40th Avenue • Denver, Colorado 80205 • www.geotechenv.com2650 East 40th Avenue • Denver, Colorado 80205 • www.geotechenv.com
GROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTSGROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
Jeff Popiel
President and CEO
303.320.4764
2650 East 40th Avenue • Denver, Colorado 80205 • www.geotechenv.com2650 East 40th Avenue • Denver, Colorado 80205 • www.geotechenv.com
GROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTSGROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
www.GeotechEnv.com
…a world leader in environmental technology,
manufacturing and product training since 1978.
Geotech Corporate HeadquartersDenver, Colorado USA
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GROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTSGROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
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GROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTSGROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
Audience Introductions
• Name
• Company name
• Experience with site characterization
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GROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTSGROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
Why Characterize Groundwater Flow
• Plan efficient remediation
– Quantify extent and magnitude of underlying
contaminants
– Define exposure routes
– Define flow velocity
– Identify and assess risks
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GROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTSGROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
Criteria for Characterizing
Groundwater Flow• Site geology
– Distribution of geologic materials
– Stratigraphic and structural relationships
– Features that affect the subsurface migration of contaminants
• Rate and direction of ground water flow– All impacted aquifers
• Groundwater– Contaminants present
– Concentrations of contaminants
– Vertical and lateral extent of contaminants
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GROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTSGROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
Methods of Groundwater Flow
Characterization
• Groundwater level measurements
• Potentiometric maps
• Well clusters screened at different depths
• Seasonal and temporal factors
• Hydraulic conductivity
• Tracer tests
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GROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTSGROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
How Does the Borescope Work?
• Directly observes groundwater flow velocity
• Measures flow at selected depths within a well and thus the ability to measure flow from individual fractures
• Allows capture of an aerial and vertical distribution of groundwater flow velocities that is useful for the interpretation of contaminant migration in complex flow systems
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GROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTSGROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
Why is a Borescope Better?
• Hydraulic conductivity values calculated from most aquifer tests in fractured rocks are meaningless
• Groundwater flow directions in fracture porous media can be diagonal to the hydraulic gradient
• Groundwater flow and contaminant transport in fractured porous aquifers is complicated by flow in porous blocks
• Flow in sandstone or siltstone blocks may be in the direction of the hydraulic gradient while groundwater in the fractures will migrate in a direction parallel to the fractures
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GROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTSGROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
Conceptual Diagram
Source: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, “Characterization of a Fractured Aquifer Using the Colloidal Borescope”
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GROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTSGROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
AquaLITE 7.2x
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GROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTSGROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
AquaLITE 7.2xSoftware Outputs
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GROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTSGROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
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GROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTSGROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
Video digitizer
Computer
92 cm
9 cm
MSC047
GroundwaterFlow
SandPack
High-ResolutionMonitor
Manometer
EffluentWater Level
InfluentWater Level
Reservoir/SandMembrane Screen
5-cm FullyPenetrating Well
10-cm FullyPenetrating Well
Electronic cable
Borescope
PackSand
132 cm
153 cm
Colloidal
Courtesy: ORNL
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GROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTSGROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
EXPERIMENT #4
EXPERIMENT #3
EXPERIMENT #2
Sand #5
Sand #3
Sand #4
Groundwater Flow
Layered Flow
Sand #3
Groundwater Flow
Fully vs Partially Penetrating Well
Sand #3
Groundwater Flow
Sand Pack Influence
Sand #2
Well Diameter ComparisonEXPERIMENT #1
Groundwater Flow
Sand #1
5-cm FullyPenetrating Well
FullyPenetrating Well
No Sand Pack
Penetrating Well5-cm Fully
Screen
Screen
Coarse-GrainSand Pack
Penetrating WellPartially
Screen
Coarse-GrainSand Pack
Screen
10-cm FullyPenetrating Well
Courtesy: ORNL
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GROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTSGROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
MeasuredThick-layer Solution, Dq = 0Thin-layer Solution, Dq = 0
No Diffusive LossThin-layer Solution, Dq = 0
MSC115
100
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.004 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 360
Time, days
Rel
ativ
e C
onc
entr
atio
n, c
/c0
Silt
Sand Flow Direction
Silt
Nylon Mesh
Nylon Mesh
Flushing Ports
Flushing Ports
Screen
0.2m
1.0m
Laboratory tracer test results using sodium chloridewith an average linear porewater velocity in thesand equal to 0.10 m/d. (Sudicky et al., 1985)
Courtesy: ORNL
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GROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTSGROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
110
50
Dep
th (c
m)
Dep
th (
cm)
60
70
80
90
100
120
110
120
100
90
80
70
60
50
0.01 0.1
Degree from expectedflow direction
Velocity in well (cm/s)
110
Degree from expected
60120
80100
flow direction
4020
4020 60
80100
Dep
th (
cm)
100
90
80
70
60
50
110
Velocity in well (cm/s)
120
Dep
th (
cm)
100
90
80
70
60
50
1.0
0.10.01 1.0
Fine (#4)
Medium (#3)
Coarse (#5)
Fine (#4)
Coarse (#5)
Medium (#3)
Fine (#4)
Medium (#3)
Coarse (#5)
Fine (#4)
Medium (#3)
Coarse (#5)
a) b)
c) d)
6010080 4040
20 20 6080
100
Courtesy: ORNL
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GROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTSGROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
Well Bore Well Borer
r ii
Well BoreWell Bore
Finite Skin orDevelopment Zone
Filter Pack
Filter PackFilter Pack
r
r
r
123 K
a b
c d
MSC102
r
r
r
1
2
3
1 2 3
1
2
3
K K
Groundwater Flow
Courtesy: ORNL
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GROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTSGROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
0
0.5
1.0
0
0.5
1.0
0
1.0
0.5
0
1.0
0.5
0
1.0
0.5
MSC028
Point #5
Point #4
Point #3
Point #2
Point #1
Time (hr)
Rel
ativ
e B
rC
once
ntr
atio
n (m
easu
red
/inje
cted
)
Screen
#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
Well
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Dis
tanc
e F
rom
Bo
ttom
Of
Wel
l (m
)
Development of fresh water zone within thescreened interval of sampling well
(Bromide tests) After Robin and Gillham (1987)
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GROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTSGROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
0
0
FEET
400200
METERS
50 100
600
150
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GROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTSGROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
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GROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTSGROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
Courtesy: ORNL
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GROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTSGROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
Courtesy: ORNL
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GROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTSGROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
Courtesy: ORNL
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GROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTSGROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
Preferential Flow
• Preferential flow
• Preferential flow
• Preferential flow
• Preferential flow
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GROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTSGROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
843
875
883818
H O L L O W
R O A D
W-20
C
W-18
880
891B873
891A
877
871
870
876
B
R O
U T
E
3
A
811
882
R O U T E1
R O
U T
E
2
B
879
A
M70
W- 7
841
840
C O
R R
A L
H O
L L
O W
R O
A D
879
W-25N-18
W-25N-11
W-25N-13
W7B
W873-06W872-02
MSC116
Colloidal Borescope Well
Building
RoadStream
0 150120906030METERS
FEET400300 5002001000
N
Direction and Magnitude
N
N N
N
NN
of Groundwater Flow
25% 50%
BORESCOPE TEST SITE
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GROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTSGROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
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GROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTSGROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
X
X
X
X
X
X
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GROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTSGROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
X
XX
X
X X X
XX
XXX
X X
X
XX
X
X
X
X X
X XX
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
0 15 01209 06 03 0METERS
FEET4 0 0300 5002001000
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GROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTSGROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
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GROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTSGROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
0 1501209 06 030METERS
FEET400300 5002001000
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GROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTSGROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
Tidal Influence on Groundwater Flow
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GROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTSGROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
Groundwater
Flow in a Perched
Aquifer
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GROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTSGROUND WATER SAMPLING • WATER LEVEL & PRESSURE • WATER SAMPLE FILTRATION • GROUND WATER REMEDIATION • GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
Summary