Characteristics of Water and Variations of

Salinity, Temperature, and Dissolved Oxygen Content of the Water

at Oeean Weather Station c6P', in the Northeast Pacific Oceanr

Bv Susuuu TasA.rA.

Fisheries Research Board of Canada

Pacif'c Oceanograph'ic Group, IVanaimo, B.C'

ABSTRAC'I'

Vertical distributions of salinity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen content of the water at

Ocean Weather Station "P" (lat. 50' N, long. 145' W) in the northeast Pacific Ocean have been

examined for water characteristics, and deviations about their mean values. They are based on

surveys made every alternate 6-week period during the 2 years between August 1956 and July

1958, and include data above the depth of 1500 metres. Temperature and salinity data are

presented in two-dimensional frequency distribution on a temperature-salinity diagram. Variations

at each depth during the 6-week periods are expressed in terms of standard deviations and ranges.

Causes oI these variations, when ascertainable, are discussed briefly.

INTRODLICTION

OcBeNocnepHrc DATA collected from weatherships are of particular interest from

a statistical point of view as they are taken almost continuously from fixed

points in the ocean. At Ocean Weather Station "P" (phonetically designated as

PAPA) (lat. 50" N, long. 145" W) in the northeast Pacific Ocean (Fig. 1), oceano-

graphic observations have been made through every alternate 6-week period

since August 1956. These data are recorded annually in the Oceanographic and

Limnological Series of Manuscript Reports of the Fisheries Research Board of

Canada (Pacific Oceanographic Group, 1957, 1958' 1959).

There is 1o location in the northeast Pacific Ocean region from which such

large numbers of oceanographic observations are available at one locality as

from Station "P". It seems likely, however, that the types of frequenc-v

distribution, structures, and deviations of the properties of water here are

generally characteristic o{ the water in this region of the Pacific.

DATA

During each oceanographic cruise at Station "P", water samples were

obtained and temperature observations made weekly (weather permitting) at

s tandard depths of 0, 10, 20, 30,50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 250, 300, 400,

rReceived for publication December 7, 1959.

353J. Frsn. RBs. Bo. CeNeoe, 17(3),1964.Printed in Canada.

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JOURNAL FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD OF CAN.A.DA. VOL. 17. NO. 3. 1960

Frc. 1. Chart showing location of Ocean Station "P" and major surface currents of thenortheast Pacific Ocean.

500, 750, 1000, 1250, and 1500 metres (m). These were followed by observationsto depth of 300 m, a few days later. In general, there are l0 to 12 observationsfrom each depth above 300 m, and half as many from greater depths. Therefore,the data obtained from depths above 300 m have more statistical weight thanthose obtained from depths below 300 m.

Until August 1957, salinity determinations were made by the N{ohr chemicalmethod. These are reported to have a precision of -l 0.Ol7/- (mean of duplicatedeterminations) at 0.05 probabil ity level, or standard deviation of about +0.01V0a.Since then, salinity has been determined by a conductivity method to a precisionof +0.00470a (mean of duplicate determinations), or standard deviation of+ 0.0027oo (Strickland, 1958). Temperatures were measured with reversingthermometers and are l ikely to be precise to +0.04 C'at 0.05 probabil ity level,or standard deviation of *0.02 C" (Boyce, 1960). Thermometric depths areassumed to be accurate to * 5 m at depths above 1000 m. At depth of 700 m,for example, where the temperature changes by 0.1 C" in 50 m, deviations of atleast * 0.03 C' from these errors are possible. The precision of oxygen determin-ations (Winkler method) at 0.7 mill igram-atoms per l i tre (mg-at/l) level is + 0.0165mg-at/I, and at 0.03 mg-at/l level is * 0.003 mg-at/l at 0.05 probabil ity level, orstandard deviations of + 0.008 mg-at/l and + 0.0015 mg-at/l respectively(Strickland, 1958).

All values have been reduced to those of the standard depths by three-pointparabolic interpolation in a digital computer (Fofonoff and Tabata, 1958).Since sampling bottles were usually placed at the standard depths on the hydro-graphic wire and since wire angles were usually kept within 15o, the interpolation

LocATroN oF ocEAN s l l i t oN "p " '

AND MA.JOR SURFACE CURRENTS OFA L A S K A

; N 0 R T H E A S T P A C t F t C O C E A N

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TABATA: wA-l'!lR CHARACTERISTICS IN NORTHEAST PACIFIC OCEAN 355

Teeln Ia. Means and ranges of salinity (7d of water at Station "P" during period

August 1956 to July 1958. (Parentheses denote number of observations.)

1956 r95 7-8 1958

25 Aug. 10 Nov,to to

26 Sept. 7 Dec.

20 Apr . 13 Ju ly 28 Sept .to to to

29 May 21 Aug. 29 Qct.

14 Dec. 9 Mar . 31 Mayto to tQ

22 Jan. 16 Apr . 8 Ju ly

27 Ja t .TO

2 Mar-

CruiseNo. 56-1 57-J. 58 1 58-2

Depthtm.J

o 32 .72.14(7)

10 32 .68. r1 (7)

30 32 .69.0e(7)

50 32 .73.o+(7)

75 32 .77.03 (7 )

100 32 .82.06(7)

725 33 .18.3e (7 )

1 5 0 3 3 . 6 r.40(7)

1 7 5 3 3 . 7 7. 1 3 ( 6 )

200 33.85.04(6)

250 33.92.04(6)

300 33 .97.06(6)

400 34.08.03(s )

500 34 .16.02(s )

700 34.2a.oo(s)

1000 3+.41.03(s)

1200 34.42.o1(2)

1.500

3 2 . 7 3 3 2 . 7 0.0e(4) .17(8)

32-69 32.67.0s(4) .07(8)

32 .67 32 .65.0e(4) .os (8)

32 .68 32 .66.07(4) .06(8)

32 .71 32 .66.os(4) .os(8)

33.07 32 .72.68(4) .24(8)

33 .38 33 .00.s2( ,1 ) .47(8)

33 .64 33 .44.1e(3) .3e(s )

33 .77 33 .69. 0 e ( 3 ) . 1 7 ( 8 )

33 .86 33 .80.03(3) .06(7)

33 .94 33 .88.o2(2) .04(7)

33 .99 33 .98- ( 1 ) . 2 1 ( 7 )

34.09 34.08- (1 ) .08(s )

31 .17 34 .16- ( 1 ) . 1 1 ( s )

3+.28 3+.26- ( 1 ) . 1 0 ( s )

34.4t 34.36- ( 1 ) . 0 6 ( s )

34"+7 3+.42(1) .06(4)

- 3+.+9_ .o2(3)

32 .66 32 .63. 2 0 ( 1 , 2 ) . 2 5 ( 1 1 )

3 2 . 6 3 3 2 . 6 r. 1 1 ( 1 2 ) . r 7 ( r 1 )

32 .6 i 32 .62. 0 9 ( 1 2 ) . 0 8 ( 1 1 )

3 2 . 6 3 3 2 . 7 0. 0 4 ( 1 2 ) . 1 0 ( 1 1 )

3 2 . 6 4 3 2 . 7 8.12(12) . r2 ( r1 )

32 .70 32 .83.29(12) .23(11)

32.98 33 .24.5+(12) .4e(1 1)

3 3 . 4 3 3 3 . 5 1.27 (r2) .29(11)

33.65 33 .69. 1 8 ( 1 2 ) . 2 2 ( r O )

33.77 .33 .80. r+( r2 ) .23(10)

33.86 33 .S0. 0 8 ( 1 2 ) . 1 3 ( 1 0 )

33.93 33 .96.05(12) .08( r0 )

3+.O4 34.03

,04(6) .03(6)

3 4 . 1 2 3 4 . 1 6.04(6) .os (6)

34.2+ 34.28.04(6) .03(6)

31.31' 31.+l.os(6) .03(6)

34 .43 34 .45.os(6) .0s(s)

- 3+.52.03 (5 )

32 . r - 1 32 .77.17(10) .14(12)

3 2 . 6 7 3 2 . 7 2. 1 3 ( 1 0 ) . 1 s ( 1 2 )

3 2 . 6 5 3 2 . 7 2. 1 1 ( 1 0 ) . r + ( 1 2 )

3 2 . 7 8 3 2 . 7 0. 2 5 ( 1 0 ) . 1 0 ( 1 2 )

32.90 32 .70. 1 1 ( 1 0 ) . 0 9 ( 1 2 )

32.96 32 .79. 1 1 ( 1 0 ) . 1 4 ( 1 2 )

3 3 . 1 7 3 3 . 3 0.31 (10) .27 ( r2 )

33.42 33.50.28(10) .22(12)

33.59 33 .62.28(10) .2O(r2)

33 .73 33 .7r.3s(10) .o8(12)

33.84 33.82.18(10) .o4( r2 )

33 .92 33 .90.14(10) .os( r1 )

34.06 34.03.os(s ) .04(6)

34.14 31.12.04(5) .0s (6)

34.27 34.26.02(s ) .03(s )

34.40 34.4r.o4(s) .o3(s)

34.48 34.45,,_*, o]..,

32.89 32 .57. 1 5 ( 1 1 ) . 2 + ( 1 2 )

32.85 32 .83. 1 2 ( 1 1 ) . r 4 ( 1 r )

32 .86 32 .86. r2 ( t2 ) .14(12)

32.86 32 .92. 1 1 ( 1 1 ) , 0 4 ( 1 2 )

32 .86 32 .94. 1 1 ( 1 1 ) . 1 2 ( 1 2 )

32.9r i2 .96.37(11) . r r (12)

33 .41 33 .39.74(11) .48(12)

33.63 33 .68.24(11) .28(12)

3 i .7 | 33 .7 6. 0 7 ( 1 1 ) . 1 0 ( 1 2 )

33.75 33 7e.os(11) .o3(12)

33.82 33 .84. 0 s ( 1 1 ) . 0 6 ( 1 2 )

33.88 33 .90. 0 5 ( 1 1 ) . O s ( 1 1 )

34.03 34 .04.02(s ) .04(6)

3+.14 34 .1+.03(s ) .03(6)

34.27 34.29.04(s ) .02(6)

34.40 34.42.or (s ) .04(6)

3+.45 34.46.01 (s ) .02(3)

errors are probably negligible. Values which appeared to have obvious errors

have been eliminated from consideration here, although they are listed in the data

records. The sets of data containing as many as 90 observations at each depth

made during the 2-year period were examined. The results of this examination

are presented in condensed form in the accompanying Tables. Table Ia shows

the means and ranges, and Ib the standard deviations, for salinity at various

depths. Tables IIa,b, and IIIa,b show respectively the corresponding data

for temperature arrd dissolved oxygen content of the water.

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356 JOURNAL FISHERIES RESEARCH BoARD oF cANADA, vo I - . 12 , No. 3 , 1960

GpNBn-q.r OcBaNocna.pHrc LocATroN oF SrerroN "P"

Station "P" (Fig. 1) l ies in the path of the near-zonal and sluggish flow(about 5 cm/sec) of the Sub-arctic Current. This current changes its directionfrom an easterly to northeasterly or northerly course in this vicinity (Dodimead,1958). The Station is situated west of the divergence where the Sub-arcticCurrent divides to form the northward-flowins Alaska Current and the south-ward-fl or,ving Calif ornia Current.

Sue-encrrc WarBn Mess

The general description of this water of the Northeast Pacific Ocean hasalready been reported by several authors (Doe, 1955; Tully and Dodimead,1 9 5 7 : B e n n e t t . 1 q s s ) .

The major feature of the water structure in this region is the presence ofan upper zo17e, a haloclir-re, and a lower zone. These zones may be identifiedby referring to the temperature-salinity curve (T S curve) shown in Fig. 2.In the upper zone which extends from the surface to depth of about 100 m (Fig.3a and 3c) the salinity is 32.7%o. However, the temperature in the zone variesby as much as 8 C" from winter to summer (Fig. 4c). In summer, the zone isrepresented by the vertical segmer-rt of the T-S curve (Fig.2). In winter, thewater in this zone is mixed to homogeneity and hence both salinity and temperatureare constant (Fig. 3a and 4a). In summer, a secondary halocline frequently

Tesre Ib. Standard deviations of salinity (/6) of water at Station "P" during period

August 1956 to July 1958.

19581956 195 7

25 Aug. 1O Nov. 27 Jan.!o to to

26 Sept. 7 Dec. 2 Mar.

20 Apr. 13 Julyto to

29 May 21 Aug.

14 Dec. 9 Mar. 31 Mayto to to

22 Jan. 16 Apr. 8 July

28 Septto

29 Oct.

CruiseNo. 56-2 57-2 57-3 58-15 7 45 6 1 5 8 2

.05 .o7 .06 .05 .05 .o.5 .08

.O2 .03 .05 .O4 .O,1 .04 .05

.o2 .o2 .03 .03 .04 .o4 .05

.o2 -o2 .03 .o3 .03 .04 .0,1

.01 .03 .03 .o3 .o3 .04 .0.3

.08 .08 .o7 .0.3 .13 .O9 .04

.16 .16 .12 .O9 .08 .26 .1 ,1

. t2 .07 .o7 .08 .o .5 .o7 .o7

.06 .05 .05 .o7 .05 .o2 .02

.o2 .04 .06 .09 .o2 .o2 .01

.o2 .o2 .03 .05 .01 .o2 .o2

.01 .o2 .o2 .04 .01 .o2 .o2

.00 .01 .01 .o2 .01 .01 .o l

.04 .01 .o2 .01 .o2 .01 .o1

.o3 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01

.o2 .o2 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01

.03 .o2 .o2 .01 .00 .01. o l

Depth(m)

o .0.510 .0430 .0350 .0175 .01

100 .o2t z t . l . t

1 5 0 - t 2175 -O4200 .01250 .O1300 .o2400 .00500 .01700 .00

1000 0 l12001.500

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TABATA: WATER CHARACTERISTICS IN NORTHEAST PACIFIC OCEAN

Teerr IIa. Means and ranges of temperature ("C) of u'ater at Station "P" during

period August 1956 to July 1958. (Parentheses denote number of observations.)

1957 1 9 5 7 8 1958

.J5 /

25 Aug. 10 Nov. 27 Jan.to lo to

26 Sept. 7 Dec. 2 M^r.

20 Apr. 13 July 28 Septto to to

29 \[ay 21 Aug. 29 Oct

14 Dec. 9 Mar . 31 Mayto to to

22 Jan. 16 Apr . 8 Ju ly

CruiseNo. 56-1 56-2 57-1 s7-2 57-3 57-5 58-1 58--2

Depth(m)

o 13 .34 6 .82

2.20(1) 1 .2o(+)

10 12 .99 6 .81

r .37 (7 ) 1 .2o(+)

30 9 .95 6 .19

5.6 .3(7) r .2 r (4 )

50 6 .38 6 .79

1.35(7) 1 .2O(4)

7 5 4.33 6.08

.4o(7) .es(4)

100 4 .o4 4 . t l

.42(7) .27 (4 )

125 4 .20 4 .18

.2e(7) .34(4)

150 4 .37 4 .20

. r7 (7) .03(3)

175 4 .30 4 .13

.07(6) .03(3)

200 4 .22 4 .08

.23(6) .06(3)

250 4 .06 4 .10

.10(s ) .o2(2)

300 3.92 3.92

.o4(s ) - (1 )

,100 3 .79 3 .81

.04(s ) - (1 )

500 3 .61 3 .56

. 1 6 ( s ) * ( 1 )

7 0 0 3 . 2 8 3 . 1 9

.o6(s ) - (1 )

1000 2 .79 2 .78

.10(s ) - (1 )

1200 2 .48 2 .57- ( 1 ) - ( 1 )

1500

5.62 7 .06

. 4 0 ( 8 ) 1 . 8 i ( 1 2 )

5 .59 6 .96

.29(8) r .74( r2 )

5 .56 6 .80

.28(8) 1 .80(12)

5 .54 6 .72

.27 (8 ) 1 .9O(12)

5 .48 6 .20

.27 (8 ) r .37 ( r2 )

5 .23 5 .49

.90(8) 1.O1(12)

4 .29 4 .77

.s8(8) 1 . r7 (12)

4.O7 4.O7

.21(.8) .23(12)

+-17 4 .O7

.10(8) .22(12)

4 . 1 7 4 . 1 4

. 1 8 ( 7 ) . o e ( 1 1 )

4 .01 4 .O8

.08(6) .o7(11)

3 .93 3 .93

.o7 (7 ) .26(7 )

3 . 7 8 3 . 7 r

.0s(s) .1s(s)

3.66 3 .63

.07(s ) .02(6)

3 .29 3 .28

.07(s ) .10(6)

2 . 7 8 2 . 7 8

.os(6) .os(s)

2 .52.07(4)

2 .25

.o0(3)

t1.92 12.79 7.33

2.90( 11) 1 .70 ( 10) 2 .O9( .12)

r 1 .91 12 .81 7 .31

3.os ( 1 1 ) 1 .5s ( 10) 2 .06( .12)

11 .29 12 .81 7 .30

2 . 0 1 ( 1 1 ) 1 . s 0 ( 1 0 ) 2 . O s ( r 2 )

8 .19 9 .03 7 .29

2. r1 (1r ) 4 .61(10) 2 .Os(12)

5 .95 6 .57 7 .24

.93(11) 1 .33(10) r .63( t2 )

.5 .08 5 .93 6 .70

.34(1 1) .85(10) 2 .+9( r2)

4 .40 5 .31 5 .58

. 7 e ( 1 1 ) 1 . 0 O ( 1 0 ) r . 3 2 ( 1 2 )

3 .99 + .49 4 .88

.19(12) 1 .34(10) .85(12)

3 .92 3 .95 4 .+4

.25(10) .16(9) .42(12)

3 . 9 0 3 . 8 8 4 . 1 6

.20(1 1) .16(e) .34(12)

3 .88 3 .74 3-87

. 1 4 ( 1 0 ) . 1 1 ( 9 ) . \ 9 ( r 2 )

3 . 8 6 3 . 7 8 3 . 8 3

. 1 8 ( 1 0 ) . 1 6 ( 8 ) . 1 1 ( 1 1 )

3 . 7 7 3 . 7 4 3 . 8 4

.22( .6 ) .10(s ) .12(6)

3 . 6 5 3 . 6 7 3 . 7 5

. 1 3 ( 6 ) . 1 1 ( s ) . 0 e ( 6 )

3 .26 3 .29 3 .35

.09(6) .08(s) .o4(4)

2 .81 , 2 .79 2 .87

.07(6) .o6(s ) .06(s )

2 .56 2 .55 2 .57

.10(10) .o+(4) .06(3)

2 . 2 8

. I 0 (5)

6 .10 10 .90

. 6 0 ( 1 1 ) 3 . 5 0 ( 1 2 )

6 . 1 7 1 0 . 4 5

.s5(11) 2 .98(12)

6 . 1 6 8 . 6 6

. s 1 ( 1 1 ) 2 . 9 8 ( t 2 )

6 .14 6 .82

.45(11) .6+(12)

6 . 1 3 6 . t 2

.4s(1 1) .8e(r2)

6 .07 5 .80

. 6 0 ( 1 1 ) . 3 1 ( 1 2 )

5 . 7 3 5 . 7 0

.87(11) .48(12)

5 . 0 1 5 . 1 2

.9O(1 1) .46(12)

4 .55 4 .67

.60(11) .+s( r2 )

4 .27 4 .38

.44(1 1) .42(12)

3 .91 4 .00

.36(11) .14(12)

3 .76 3 .83

. 2 9 ( 1 0 ) . 2 1 ( l l )

3 . 8 0 3 . 7 4

.16(s ) .24(6)

3 . 7 i 3 . 7 3

.1s (s ) .0s (6)

3.40 3 .38

. 1 2 ( s ) . 0 7 ( 6 )

2 .85 2 .36

.04(s ) .08(6)

2 .5+ 2 .58

.06(s ) .o7(6)

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358 JOURNAL FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD oF CANADA, vot-. 17, No. 3, 1960

appears within the upper zone (Fig.3c). Also, in some years a temperatureinversion occurs in the halocline. The dissolved oxygen content is relatively

constant, having a value of about 0.60 mg-at/l (Fig. 5a and 5c); however, in

summer it is at maximum at about mid-depth in this zone (Fig. 5c). The specific

volume anomaly of the water in the upper zone varies from about 350 centilitresper metric ton (cllton) at the top, to 200 cl/ton at the bottom of the zone (Fig. 2).

Just below the upper zone lies the halocline, usually between the depths

of 100 and 200 m. Here the salinity increases markedly with depth by as much

as l.07oo (Fig. 3a and 3c) while the temperature changes relatively l i tt le with

depth (Fig. 4a and 4c). On the T-S curve, the halocline is therefore represented

by the horizontal segment (Fig. 2). The dissolved oxygen content decreasesquite rapidly with depth, dropping from 0.60 mg-atl l at top to 0.30 mg-at/l at

bottom of the halocline (Fig. 5a and 5c). The specific volume anomaly decreases

from 200 cl/ton at top to 130 cl/ton at bottom of the halocline (Fig. 2).

In the lower zone, namely the water below the halocline, the properties of

water change gradually with depth. The salinity increases, reaching 34.47* at

depth of 1000 m (Fig.3a and 3c) and to 34.7/* near the bottom (a000 m). The

temperature decreases to 2.8o C at depth of 1000 m (Fig. 4a and 4c) and to 1.5o C

near the bottom. The dissolved oxygen content decreases to a minimum (0.05

mg-at/l) at depth of about 1000 m (Fig. 5a and 5c) and then increases gradually

to 0.30 mg-atll near the bottom. On the T-S curve this zone is represented b.v

r,r.slD IIb. Standard 0""'^,;:,:: f"::tri;ty: j"r.l ,"r!i:,er

at Station "P" during

1957 r95 7-8 1958

2 5 .A.u g.to

26 Sept .

10 Nov. 27 lan. 20 Apt.to to [o

7 Dec. 2 Mar. 29 M4/

13 Ju ly 28 Sept . 14 Dec. 9 Mar . 31 MaYto to to to to

21 Aug. 29 OcL. 22 Jan. 16 Apr. 8 JulY

CruiseNo. 56-1 56-2 57-4 57-5 5 8 2

. 6 6 . r 7 1 . 1 0

. 6 6 . 1 7 . 7 9.65 .15 1 .08.64 .16 .20. 5 6 . 1 4 . 2 +.66 .20 .07. 3 8 . 2 5 . 1 5. 2 + . 2 6 . 1 2, 1 + . 1 6 . 1 2. 1 1 . 1 1 . 1 2.05 .13 .05.03 .08 .07.04 .07 .08.03 ,05 .o2.o2 .0,1 .03.o2 .01 .03'_'

": t j

.a2 .+6 .08 .64 .86 . .55

.45 .46 .09 .61 .83 .511.65 .17 .09 .59 . i l .49

.4+ .+7 .10 .60 .72 1 .31

. r4 .35 .O9 .42 .27 .43. 1 5 . 1 1 . 2 8 . 3 1 . 1 0 . 2 8.1 1 .14 .19 -41 .22 .32.06 .o9 .05 .07 .37.03 .03 .o7 .06 .O5.o7 .06 .03 .04 .05.04 .03 .o2 .04 .o5.o1 .03 .08 .05 .05.o2 .o2 .06 .07 .05.06 .03 .01 .04 .04.o2 .o2 .04 .03 .03.o3 .03 -o2 .o2 .o2

.03 .03 .o2- .03

Depth(m)

o1 0305075

100t251501 7 5200250300400500700

looo12001500

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TABATA: WATER CHARACTERISTICS IN NORTHEAST PACIFIC OCEAN

Tesr,r IIIa. Means and ranges of dissolved oxygen content (mg-at/l) of water at Station"P" during period August 1956 to July 1958. (Parentheses denote number of observations.)

1957 1957-8 1958

359

25 Aug. 10 Nov. 27 lat.to to to

26 Sept. 7 Dec. 2 Mar.

20 Apr. 13 July 28 Septto to to

29 May 2l Aug. 29 Oct.

14 Dec. 9 Mar. 31 Mayto to to

22 JaD. 16 Apr. 8 July

CruiseNo. 56-1 s6-2 57-2 57-3 57-5s7-4 58-1 58-2

Depth(m,

o

1 0

30

50

75

125

100

.550

.o32(7)

.548

.o73(7)

.081 (7 )

.604

.o47 (7)

.620

.034(7)

.608

.044(7 )

.499

.r19(7)

.364

.038 (7)

.282

.062(6)

.222

.043(6)

.153

.03s (s)

.to7.02s (s)

.o74

.01 7 (s)

.063

.027(s)

.o52

.030(s)

.046

.03o(s)

.036

.o22(3)

.614 .636

.o32(4) .030(e)

.603 .630

.036(4) .O27 (9)

.595 .624

.037(4) .O12(e)

.592 .622

.036(4) .059(9)

.589 .631

.02e(4) .o34(e)

.566 .600

.o20(4) .108(9)

.o77(4) .10s(8)

.307 .4+2

.o18(3) .0s2(8)

.218 .315

.023(3) .0s7(8)

.206 .245

.o12(3) .O58(7)

. r+9 .177- (1) .061,(7)

.o98 .134- (1 ) .088(7)

.080 .071- (1 ) .o27(s )

.065 .056- (1 ) .o lo (s )

.o47 .O47- ( r ) . o16 (s )

.04s .041- (1) .o13(s)

.o49

.03o(4)

- .076- .033(3)

.631 .607 ..567

.040(12) .047(1 1) .026(5)

.631 .605 .566

.040( l 2 ) .o3e(1 1) .01s(8)

.631 .612 ,570

.03s(12) .041(11) .037(1O)

.636 .631 .591

.078(12) .OsO(1 1) .O72(1O)

.633 .638 .608

.o45(12) .O30(11) .062(10)

. 6 1 8 . 6 2 2 . 6 \ 7

.o7r ( r2 ) .066(1 1) .029(10)

.561 .531 .573

.153(12) . r27(11) .O43(1O)

.415 .425 .493

.033(12) .032(11) .022(10)

.3 r2 .341 .414

.134(12) .121(10) .078(10)

.248 .278 .3 i7

. r24( t2 ) .149(10) .080(10)

.t62 .202 .236

.o39(11) .099(10) .068(9)

.126 . r42 .165

.041 (11) .090(10) .048(8)

.084 .088 .O90

.0s7(6) .0sl (6) .043(s)

.064 .062 -O72

.033(6) .oo8(6) .010(s)

.o47 .055 .062

.Ooe(6) .012(6) .016(s )

.048 .055 .054

.018(s) .018(6) .014(5)

.052 .063 .O52

.014(4) .024(6) .o2r (4 )

- .o73- .007(4)

.632 .702 .613

.o42( r2) .096(10) .125(10)

.627 .700 .610

.040(12) .086(10) .Oss(12)

.626 .698 .654

.039(12) .08O(10) .067(12)

.625 .696 .661

.o38(12) .O91(10) .O27 ( r2 )

.633 .694 .642

.082(12) .O8S(1O) .O74(r2)

.629 .674 .637

.06s(12) .138(10) .Oss(12)

.s87 .582 .548

.o9o( r2) .156(1O) . rO7 (12)

.526 .528 .472

.o2s(r2) .087(10) .064(12)

.4.58 .469 .427

.060(12) .031(10) .036(12)

.406 .407 .381

.079(12) .076(10) .oso( l2 )

.3t2 .309 .29a

.119(12) .064(10) .O7O(12)

.242 .237 .223

. rs1( r2 ) .o48(1O) .O41(11)

-152 .148 ,137

.os6(6) .0o8(s) .o27 (6')

.091 .105 ,090

.o61(s) .012(s ) .022(6)

.078 .O73 .061

.04s(s ) .018(s ) .o16(6)

.066 .064 .O50

.040(s) .014(s) .oo3(6)

.060 .076 .049- (1 ) .o?o(s ) .01e(6)

1000

1200

1500J. F

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360 JOURNAL FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD OF'CANADA' VOL. 17 ' NO. 3 , 1960

the diagonal segment. The specific volume anomaly of the water in this zor-re

varies from about 130 cl/ton at top of the lower zone to about 60 cl/ton at depth

of 1000 m and to 30 cl/ton near the bottom (Fig. 2).

CnenacrpnlsTrcs oF WATER

In order to present the characteristics of water at Station "P", 0 type of scatter

diagram has been used to plot the large number of observations of salinity and

temperature on the conventional T-S diagram. These are shown in Fig. 6a

(10-125 m) and Fig. 7 (150-1500 m). Following the method of Montgomer-v

(1955), the data are also presented in a two-dimensional frequency distribution

on a T-S diagram (Fig. 6b and 7). For the frequency distributions shown in

Fig. 6b, class intervals of 0.5 Co for temperature and 0.05%o for salinity are chosen.

For observations at greater depths (Fig. 7) where variations are much smaller

than in surface zone, class intervals of 0.05 Co for temperature and 0.037u |or

salinity are selected.From the scatter diagram shown in Fig. 6a, it is evident that in the upper

zone the salinity remains in the narrow range between 32.6 and 33.0%0. But

as the depth approaches that of the halocline, the range increases lrom 0.4%o at a

depth above 75 m to maximum of 1.0/* at depth of 125 m in the halocline. The

temperature range decreases from a maximum of 9 Co in the upper 50 m depths

to less than 3 Co at depth of 125 m. Below the halocline the scatter, and hence

t".t" tttt. a,^ra.

1957-8 19581956

25 Aug. 10 Nov.to !o

26 Sept. 7 Dec.

27 Jan. 20 Apr . 13 Ju ly 28 SePt .to to to to

2 Mar. 29 May 21 Aug. 29 Oct.

14 Dec. 9 Mar. 31 Mayto to to

22 Jan. 16 Apr. 3 July

CruiseNo. 56-1 5 6 2 5 7 1 5 7 2 57 3 57-4 57-5 58-1 .58-2

Depth( m )

o . 0 1 4

10 .o2330 .o2850 .o177 5 . O 1 1

100 .o13125 .O44150 .0381 7 5 . O 2 2200 .014250 .O14300 .009400 .005500 .010700 .010

1000 .o tz1200 .0101500

.ol2

. 0 1 3

.014

. 0 1 4

.010

.008

.028

. : .

.o10

.o09

.o t2. 0 1 6.o10.033.033.052.o22.020.020.o26.o10.oo4.006.oo5.ot2

. o 1 1

. 0 1 1

.010.o20. 0 1 1.019-o42.033.035.030.010. 0 1 0.o2(J.o1,2.o04.oo7.oo5

.o16

.010

.o t2

.014

.009

.o2 l

.036.o32.o35.041.o29.o26.016.oo3.005.oo6

:::

.010

.007

.o12-o24.o17.o07.014.o22.o22.026.o25.016.o16.o03.oo5.oo3.oo9

.o12

.o I2

. 0 1 1

. 0 1 1

.o21

. 0 1 5

.o24

.o25

.o22

.o23

.429

.034

.o20

.030

.o19

. 0 1 4

.o3z .038

.o32 .015

.o32 .O18

.033 .009

.o34 .019

.038 .014

.050 .039

.o29 .018

.015 .O12

.o24 .O14

.o20 .019

.o17 .014

.002 .008

.005 .007

.oo7 .006

.005 .000-o23 .002

J. F

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TABATA: \VATER CHARACTERISTICS IN NORTHEAST PACIFIC OCEAN

Frc. 2. Temperature-salinity relations of water at Station "P". (Mean

value for each depth and for each cruise is plotted. Large arrows indicatelimits of various zones.)

the ranges, of both the salinity and temperature decreases with depth. Atdepth of 150 m the scatter is still appreciable, the salinity range being 0.6/oo andtemperature range being 1.5 C' (Fig. 7). However, at depth of 1000 m theranges are only 0.0570a and 0.2 Co.

As illustrated in Fig. 6b and 7 the frequency distributions of both the salinityand temperature at the various depths are generally asymmetric. In some, thedistributions are uni-modal, notably those of salinity and temperature at depthsgreater than 400 m. In others, especially in the upper zone, they are bi-modal.At present it is difficult to ascertain whether the distributions are of Normal orof Poisson type.

361

uE

=F

T E M P E R A T U R E _ S A L I N I T Y

R E L A T I O N S O F W A T E RA T S T A T I O N " P "

NUMBER DENOTES DEPTH I IVETRES) OF SAMPLE

ti. :t";_::,:ii;5 7 _ 5 t 3 - V t - 2 t - V i l t - s 7

II

I/l,I

t !_ , | > '

o,k-r /

F.1tr^4:"- i/ \ ^ . ' /

7n, '\''%

/ | D ' - ^ o

I | -*n

/..t%-t""I | I ' ,

l /

I SYMBoL

l '- -7-- r,/ | o/

. f " l // | \ /:"1"'{I ""*:"'i i \-a.-

i l - r . - & +

i ^"+" ,lql' i /j .'.1*|

/i - i ' - { - 7I L - - - - , _ , - d / p "

z!-, ---:=5Qv i /.r'€- 15

I t - 1

HALOCLII ' IE I, /

SALtNtTY ( . / . " )

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362 JoURNAL FIsHERIES RESEARcH BoARD oF cANADA, voL. 17, No. 3, 1960

S o l i n i l y ( % " ) Dcv io f ion (o / * )

!2. B3 o 33 s 34.o 34.5 o.o0 o,to o.2o

^ 400

E

4 600

SAL IN ITY (%. )C ru i se 57 - l

Jonuory- FGbruory 1957

Stondord Deviot ion

o f So l i n i t y (% ' )

b

- 40c

:=r 600c

o

S o l i n i l y ( % . )

SALINITY (%. )Cruise 57-3

. luly - Au{ust 1957

Dcviof ion (o/.o)

ooo o.to o.20

Stondord Deviot ion

of Sol in i ty (7. . )

dC q

Frc. 3. Vertical profiles of salinity (7d with deviations for winter andsummer (from mean value for each depth and for each cruise).

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TABATA: WATER CHARACTERISTICS

t c m p e r o t u r c ( o i )

IN NORTHEAST PACIFIC OCEAN

Dcv io l ion (oC)oo o.5 LO

Stondo rd Dev io t i onof Temperoture ( 'C)

b

363

=

4

o

D c v i o t i o n ( ' C ln (

-

o

C

Frc. 4. Vertical profiles ofand summer (f:"om mean

IL/

Autu . r -3 . r t .a ! . r - l lSC

Stondord Dev io i iono f Tempero ture (oq

d

temperature ('C) with deviations for wintervalue for each depth and for each cruise).

TEMPERATURE ( 'C)

Cru ise 57- |, Jonuory-Fcbruory 1957

T E M P E R A T U R E ( ' C )

C r u i s e 5 7 - 3July-Augusl 1957

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36+ JoLTRNAL FTsHERIES RF:sE-{RCH BoARD oF CANADA, vot-. 17, No. 3, 1960

The frequency distribution of salinity' in the upper 50 m depth has bi-modalcharacters, one set lying between salinit l ' ol 32.6 and 32.7/* and the other between32.8 and 32.9%a (Fig.6b). The former, u'ith the larger peak, appears to berepresentative of the salinity in the region. The smaller peak is associated withthe relatively more saline water occurring in the region during 1958.

In the frequency distributions of temperature in the upper 50 m depth thereis one large peak in the lower temperatures and a smaller one in the highertemperatures. The lower temperatures are associated rvith large volumes ofwater in winter when the mixed layer is deeper (100 m) than in summer (30 m).Because of the larger volume and hence larger heat capacity of the mixed layer

in winter, the temperatures at this time are less affected by the heat exchangeat the sea surface. The surface temperature variations are within 2 C" fromlate autumn through winter to spring whereas they var-v by as much as 8 Co from

spring through summer to autumn (Holl ister, 1956). The minimum frequency

at temperatures between 9 and '10o C is presumably due to the short period in

spring and autumn when these temperatures occur. This period correspondsto the maximum seasonal rate of change of temperature.

At depths greater than 50 m in the upper zone' the distribution is more

symmetrical than in the upper 50 m depth (Fig. 6b). However, at depth of 100 m,

a small peak is evident in the lower temperatures. This is associated with therelatively cold water at this depth during 1956.

The frequency distribution of salinity at 150 m depth in the halocline is

bi-modal, one peak occuring at salinity ol 33.570a and a secondary peak at salinity

of 33.7/*. The latter appears to be related to the presence of a relatively more

saline water at this depth during 1958.In and immediately below the halocline (125-300 m) the frequency

distribution of both the temperature and salinity is bi-modal. The colder more

saline water is prevalent in the first half of the period (summer 1956 to summer1957). Thereafter, warmer, less saline water is evident. As pointed out and

discussed by Tully et at. (1960), this interval is below the depth of seasonalinfluence, hence the occurrence of these modes defines a change of water mass

in the summer of 1957. There is no doubt that the change of water mass also

occurred in the shallower water; however, there it is probably obscured by the

seasonal variations.As with the frequency distribution of salinity, the data grouping of tempera-

ture below the depth of 300 m is uni-modal. In some cases, as for depth of 400 m,

the distribution is negatively skewed.It is apparent from Fig. 6a and 7 that the frequency distribution of specific

volume anomaly is generally asymmetric. In depths below 500 m symmetry is

evident.

DpvretroNs oF SALINITy ABour rrs NIIEAN Verup

The largest deviations of salinity during the 6-week period occur in the

halocline. At 100, !25, and 150 m depths the standard deviation is as large as

+0.26V00 (Fig. 3b and 3d, Table Ib). Detailed observations made at Station

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TABATA: WATER CHARACTERISTICS IN NORTHEAST PACIFIC OCEAN 365

C o n c e n l r o t i o n ( m g . o t o m s / l i t e r )

o o 0 2 0 4 0 . 6 0 . 8 l o

^ 4 O O

DISS0LVED OXYGEN (mg. otoms/ l i ter)C r u i s e 5 7 - |

Jonuory- Februory 1957

D e v i o t i o n ( m g . o l o m s / l i l e r )

Stondord Deviot ionDissolve'd Oxygen

(mg . o toms / l i t e r )

b

=

o

C o n c € n l r q l i o n ( m E . o t o m s / l i t e r )d o 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 . 8 l . o

8 0 0

0 ISSOLVED OXYGEN (mg . o toms / l i t e r )C r u i s e 5 7 - 3JulY -Augusl 1957

Dev io t ion (mg. o toms/ l i ie r )ooo o.o2 0.o4 0.06

Siondord Deviot ion

of Diss-olved oxygen(mg . o toms / l i t e I )

d

Frc. 5. \' 'ertical profiles of dissolved oxygen content (mg-at/l) for winter

and summer (from mean value for each depth and for each cruise)'

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og.

c

l - z= e= i P< 5 ;al i :

| r l f r 3E ; I

i 7 < oF O '< F o( r "t l J 9 GA Q B5 r - =i l : <F H

o \ B o vEroF

,r/&'th

%_

oou

E

N

I

d

U)

o

FF

9 L: : o-

= b/J

(!

I

!

F

366 JoURNAL FTsHERTES RESEARcH BoARD oF cANADA, voL. 17, No. 3, 1960

(c") Sunrvuld!!3r-

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TABATA: WATER CHARACTERISTICS IN NORTHEAST PACIFIC OCEAN

"P" show the possibility at these depths of internal waves which are presumedto cause these variations. Standard deviations as large as * 0.08ff, occur atthe surface. These deviations are relatively large, presumably because thesurface salinity is most subject to changes in variable precipitation andevaporation.

Comparatively large deviations (standard deviations of ]-0.087d occurredat depth of 50 m during Cruise 57-4 (September-October 1957) (Table Ib).This is attributed to the presence of a secondary halocline which occurred at 50m depth during this period. Again, as in the case of the principal halocline, thedeviations are probably due to the internal waves.

In the greater depths below 200 m, deviations are generally less than * 0.02700and approach those attributable to observational error. However, there aretwo instances where they are greater. One is at depths just below the halo-cline during Cruise 57-4 (September-October 1957). Here, the deviations seem

Ftc. 6b. Frequency distributions of salinity and temperature of w-ater at Station "P"(1 -125 m dep ths ) .

367

oLt!G

t-Gt!GEulF

FREOUENCY D ISTRIBUT ION

OF TEMPERATURE ANO SAL IN ITY

AT STATION . .P,

A U G U S T 1 9 5 6 - J U L Y 1 9 5 8

sza20t5 Ito

t - -- l , o

l r o t1 "J 0

%1Mtr%%

zo

r o ( )5 e

uE

t 6t -

1 r o E1 r 5 r El r o ut - o -T : =

UF

,

' : [

, . F F E o u E f , c Y o F

o l - occu iE f lcEs

I E M P E F A T U R E : C l o . t l n l . r v . l ' O 5 ' C

S A L I f l T T Y : C l o r . I n l . t v . l ' O O 5 % .

p e i g . "

SAL IN ITY (%J

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368 JOLTRNAL FISHERIES RESEARCH BO-qRD oF CANADA, voL. 11 , No.3 , 1e60

to be due to the presence of a greater vertical salinity gradient, at these depths

during this time, than during other cruises. The other instance is at depths

between 500 and 1200 m during Cruise 57-1 (Januarl '-February 1957) where

the deviations are about twice as large as those of other cruises at comparable

depths. The reason for this is unknown.

DBvr,q.rroNs oF TEMpERATURD ABour ITS MEAN Var,uns

In Table IIb the standard deviations of the temperatures at various

depths are shown. It is evident that large deviations of temperature are in thc

thermocline depths lvhere the vertical temperature gradient is largest (Fig. ab

and 4d), for example, at 30 m during Cruise 56-1. These larger deviations are

presumably caused by the internal waves as in the case of the halocline. The

almost constant deviations in the upper zone during autumn and lvinter are due

to cooling, and those in spring and summer are due to warming, of the water.

Frc. 7. Temperature-salinity diagram and frequency distributions of salinitl ' and temperature

of water at Stat ion "P" (150-1500 m depths) '

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.I.ABA.IA: WATER CHARACTERISTICS IN NORTHEAST PACIFIC OCEAN 369

The deviations at depths below 500 m are small, seldom exceeding standard

deviations of *0.04 Co and usually in the +0.03 Co range. They are almost

as small as those attributable to observational errors.

V,q.nr,q.rroxs oF DrssoLVED OxycEN CoNrpNr r\Bour ITS N{EAN VaruB

The two types of oxygen structure are showu in Fig. 5b and 5d. The summer

type has a maximum above the halocline depth whereas the winter type is homo-geneous in the upper zone. As shown in Table IIIb the largest deviations occur

in the halocline where the vertical gradient of dissolved oxlrgen content is greatest.

They are generally +0.03 mg-at! but reach values as large as *0.05 mg-at/I.

In the upper zone and in the depths below 200 m the deviations are considerably

less (*0.01 mg-at/l). A rather large deviation, greater than +0-02 mg-at/l,

occurred in the greater depths during Cruise 57-5 but the exact reason for this

is not clear. The deviations of dissolved oxygen content in the lower zone seemgreater than those attributable to observational errors, whereas those of both

salinity and temperature at these depths approach those attributable to observa-

tional errors. These relatively large deviations are presumably due to the

pfesence o{ an appreciable horizontal gradient (Dodimead, 1958) of dissolved

oxygen content in the lower zone in the region. Hence, horizontal movement of

water would affect the dissolved oxygen content at Station "P".

ACKNOWLEDGX4ENT

The author wishes to thank the staff of the Pacific Oceanographic Group

for their assistance in the processing of data and particularly Dr J. P. Tully and

Dr N. P. Fofonoff for their criticisms.

RtrFERENCES

BowNerr, E. B. 1959. Some oceanographic features of the northeast Pacific Ocean during

August 1955. J. Fi.sh. Res. Bd'. Canad.a, 16(5): 565-633.

Bovcn, F. MS, 1960. Precision of temperature determinations using protected reversing

thermometers (to be reported h Fish. Res. BtJ. Canad.a, MS Report Ser'ies (Oceanographic

and L'imnological).

Doorruneo, A. J. MS, 1958. Report on oceanographic investigations in the northeast Pacilic

Ocean dur ing August 1956, February 1957, and August 1957. Fish. Res. Bd' . Canada, MS

Rept. Series (Oceanographic aniJ Limnologlral) No. 20, 14 pp. 35 1ig.

Doe, L. A. E. 1955. Offshore waters of the Canadian Pacific coast' J. Fish- Res. Bd-

Canada ,12 (1 ) : 1 -34 .

FonoNorr, N. P., -r1o S. Tesere. MS, 1958. Program for oceanographic computations

and data processing on the electronic digital computer ALWAC III-E. Fish. Res. Bil,.

Canaila, MS Rept. Series (Oceanogrophic and L'imnolog'irol) No. 25. 38 pp.

Holr-rsrnn, H. J. MS, 1956. The program of bathythermograph observations at the

Canadian Ocean Weather Stat ion "Papa" (50' 00'N, 145'00'W) ' F ish. Res. Bd. Canada,

Pac. Oceanog. Group, 17 pp, 15 f ig.

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370 JOURNAL FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD OF CANADA, VOL. 17, NO. 3, 1960

MoNrcounnv, R. B. 1955. Characteristics of surface water at Weather Ship J. Deep-Seo Res. ,3, supp. pp. 331-333.

Pecrrrc OcseNocnlpnrc GRoup oF THE Frsnonros Rnsr.lncn Bolno or C.l'ltepl. MS, 1957.Data record 1956. Ocean Weather Station "PAPA" (latitude 50'00' N, longitude 145o 00'W). r22 pp.

MS, 1958. Data record Ocean Weather Station "PAPA" (latitude 50'00' N, longitude145' 00' W) January 1, 1957-January 24, 1958. MS Rept. Series (Oceanographic and.Limnological,) No. 14, 261 pp.

MS, 1959. Data record Ocean Weather Station "P" (latitude 50' 00' N, longitude145'00'W) January 22-July 11, 1958. MS Rept. Series (Oceanographic anil Limnological)No. 31, l l2 pp.

Srnrcxr-eNo, J. D. H. MS, 1958. Standard methods of seawater analyses, Volume I.Fish. Res. BiJ. Canada, MS Rept. Series (Oceanographic onil Limnological) No. 18, 143 pp.

Tulr-v, JorN P., AND ALLEN J. Dooruelo. MS, 1957. Canadian oceanographic researchin the north Pacific Ocean. MS Rept. Fish. Res. Bd. of Canada, Pac. Oceanog. Group.11 pp .

Tur.rv, J. P., A. J. Doorureo AND S. TABATA. 1960. An anomalous increase of temperaturein the ocean off the Pacific coast of Canada throueh 1957 and 1958. J. Fish. Res. Bil..Canaila, lT(1):61-80.

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