characteristics of the german branch

Characteristics of the Characteristics of the Germanic BranchGermanic Branch

1. Morphologically marked distinction 1. Morphologically marked distinction between past and nonbetween past and non--past tensespast tenses

Dental suffix /D/ or Vowel change (ablaut: ‘systematic vowel change of roots’)

• PE sing-sang-sung (ablaut)• PE work-worked-worked (dental suffix)

• Weak verbs (dental suffix)OE dēman – dēmde – gedēmed ‘judge’

• Strong verbs (ablaut)bītan – bāt - biton - gebiten ‘bite’

2. Strong vs. weak forms of adjectives2. Strong vs. weak forms of adjectives

Strong form• Adjective + Noun: e.g., PE good water

Weak form • Demonstrative + Adjective + Noun

e.g., PE the good water• Possessive Pronoun + Adjective + Noun

e.g., PE my good water

OE micel guma se micela gumaLatin magnus homo iste magnus homoPE (a) great man the great man

3. Fixed stress accent on root initial 3. Fixed stress accent on root initial syllablesyllable

IE free pitch accent vs. Gmc Fixed Stress

Greek OEN. póus ‘foot’ módor ‘mother’G. podós módor D. podá módor A. póda módor

(OE onbíndan ‘to unbind’, geféoht ‘battle’, ándsaca ‘apostate’, onsácan ‘to deny’)

4. First Germanic Consonant Shift 4. First Germanic Consonant Shift (Grimm(Grimm’’s Law)(1)s Law)(1)

•A

lgeo (199

3:109

)

IE System

After Step 1

After Step 2

After Step 3

After Step 4

After Step 5

(p t k)* (p t k)*

p t k p t k f θ x f θ x f θ x f θ x

b d g b d g b d g b d g p t k p t k

bh dh gh β ð γ β ð γ β ð γ β ð γ b d g


PIE voiceless stops */ptk/ > Gmc voiceless fricatives /fθx/

• */p/ > /f/ Latin pedis, pes PE foot (pedestrian)pater OE fæder ‘father’

(patriarchy)clepo Goth hlifan ‘steal’

(PE kleptomaniac)• */t/ > /θ/ Latin tu　 OE þu　‘thou’

tres PE three• */k/ > /x/ Latin caput OE heofud ‘head’

(PE capital; chapter)centum PE hund(red)


PIE voiced stops */bdg/ >

Gmc voiceless stops /ptk/

• */b/ > /p/ Greek kannabis OE henep ‘hemp’

• */d/ > /t/ Latin dens, dentis PE tooth (dentist)

duo two

• */g/ > /k/ Latin ager PE acre (agriculture)

granum corn


PIE voiced aspirated stops */bh dh gh/ >Gmc voiced stops /b d g/

• */bh/ > /b/ Skt bharati PE bear ‘carry’Latin fero (ferry)

• */dh/ > /d/ Skt madhu PE mead• */gh/ > /g/ Latin hortus ‘garden’ PE garden (horticulture)

hostis ‘enemy’ Goth gasts ‘stranger’(PE hostile)

IE *bh *dh *ghLat f f hSkt bh dh hGmc b d g

GrimmGrimm’’s Law s Law (Apparent Exceptions) (Apparent Exceptions)

After a voiceless stopLatin octo OE eahta ‘eight’Latin captus OE hæft ‘captive’

After [s]Lain spuo PE spitLatin stella PE starLatin scutum ‘shield Old Norse skið ‘ski’

Germanic voiceless fricatives /f θ x s/ (resulting Grimm’s Law) became voiced fricatives /f ð γ z/ when they were between voiced sounds and preceded by an unaccented vowel.

Examples• Latin caput ‘head Gothic haubiþ• Greek klutós ‘famous’ OE hlud ‘loud’• Greek dekás ‘group of ten’ Gothic tigus

(Sanskrit snusá ‘daughter-in-law’ OE snoru)

Cf. PE exámine, exért, éxellent, absólve, ábolution

GrimmGrimm’’s Law s Law (Apparent Exceptions): (Apparent Exceptions):

VernerVerner’’s Laws Law

GrimmGrimm’’s Law >Verners Law >Verner’’s Law > s Law > Subsequent changesSubsequent changes

Subsequent sound changes in some dialects

• Rhotacism: [z] > [r](Latin flōs ‘flower, n.sg’; *flōsis ‘g.sg’ > *flōzis > flōris)

• Phonological strengthening: [v ð γ] > [b d g]

Ordering of sound changesGrimm’s > Verner’s > Stress Shift > Rotacism/Phonological Strengthening

Historic Development of Some Words Historic Development of Some Words Affected by GrimmAffected by Grimm’’s and Verners and Verner’’s Laws Law

IE Grimm’s Law

Verner’s Law

Stress Shift

Rhotacism/Phon. Strengthening

OE PE

*p∂tér *faθér *faðér *fáðer fǽder fǽder father

*wes- (pl.) -------- *wazún *wázun *wárun wǽron were

*wés-(sg.)

-------- -------- -------- -------- wǽs was

PrePre--OE PalatalizationOE Palatalization

Pre-OE: labial, dental, alveolar, velar

(No Palatal!)

Pre-OE palatalization of velars in some West Germanic dialects (ingvaeonic)

• [k] > [č], [g] > [j], [sk] > [š] before or after front vowels or the palatal glide [j]

Palatalization (1)Palatalization (1)

/k/ > /č/ (spelled <ċ> in OE)• OE ċildru German kinder PE children

OE ċiriċe Greek kurikon PE churchOE ċeaster Latin castrum ‘military camp’ PE -chester:

Manchester Winchester(-caster: Lancaster)

OE ċealc Latin calcem PE chalkOE ċeap Latin caupo PE cheap

No palatalization

• OE corn Gothic kaurn PE cornOE cliff Swedish klippa PE cliff

• OE cent ‘Kent’ < Latin CantiaOE cene ‘keen’ Old High German kuomiOE cylen ‘kiln’ < Latin culimaOE cyssan ‘kiss’ Old Saxon kussian


*[sk] > [š] (spelled <sc> in OE)• OE scip Danish skib PE ship

(skipper)

• OE fisc NGmc fisk PE fish

How do we explain PE words like:

skip, skin, skim, skill, sky

(Scandinavian loan words)

Doublets produced Doublets produced by platalized vs. nonplatalized formsby platalized vs. nonplatalized forms

Doublets: two (or more) words from the same earlier form

• Gmc *blaikjan, OE blæċan, Old Norse bleikrPE bleach vs. bleak

• OE sc[š]yrte, Old Norse skyrtaPE shirt vs. skirt


[g] > [j] (spelled <ġ> in OE)

• OE ġeolu German gelb PE yellowġeard Danish gard PE yard

ġearn German Garn PE yarn

Palatalization in Old FrenchPalatalization in Old French

Lain /k/ > / č/ before /a/ in Norman French (NF) words, many of which were borrowed into English after the Norman Conquest:

• Latin campus NF champion PE champion(campus)

Latin candela NF chandelier PE chandler(chandelier,

candle)Latin cantare NF chanter PE chant

(cantata)

캠퍼스는

먼옛날로마의억센병정들이

훈련을받거나대중집회를가졌던

들판

일정한

기간따라밀려왔다밀려가는

젊음의물결공부의

터전

예사로이오늘도

술렁이지만

라일락버드나무

프라타나스짙어가고

한사람한사람의

포부와공력(

功力)

으로

기쁨과보람과

역사(

歷史)

는쌓여가네

꾸준히쌓여가네

校庭에서

校庭에서

이이

영영

걸걸

PrePre--OE Umlaut (1)OE Umlaut (1)

Umlaut of back vowel in all Germanic dialects except Gothic before high vowels and the palatal glide [j]

PGmc *[u] > [ü] (spelled <y> in OE)PGmc *[o] > [ö] (later spelled <e> in OE)

The attraction of vowels towards the upper corner of the vowel space (I-Umlaut) (Lass 1994: 60)

[-back] [+back][+high] i ü u

↑e ö o↑æ ɑ

PrePre--OE Umlaut (2)OE Umlaut (2)

I-Umlaut and its morphological effect (Lass 1994: 61)

Sg. Pl.Input *mu:s *mu:s-i-I-Umlaut *mu:s *mü:s-i- (phonetic)i-deletion *mu:s *mü:sOE output mu:s my:s (phonemic)

PGmc gōs ‘goose’ vs. gōsiz ‘geese’PGmc fōt ‘foot’ vs. fōtiz ‘feet’

PGmc lang (Adjective) PE longPGmc langiþ PE length

characteristics of the german branch

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