Characteristics of Life

• Physical and chemical changes - metabolism.

• To be defined as living, organism must possess all characteristics of life.

http://www.doctorjackson.org/images/metabolism.jpg

•1Movement – self-initiated change in position; can also include internal movement as well.

• Plants - directed movement towards sunlight; also have movement at cellular level.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Arabidopsis_thaliana.jpg

This plant is exhibiting phototropism, a movement towards the sunlight.

•2Responsiveness –ability of organism to respond to changes in environment.

• Jellyfish can feel touch and respond appropriately to it even with no real “brain”.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Jelly_Monterey.jpg

•3Growth – change in body size.• Does not necessarily mean

change in body shape as well.

http://manduca.entomology.wisc.edu/images/growth-third.jpg

•4Reproduction – must be able to make new individual.

• Done in 2 ways – asexually and sexually.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asexual_reproduction

Asexual reproduction in a liverwort.

•5Respiration – process of exchanging gasses with environment.

• Animals - obtaining oxygen and using it to release energy from food.

http://www.people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301notes6.htm

•6Digestion – chemical and mechanical breakdown of food into smaller and more usable substances.

• Cells use smaller bits for energy.

http://kidshealth.org/kid/body/digest_noSW.html

•7Absorption – digested materials pass through membranes - allows materials to be taken back up into system.

http://images.healthcentersonline.com/digestive/images/article/SmallIntestine.jpg

•8Circulation –movement of substances through body in fluid form.

• Humans use circulatory system to accomplish this.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookcircSYS.html

Various circulatory systems – A. HumanB. Grasshopper C. Mollusk

A.

B.

C.

•9Excretion –removal of wastes from body.

• All processes collectively called metabolism.

http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/classes/bio100/Lectures/Lect16/Image270.gif

•Homeostasis - ability of organism to maintain a stable environment.

• Internal temperature of human must remain relatively stable in order to survive.

• To achieve homeostasis, negative and positive feedback loops used.

•Negative feedback - change in homeostasis triggers response in opposite direction.

• Human temperature rises - body will trigger sweating response to cool body off.

http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f20-2a_negative_feedbac_c.jpg

•Positive feedback – change in homeostasis triggers response in same direction - labor.

• Uterine contractions in labor stimulate release of oxytocin - causes uterus to contract even more.

http://www.mun.ca/biology/desmid/brian/BIOL2060/BIOL2060-13/0914.jpg

Levels of Organization•Cell - smallest unit of body.

• Cells form tissues.

• Specialized tissue form organs.

• Organs work together in organ systems.

• Organ systems make up organism.

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookAnimalTS.html

www.uoguelph.ca/zoology/devobio/210labs/muscle1.html

http://www.bmb.leeds.ac.uk/illingworth/myopath/heart.htm

http://sln.fi.edu/biosci/systems/circulation.html

CELL

TISSUE

ORGAN

ORGAN SYSTEM

Systems of the Body

•1Integumentary system – primary organ - skin (integument).

• 2 layers – epidermis, dermis.• Also contains blood vessels,

receptors, glands.• Functions in temperature

regulation, protection, removal of wastes.

http://www.science.ubc.ca/~biomania/tutorial/skin/outanc01.htm

•2Digestive system – breaks down foods into nutrients that cell membranes can absorb.

• Mouth, teeth, pharynx, esophagus, liver, stomach, appendix, pancreas, gallbladder, small intestines, large intestines, rectum, anal canal.

http://kidshealth.org/kid/body/digest_noSW.html

•3Respiratory system - exchange of gases between atmosphere and body cells.

• Nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs.

http://www.cyber-north.com/anatomy/respirat.htm

•4Reproductive system - produce and nurture sex cells and transport them to sites of fertilization; also functions in secretion of hormones.

• Testes and their accessory organs (male) ovaries, uterus and accessory organs (female)

http://www.cyber-north.com/anatomy/reproduc.htm

•5Cardiovascular system – brings oxygen and nutrients to all body cells; remove wastes from cells.

• Heart and blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)

http://infozone.imcpl.org/kids_circ.htm

•6Muscular system - support and movement, propels body fluids and food, provides heartbeat, provides heat.

• Composed of all muscles, voluntary and involuntary.

http://infozone.imcpl.org/kids_musc.htm

•7Nervous system - detects changes outside and within body, stimulate responses to muscles or glands, monitors body’s internal environment.

• Consists of neurons, spinal cord, brain, nerves.

http://www4.tpgi.com.au/users/amcgann/body/nervous.html

•8Endocrine system - secretes hormones into body fluids.

• Includes all glands, hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, kidney, ovaries and testes.

http://www.biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio105/endocrin.htm

•9Lymphatic system - transports excess fluid from interstitial spaces and returns it to bloodstream; produces lymphocytes to help fight infections.

• Bone marrow, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix.

http://www.lymphomainfo.net/lymphoma/lymphsys.html

•10Skeletal system - movement, protection of internal organs, production blood marrow, attachment for the muscles.

• All bones in body.

http://www.bio.psu.edu/faculty/strauss/anatomy/skel/skeletal.htm

•11Urinary system - removes wastes from blood and disposes of them.; functions in balance of electrolytes and regulation of pH and body fluids.

• Kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra.

http://www.naturalhealthschool.com/13_1.html

Body Cavities

• Human body divided into 2 portions.

•1Axial - head, neck, trunk.

•2Appendicular - upper and lower limbs.

http://www.rit.edu/~japfaa/axial.jpg

• Within axial portion - 2 cavities.

•1Dorsal cavity - cranial (skull) and vertebral (spinal cord and portions of backbone) cavities.

DorsalCavity

Cranial Cavity

•2Ventral cavity - thoracic cavity (chest area) and abdominopelvic cavity (abdominal area).

• Thoracic and abdominopelvic separated by diaphragm.

VentralCavity

ThoracicCavity

AbdominopelvicCavity

Diaphragm

•Mediastinum separates left and right lung.

• Abdominopelvic cavity divided into abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity.

• Walls of thoracic cavity lined with pleura (parietal pleura).

•Visceral pleura lines lungs.• Parietal always attached to

cavity; visceral always attached to organ.

Parietal Pleura

Visceral Pleura

• Potential space between 2 - pleural cavity.

• Not an actual space - area where there is fluid between visceral and parietal membranes.

Pleural Cavity

• Heart surrounded by pericardial membrane.

• Visceral membrane surrounds heart; separated from parietal membrane by pericardial cavity.

PericardialCavity

Parietal Pericardium

Visceral Pericardium

• Abdominopelvic cavity lined with peritoneal membranes.

• Parietal peritoneum lines abdominal wall.

• Visceral peritoneum lines each organ.

• Separated by peritoneal cavity.

http://www.finejewelrydesigns.com/images/peritoneum-chart.jpg

Terminology

• Anatomical position - body standing erect, face forward, with upper limbs at side with palms upward.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_position

Relative Terms•1Superior – above (head

superior to neck)

•2Inferior – below (neck inferior to head)

•3Anterior – toward the front (nose is anterior to brain)

•4Posterior – toward the back (brain is posterior to nose)

http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/ponyexpress/pony1_2/anatom12.gif

•5Medial – toward middle of body (nose is medial to eyes)

•6Lateral – toward side of body (eyes are lateral to nose)

•7Proximal – near point of attachment (elbow is proximal to wrist)

http://www.emergencymedicaled.com/images/Anatomical%20Position.gif

•8Distal – away from point of attachment (fingers are distal to wrist)

•9Superficial – toward surface (skin is superficial to blood)

•10Deep – more internal (blood is deep to skin)

Body Sections

•1Sagittal – lengthwise cut dividing body into left and right side.

• Divided evenly - midsagittal.

• http://www.tech.nite.go.jp/human/eng/image/iintroduction/sagittal.jpg

•2Transverse – horizontal cut divides body into superior and inferior sections.

• http://homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/anatomy1textbook/1anatomytextch1.html

Transverse ->

•3Coronal – divides body into anterior and posterior sections.

• Also known as frontal.

Coronal

Regions

• Abdominal area divided into 9 regions.

•1Epigastric – Upper middle portion.

•2Left/Right Hypochondriac – Either side of epigastric.

•3Umbilical – Middle portion.

http://health.yahoo.com/media/healthwise/nr55551989.jpg

•4Left/Right Lumbar – Either side of umbilical.

•5Hypogastric – Lower middle portion.

•6Left/Right iliac – Either side of hypogastric.

http://www.octc.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat/Notes/Image564.gif

Other terms

•1Acromial – point of shoulder.

•2Antecubital – area in front of elbow.

•3Axillary – armpit.

•4Patellar – front of knee.

•5Popliteal – back of knee.